ReadonlyidReadonlytimestampReadonlycomponentReadonlytypeReadonlysourceReadonlywasReadonlystrippedReadonlyinjectionReadonlystrippedPer-element tag/reason details, truncated to at most MAX_STRIPPED_ELEMENTS_PER_EVENT entries. Required by CLAUDE.md's Untrusted Input Policy: "Log stripped elements for audit trail."
Input sanitization result.