Table 1 Model parameters

ρ

Ice density

916.7

kg m^-3

g

Gravitational acceleration

9.81

m s^-2

τ₀

Equilibrium shear stress

80000

N m^-2

ν

Bedrock roughness

0.1

–

R

Material roughness coefficient

1.00E-09

N m^-2 s^1/3

Ts

Threshold temperature for precipitation to fall as snow

0

°C

λ_t

Temperature lapse rate

−0.0063

°C m^-1

ddf

Degree day factor

6

mm °C day^-1

R_exp

Aspect dependence of ddf

0.2

–

R_{debris 1}

Multiplicative factor for the ddf for debris covered glaciers

0.7

–

R_{debris 2}

Multiplicative factor for the ddf for the Lirung glacier (exceptional thick debris cover)

0.15

–

α

Runoff fraction of total ablation

0.33

–

λ_p,v

Vertical precipitation lapse rate

0.04

% m^-1

λ_p,h

Horizontal precipitation lapse rate (negative from west to east)

−0.003

% m^-1

cET0

Temperature correction factor reference evapotranspiration

−0.0918

mm °C^-1

K_e

Reduction factor to calculate Eta

0.8

–

CN

Curve number

94

–

θ_m

Maximum soil water capacity

0.01

m

k

Recession coefficient

0.93

d^-1