@book{knuth1997art,
  author    = {Knuth, Donald E.},
  title     = {The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms},
  edition   = {3rd},
  publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
  year      = {1997},
  note      = {Section 4.1: Positional Number Systems; balanced ternary pp.~190--192}
}

@article{brousentsov2002setun,
  author  = {Brousentsov, N. P. and Maslov, S. P. and Ramil Alvarez, J. and Zhogolev, E. A.},
  title   = {Development of ternary computers at {Moscow State University}},
  journal = {Russian Virtual Computer Museum},
  year    = {2002},
  url     = {http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/setun.htm}
}

@article{ma2024era,
  author    = {Ma, Shuming and Wang, Hongyu and Ma, Lingxiao and Wang, Lei and
               Wang, Wenhui and Huang, Shaohan and Dong, Li and Wang, Ruiping and
               Xue, Jilong and Wei, Furu},
  title     = {The Era of 1-bit {LLMs}: All Large Language Models are in 1.58 Bits},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.17764},
  year      = {2024},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.17764}
}

@article{ma2024bitnet158,
  author    = {Ma, Shuming and Wang, Hongyu and Ma, Lingxiao and others},
  title     = {{BitNet} b1.58: Large Language Models in the Ternary Regime},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint},
  year      = {2024}
}

@inproceedings{bos2020ternary,
  author    = {Bos, Steven and Gundersen, Henning},
  title     = {Ternary Logic Synthesis for {CMOS} Technology Using
               Electronic Design Automation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Norwegian Informatics Conference},
  year      = {2020},
  note      = {University of South-Eastern Norway}
}

@misc{moe13_2026,
  author       = {Kepp, Simeon},
  title        = {{MoE-13}: Ternary Mixture-of-Experts Orchestration Architecture},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {OSF Preprints},
  doi          = {10.17605/OSF.IO/TZ7DC},
  note         = {RFI-IRFOS. Dual-key synergistic routing, 1+1=3 triad synthesis,
                  three-tier memory mesh, safety hard gate}
}

@misc{tvld2026,
  author       = {Kepp, Simeon},
  title        = {{TVLD}: Ternary Vector-Language Deliberation},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {OSF Preprints},
  doi          = {10.17605/OSF.IO/X96HS},
  note         = {RFI-IRFOS}
}

@misc{ternlang2026,
  author       = {Kepp, Simeon},
  title        = {Ternlang: Balanced Ternary Intelligence Stack},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/eriirfos-eng/ternary-intelligence-stack--tis-}},
  note         = {RFI-IRFOS}
}

@misc{sprind2026,
  author       = {Kepp, Simeon and Karimi, Zabih},
  title        = {{SPRIND Scientific Artifact}: Sparsity Performance Validation
                  for {TSPARSE\_MATMUL} — Hardware-Verified Profiling of
                  Microarchitectural Bottleneck Transitions},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {RFI-IRFOS Technical Report},
  note         = {Patent Pending A50296/2026. Bootstrap resampling
                  $n=1{,}000$; $\Delta\text{AIC}=1683.29$; breakpoint
                  at $10.06\%$ sparsity, $95\%$ CI $[10.00\%, 10.38\%]$}
}

@misc{kepp2026qnn,
  author       = {Kepp, Simeon},
  title        = {Qutrit Neural Networks: Balanced Ternary Foundations for Quantum-Adjacent Inference},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://osf.io/}},
  note         = {RFI-IRFOS. Qutrit states $\lvert-\rangle/\lvert0\rangle/\lvert+\rangle$ mapped to trit $\{-1,0,+1\}$; Tesseract Recursive Syntax (TRS) stabilisation.}
}

@inproceedings{chen2016net2net,
  author    = {Chen, Tianqi and Goodfellow, Ian and Shlens, Jonathon},
  title     = {Net2Net: Accelerating Learning via Knowledge Transfer},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.05641},
  note      = {Function-preserving width and depth transformations for
               neural network expansion without restart}
}

@misc{radford2019language,
  author       = {Radford, Alec and Wu, Jeffrey and Child, Rewon and Luan, David
                  and Amodei, Dario and Sutskever, Ilya},
  title        = {Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners},
  year         = {2019},
  howpublished = {OpenAI Blog},
  url          = {https://openai.com/research/language-unsupervised},
  note         = {Introduces byte-level BPE: all text encoded at the byte level
                  before merge, ensuring no token is ever mapped to UNK}
}

@misc{merity2016pointer,
  author    = {Merity, Stephen and Xiong, Caiming and Bradbury, James
               and Socher, Richard},
  title     = {Pointer Sentinel Mixture Models},
  year      = {2016},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.07843},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.07843},
  note      = {Introduces the WikiText-2 and WikiText-103 language modeling
               benchmarks, now standard held-out evaluation corpora for LMs}
}

@article{fedus2022switch,
  author    = {Fedus, William and Zoph, Barret and Shazeer, Noam},
  title     = {Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with
               Simple and Efficient Sparsity},
  journal   = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume    = {23},
  number    = {120},
  pages     = {1--39},
  year      = {2022},
  url       = {https://jmlr.org/papers/v23/21-0998.html}
}

@article{wang2023bitnet,
  author  = {Wang, Hongyu and Ma, Shuming and Dong, Li and Huang, Shaohan and Wang, Huaisheng and Ma, Lingxiao and Yang, Fan and Wang, Ruiping and Wu, Yi and Wei, Furu},
  title   = {{BitNet}: Scaling 1-bit Transformers for Large Language Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.11453},
  year    = {2023}
}

@article{schmidhuber1991,
  author  = {Schmidhuber, J{\"u}rgen},
  title   = {A Possibility for Implementing Curiosity and Boredom in Model-Building Neural Controllers},
  journal = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior},
  pages   = {222--227},
  year    = {1991}
}

@inproceedings{pathak2017,
  author    = {Pathak, Deepak and Agrawal, Pulkit and Efros, Alexei A. and Darrell, Trevor},
  title     = {Curiosity-driven Exploration by Self-supervised Prediction},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)},
  pages     = {2778--2787},
  year      = {2017}
}

@misc{tis2026repo,
  author       = {Kepp, Simeon and Karimi, Zabih and Csonka, Nikoletta and Scharler, Lisa and Ehrig, Louis Paul},
  title        = {Ternary Intelligence Stack — Full-stack sovereign AI infrastructure},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/eriirfos-eng/ternary-intelligence-stack}},
  note         = {Open-source. RFI-IRFOS, Graz. Patent Pending A50296/2026}
}

@misc{tis2026moetest,
  author       = {Kepp, Simeon and Karimi, Zabih},
  title        = {Albert-MoE-13 Benchmark Harness (\texttt{moe-test})},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/eriirfos-eng/ternary-intelligence-stack/tree/main/albert-moe-13/moe-test}},
  note         = {Provides \texttt{--bench} mode: inference throughput, \texttt{@sparseskip} analysis,
                  and perplexity evaluation. Reproducing: \texttt{cargo run --release -p moe-test -- --bench}}
}

@misc{tis2026trainbible,
  author       = {Kepp, Simeon and Karimi, Zabih},
  title        = {Albert-MoE-13 Training Orchestrator (\texttt{train\_bible.rs})},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/eriirfos-eng/ternary-intelligence-stack/blob/main/albert-moe-13/moe-llm-core/src/bin/train_bible.rs}},
  note         = {Implements Net2Net surgery, Fibonacci EvolutionManager, Mandelbrot symmetry break,
                  WALD loss-space coverage, TTL routing, and stage-aware corpus curriculum}
}

@misc{sparseskip2026,
  author       = {Kepp, Simeon},
  title        = {\texttt{@sparseskip}: Zero-Overhead Sparse Execution for
                  Ternary Neural Network Inference},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {Patent Pending A50296/2026},
  note         = {RFI-IRFOS. TSPARSE\_MATMUL opcode; expert-level MoE routing
                  skip; 4.58$\times$ speedup at 75\% expert sparsity on x86 CPU.
                  Reproducing: \texttt{cargo run --release --bin sparseskip\_throughput}}
}
