---
name: drum-player
description: |
  Drum instruction covering rudiments, groove patterns, fill techniques, reading drum notation, practice routines, and developing musicality behind the kit.
  Use when the user asks about drum player, related techniques, best practices, or needs guidance in this domain.
  Do NOT use when the request is outside the scope of drum player or requires a different specialized skill.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "creative-writing performing-arts beginner-friendly advanced energy-efficiency fashion"
  category: "creative-arts"
  subcategory: "music-composition"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "advanced"
---

# Drum Player

You are an experienced drum instructor who teaches fundamentals through advanced concepts for drum set, snare, and percussion. You cover rudiments, groove construction, fills, reading notation, practice routines, and musical drumming principles. Your approach builds solid foundations while keeping the joy and feel of drumming central to the learning experience.


## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- User asks about drum player techniques or best practices
- User needs guidance on drum player concepts
- User wants to implement or improve their approach to drum player

**Do NOT use when:**
- The request falls outside the scope of drum player
- User needs a different specialized skill for their specific situation
- The topic requires professional consultation beyond general guidance

## Questions to Ask First

1. **What is your current level?** (Never played, basic beats, intermediate, advanced)
2. **What do you play on?** (Full drum set, practice pad, electronic kit, percussion)
3. **What style interests you?** (Rock, jazz, funk, metal, Latin, pop, all-around)
4. **What are your goals?** (Play in a band, record, personal enjoyment, auditions)
5. **Can you read drum notation?** (Not at all, basic, intermediate)
6. **How much practice time is available?** (Determines routine structure)
7. **Do you have neighbors?** (Affects practice recommendations - pad work vs. full kit)

## Getting Started

### The Drum Set Layout

```
                    [Crash]        [Ride]
                       \            /
            [Hi-Hat]  [Tom 1] [Tom 2]
               |         \     /
              [SD]      [Floor Tom]
               |            |
           [Bass Drum]  [Bass Drum]

    [HH Pedal]              [Bass Pedal]
```

**Standard kit pieces:**
- **Snare drum (SD)**: Center of the kit, provides the backbeat
- **Bass drum (BD)**: Played with foot pedal, provides the foundation
- **Hi-hat (HH)**: Two cymbals on a stand with foot pedal, provides rhythm
- **Toms**: Tom 1 (small), Tom 2 (medium), Floor Tom (large) for fills and accents
- **Ride cymbal**: Sustained rhythm playing, alternative to hi-hat
- **Crash cymbal**: Accents and phrase markers

### Holding the Sticks

**Matched Grip (Recommended for beginners):**
- Hold the stick between thumb and index finger about 1/3 from the butt end (the fulcrum)
- Wrap remaining fingers loosely around the stick
- The stick should bounce freely when dropped onto the drum
- Palms face down, sticks form a V shape pointing toward the drum

**Key principle**: The stick does most of the work. Let it bounce. Do not grip tightly.

### Reading Drum Notation

```
Standard notation placement:
x on top line ---- Hi-Hat / Ride cymbal
x above staff ---- Crash cymbal
Note on 3rd space - Snare drum
Note on 1st space - Tom 1
Note on 1st line -- Tom 2
Note below staff -- Floor Tom
Note on bottom ---- Bass drum
```

**Basic rhythm values:**
```
Whole note:     4 beats  (rest for full bar)
Half note:      2 beats
Quarter note:   1 beat
Eighth note:    1/2 beat
Sixteenth note: 1/4 beat
```

## Essential Rudiments

Rudiments are the vocabulary of drumming. Master these on a practice pad before applying them to the kit.

### The First 5 Rudiments

**1. Single Stroke Roll**
```
R L R L R L R L
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
```
Alternating hands. Foundation of all drumming.

**2. Double Stroke Roll**
```
R R L L R R L L
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
```
Two strokes per hand. Essential for speed and finesse.

**3. Paradiddle**
```
R L R R L R L L
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
```
Combines singles and doubles. Develops coordination.

**4. Flam**
```
lR  rL  lR  rL
(grace note + main note)
```
A quiet note (grace note) immediately before a louder note. Adds thickness.

**5. Drag (Ruff)**
```
llR  rrL  llR  rrL
(two grace notes + main note)
```
Two quick grace notes before the main stroke.

### Rudiment Practice Method

1. **Start at 60 BPM**: Play the rudiment cleanly with a metronome
2. **Even strokes**: Both hands should sound identical
3. **Increase by 5 BPM**: Only when the current tempo feels easy
4. **Work up to 120+ BPM**: Build gradually over weeks
5. **Practice accents**: Emphasize specific strokes within the pattern
6. **Apply to the kit**: Move rudiments around the toms and snare

## Groove Patterns

### The Basic Rock Beat

The most fundamental drum pattern:

```
HH: x x x x x x x x
SD: . . o . . . o .
BD: o . . . o . . .
    1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
```

**How to learn this:**
1. Play just the hi-hat: steady eighth notes (x x x x x x x x)
2. Add the bass drum on beats 1 and 3 (while hi-hat continues)
3. Add the snare on beats 2 and 4 (while hi-hat and bass continue)
4. Start at 70 BPM, gradually increase

### Essential Groove Vocabulary

**Rock Groove Variation 1 (with bass drum pickup):**
```
HH: x x x x x x x x
SD: . . o . . . o .
BD: o . . . o o . .
    1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
```

**Rock Groove Variation 2 (busier bass drum):**
```
HH: x x x x x x x x
SD: . . o . . . o .
BD: o . . o . o . .
    1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
```

**Funk Groove (sixteenth-note hi-hat):**
```
HH: x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
SD: . . . . o . . . . . . . o . . .
BD: o . . o . . o . . . o . . . . o
    1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a
```

**Shuffle (triplet feel):**
```
HH: x . x x . x x . x x . x
SD: . . . o . . . . . o . .
BD: o . . . . . o . . . . .
    1   a 2   a 3   a 4   a
    (triplet subdivision)
```

**Half-Time Feel:**
```
HH: x x x x x x x x
SD: . . . . o . . .
BD: o . . . . . o .
    1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
```

**12/8 Blues Shuffle:**
```
HH: x . x x . x x . x x . x
SD: . . . o . . . . . o . .
BD: o . . . . o o . . . . o
    1 . a 2 . a 3 . a 4 . a
```

### Building Your Groove Feel

- **Lock with the metronome**: The hi-hat should sit perfectly on the grid
- **Ghost notes**: Quiet snare notes between the backbeats add feel and groove
- **Dynamics**: Not every note is the same volume. Hi-hat accents on beats, ghost notes soft
- **The pocket**: Playing slightly behind the beat creates a relaxed, deep feel. Playing on top creates urgency
- **Listen to great drummers**: Internalize the feel by listening as much as playing

## Fills

### What Fills Do

Fills mark transitions between sections of a song (verse to chorus, chorus to bridge). They:
- Signal change to the band and the listener
- Add excitement and energy
- Express the drummer's personality
- Serve the song (the fill should match the music's energy)

### Basic Fill Vocabulary

**Fill 1: Simple Eighth-Note Around the Kit**
```
Tom1: x x . . . . . .
Tom2: . . x x . . . .
FlTm: . . . . x x . .
SD:   . . . . . . x x
      1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
```

**Fill 2: Sixteenth-Note Snare Roll**
```
SD: x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
    1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a
```

**Fill 3: Linear Fill (no two limbs hit at the same time)**
```
SD:   x . . . x . . . x . . .
Tom1: . x . . . x . . . . . .
BD:   . . x . . . x . . . x .
FlTm: . . . x . . . x . . . x
      1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a
```

**Fill 4: Half-Bar Fill (beats 3-4 only)**
```
HH: x x x x . . . .
SD: . . o . x x . .
BD: o . . . . . x x
    1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
```

### Fill Development Method

1. **Learn the fill isolated**: Just the fill pattern with a metronome
2. **Play groove into fill**: 3 bars of groove + 1 bar of fill, repeat
3. **Fill back into groove**: The transition OUT of the fill matters as much as the fill itself
4. **Vary the fill length**: 1 beat fills, 2 beat fills, full bar fills, 2-bar fills
5. **Crash on beat 1**: After most fills, hit a crash cymbal on the downbeat of the next bar
6. **Serve the song**: A simple fill played with conviction beats a complex fill that disrupts the groove

## Practice Routines

### Practice Pad Routine (20 minutes)

| Time | Activity |
|------|----------|
| 3 min | Warm-up: Single stroke roll, starting slow, gradually increasing |
| 3 min | Double stroke roll with metronome |
| 3 min | Paradiddles with accents |
| 3 min | Flams and drags |
| 5 min | New rudiment or exercise being learned |
| 3 min | Free play: Improvise rhythms on the pad |

### Full Kit Routine - Beginner (30 minutes)

| Time | Activity |
|------|----------|
| 5 min | Pad warm-up: Singles and doubles |
| 5 min | Basic beat: Rock groove with metronome, focus on consistency |
| 5 min | Bass drum variations: Different kick patterns under same hi-hat/snare |
| 5 min | Fills: Practice 2-3 fills, then groove-into-fill-into-groove |
| 5 min | Song play-along: Play along with a recording |
| 5 min | Free play: Improvise, have fun |

### Full Kit Routine - Intermediate (45-60 minutes)

| Time | Activity |
|------|----------|
| 5 min | Warm-up: Rudiments on pad |
| 10 min | Technique: New groove, linear pattern, or coordination exercise |
| 10 min | Fills and transitions: Fill vocabulary and smooth re-entries |
| 10 min | Style study: Focus on one genre (jazz, funk, Latin, etc.) |
| 10 min | Song play-along or transcription |
| 5-10 min | Improvisation or creative exploration |

### Metronome Practice Tips

- **Always practice with a metronome or click track**: Timekeeping is a drummer's primary job
- **Practice at uncomfortable tempos**: Very slow (50-60 BPM) is harder than you think
- **Gap click**: Set the metronome to play every other beat, or every 4 beats. Fill in the gaps yourself
- **Shift the click**: Set the metronome to play on beats 2 and 4 instead of 1 and 3 (develops swing feel)
- **Play along with music**: The recording is the ultimate metronome

## Musicality and Dynamics

### Dynamic Range

A great drummer plays at many volumes:

```
ppp (very very soft): Ghost notes, brush work
pp (very soft): Verse accompaniment, soft sections
p (soft): Standard verse playing
mf (medium): Standard groove playing
f (loud): Chorus energy, driving sections
ff (very loud): Climax moments, heavy sections
fff (maximum): Rare, for dramatic peaks only
```

### Serving the Song

- **Less is more**: The best drum parts are often the simplest
- **Listen to the vocals**: Leave space for the singer; do not compete
- **Match the energy**: Quiet verse = quiet drums; big chorus = big drums
- **The groove is the priority**: Never sacrifice the groove for a fill
- **Leave space**: Silence is a powerful musical tool
- **Crash wisely**: Every crash cymbal is a punctuation mark; do not overuse them

### Playing with Others

- **Lock with the bass player**: Bass and drums form the rhythmic foundation together
- **Watch the lead singer/musician**: They dictate tempo changes, dynamics, and form
- **Communicate**: Use visual cues (nod for transitions, stick clicks for tempo)
- **Count off clearly**: "1, 2, 3, 4" or "1, 2, 1-2-3-4" at the correct tempo
- **Keep time, especially during fills**: A fill should not speed up or slow down

## Genre-Specific Tips

### Rock
- Solid backbeat on 2 and 4, crash on section transitions
- Eighth-note hi-hat or ride is standard
- Bass drum locks with bass guitar riff

### Jazz
- Ride cymbal is the primary timekeeping voice
- Hi-hat with foot on 2 and 4
- Comping (improvised snare and bass drum accents) around the ride pattern
- Brush technique for ballads

### Funk
- Sixteenth-note subdivisions are the foundation
- Ghost notes on the snare add groove and texture
- Syncopated bass drum patterns
- Less fill, more groove

### Latin
- Clave pattern is the organizing principle
- Cascara pattern on the shell of the floor tom or cross-stick
- Tumbao bass drum pattern
- Cowbell and other auxiliary percussion

## Troubleshooting

| Problem | Cause | Solution |
|---------|-------|----------|
| Speeding up during songs | Internal clock rushing | Practice with metronome extensively; slow tempo practice |
| Fills are sloppy | Insufficient rudiment foundation | More pad work; simplify fills |
| Hands hurt after playing | Gripping too tight | Loosen grip; let the stick bounce; take breaks |
| Cannot play groove and sing | Coordination limitation | Practice humming a melody over a simple beat; build gradually |
| Bass drum doubles when not intended | Beater bouncing | Bury the beater or control the rebound; adjust spring tension |
| Hi-hat sounds washy | Not closing tightly or positioning issue | Adjust clutch and pedal tension; check cymbal angle |
| Getting lost in song form | Not counting or listening | Count bars internally; learn song structure before playing |


## Process

1. **Gather information.** Ask the user clarifying questions to understand their specific situation, goals, and constraints
2. **Analyze context.** Review the information provided and identify key factors relevant to drum player
3. **Develop recommendations.** Apply domain expertise to create actionable guidance tailored to the user's needs
4. **Present structured output.** Deliver findings in the output format below with clear next steps
5. **Address follow-ups.** Answer additional questions and refine recommendations based on feedback


## Output Format

```template
## Drum Player Analysis

### Assessment
[Key findings and observations]

### Recommendations
1. [Primary recommendation]
2. [Secondary recommendation]
3. [Additional suggestions]

### Action Items
- [ ] [First action step]
- [ ] [Second action step]
- [ ] [Follow-up task]
```


## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding with recommendations
- **Conflicting requirements:** Prioritize the most critical constraint and note trade-offs
- **Out of scope requests:** Redirect to appropriate specialized skill or professional resource
- **Beginner vs advanced:** Adjust depth and terminology based on user's experience level


## Example

**Input:** "Help me with drum player for my current situation"

**Output:**

Based on your situation, here is a structured approach to drum player:

1. **Assessment:** Evaluate your current state and identify key areas for improvement
2. **Strategy:** Develop a targeted plan based on best practices
3. **Implementation:** Execute the plan with specific, measurable steps
4. **Review:** Monitor progress and adjust as needed
