---
name: knife-skills
description: |
  Teaches fundamental kitchen knife techniques including grip, cutting methods
  (chop, dice, julienne, mince, chiffonade), sharpening basics, and safety rules.
  Provides step-by-step instructions for each cut with dimensions, speed guidance,
  and practice sequences. Use when the user asks about knife techniques, how to
  cut vegetables properly, knife safety, or improving their cutting speed and
  consistency. Do NOT use for professional culinary training, knife purchasing
  recommendations, or food preparation beyond cutting technique.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "cooking step-by-step teaching"
  category: "home-household"
  subcategory: "cooking-meals"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "beginner"
---
# Knife Skills

## When to Use

Use this skill when the user presents any of the following scenarios:

- User asks how to hold a knife correctly, mentions their hand hurts after cutting, or says they feel unsteady or unsafe with a knife
- User wants to learn or improve a specific cut -- dicing an onion, julienning carrots, chiffonading basil, mincing garlic, or creating uniform slices for a specific dish
- User asks why their cuts are uneven, why food sticks to the blade, why their onion falls apart while dicing, or why they cannot get thin consistent slices
- User wants to cut faster without sacrificing safety, specifically mentioning speed as a goal
- User asks about sharpening, honing, or maintaining a knife and wants to know how often and what technique to use
- User asks about the difference between specific cuts (brunoise vs. fine dice, julienne vs. batonnet, chop vs. mince) and wants to know which to use for a recipe
- User is a beginner who wants a structured introduction to kitchen knife work from scratch
- User wants to teach knife skills to a family member, teenager, or child
- User reports a specific recurring problem: onion tears, garlic sticking to the blade, round vegetables rolling, herbs bruising instead of cutting cleanly

**Do NOT use this skill when:**

- User asks which knife to buy -- redirect to a knife selection/purchasing skill; this skill covers technique with existing knives, not equipment acquisition
- User needs professional culinary school-level training, classical brigade knife standards, or knife skills for commercial kitchen volume -- this skill covers home cook fundamentals and intermediate techniques only
- User needs complete recipe instructions including cooking steps beyond the prep stage -- use cooking-specific skills for those components
- User asks about knife sharpening as a dedicated craft (freehand whetstone progression, convex edge geometry, hollow grinding) -- that is a knife maintenance and sharpening skill
- User asks about food safety beyond cutting technique (internal temperatures, storage, cross-contamination protocols) -- use food safety skills for those topics
- User asks about specialized cutting tools such as mandoline slicers, food processors, spiralizers, or meat slicers -- those tools have their own technique and safety considerations

---

## Process

### Step 1: Assess User Level and Immediate Need

Before delivering any instruction, determine where the user is and what they actually need right now.

- Ask one focused question rather than overwhelming them with multiple questions: "Are you starting from the very beginning (never learned a proper grip), working on a specific cut, or trying to fix a recurring problem?"
- Map their answer to one of three entry points: Foundation Track (grip, board setup, first cuts), Technique Track (specific cut with dimensions and motion), or Troubleshooting Track (fixing a specific problem like uneven dice or bruised herbs)
- Identify the specific ingredient they are cutting if relevant -- technique varies meaningfully between onions (layered, requires root-hold method), carrots (hard, cylindrical, requires flat-face first), leafy herbs (delicate, requires chiffonade or rocking mince), and raw meat (requires partially frozen technique for thin slices)
- Note any constraints they mention: small hands, limited grip strength, left-handedness, arthritis, or cutting with a small paring knife instead of a full chef's knife -- each requires a technique adjustment, detailed in the Edge Cases section
- Do not ask for their knife collection inventory -- teach technique that works on a standard 8-inch chef's knife and note variations for other knife types as they become relevant

### Step 2: Establish the Physical Foundation -- Grip, Board, and Stance

This step is mandatory regardless of which track the user is on. A user asking about julienne who has a dangerous grip must receive grip correction first.

**Knife Grip -- "The Pinch Grip" (the only correct grip for a chef's knife):**
- The thumb and the side of the bent index finger pinch the blade itself, just forward of the bolster (the thick metal collar where blade meets handle) -- not the handle
- The remaining three fingers wrap comfortably around the handle
- The pinch point is on the flat of the blade, not on the edge
- Common mistake: holding the handle like a hammer with all four fingers on the handle. This reduces control by moving the pivot point back 2-3 inches. Correct immediately.
- Common mistake: index finger extended along the spine of the blade ("pointing grip"). This feels stable but creates lateral instability on heavy cuts and fatigues the finger. Correct immediately.
- The correct pinch grip will feel unfamiliar to beginners for approximately the first 2-3 sessions. Reassure them this is normal.

**Food Grip -- "The Claw Grip" (mandatory for every cut where fingers are near the blade):**
- Curl all four fingers so the fingertips point straight down toward the cutting board
- The knuckles are now the forward-most part of the hand -- they protrude toward the blade
- The flat side of the knife blade rests against the middle section of the index and middle finger knuckles, using them as a vertical guide rail
- The fingertips are physically behind the knuckles and cannot be reached by the blade
- The thumb is tucked well behind the index finger, never extended outward
- Move the claw backward one cut-width at a time to control slice thickness -- the knuckle position determines the cut, not eyeballing the food
- The claw grip is not optional. It is the single technique that eliminates the most common category of knife injury.

**Board Setup and Stance:**
- Place a damp kitchen towel or rubberized non-slip mat under the cutting board -- a sliding board is a serious safety hazard
- Use a board large enough that the ingredient has room on all sides: minimum 12x18 inches for most vegetable prep; a 10x14 inch board is too small for full-size vegetable prep
- Stand with feet shoulder-width apart, body slightly angled (not square) to the cutting board, about one forearm's length from the board edge
- The cutting elbow should be able to move freely without hitting the body on the backswing
- Clear the board completely before starting -- clutter causes accidents and uneven cuts

### Step 3: Teach the Specific Cutting Technique

For each technique, deliver all of the following components in order. Do not skip dimensions or motion description.

**Component A -- Name, target dimensions, and purpose:**
- State the official name of the cut and its standard dimensions in both metric and imperial
- Explain what dishes use this cut and why -- this gives the user a reason to practice it correctly
- State which knife is best suited (chef's knife for most tasks, paring knife for small items, boning knife for meat trimming)

**Component B -- Ingredient preparation (the "mise en place" for the cut):**
- Most cutting errors begin before the blade touches the food
- Identify the flat-face-first rule: any round or unstable ingredient (carrot, potato, zucchini, turnip) must have a flat face cut first -- take a thin slice off one side, place that flat face down, and now the ingredient cannot rock
- For onions: never remove the root end until the dice is complete -- the root holds all layers together
- For herbs: stack leaves before chiffonade (do not chop individually), and ensure the leaves are dry (wet herbs stick and tear)
- For garlic: crush the clove with the flat of the blade before mincing to split the skin and begin breaking down the cell structure

**Component C -- The cutting motion (specific mechanics):**
- Describe the specific motion: push-slice (forward and down together, used for most vegetable cuts with a chef's knife), pull-slice (draw back toward body while pressing down, used for tomatoes and meat where forward pressure would crush), rocking mince (tip of knife stays on board, handle rocks down and up while the knife pivots on the tip, used for herbs and garlic), and cross-chop (blade is moved forward in a fan pattern while pressing down, used for rough chops)
- Specify whether the knife tip stays on the board or lifts off
- Specify where force is applied (heel of blade for hard vegetables, tip for detail work, center of blade for general slicing)
- Describe the rhythm: consistent and deliberate beats with no hesitation between cuts -- hesitation produces uneven spacing

**Component D -- Common mistakes with specific corrections:**
- Sawing back and forth instead of using a single directional motion (produces torn rather than sliced edges -- the fix is to commit to either a push-slice or pull-slice in one motion)
- Using the wrist to drive the cut instead of the forearm and shoulder (fatigues quickly and loses control -- the fix is to keep the wrist locked and drive from the elbow)
- Letting the food spread apart during dicing before the final crosscuts (the fix is to keep the claw grip slightly pressing inward to hold the stack together)
- Rushing vertical spacing on dice (produces 1/8-inch pieces next to 3/4-inch pieces -- the fix is to pause between cuts and consciously reposition the claw)

### Step 4: Deliver the Cutting Reference Card

Every knife skills interaction should include or reference the full cutting reference table. Users often want to know related cuts after learning one. Present it in full once per session.

| Cut Name | Dimensions (Imperial) | Dimensions (Metric) | Shape | Primary Uses | Difficulty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rough chop | 1-2 inch irregular | 2.5-5 cm irregular | Uneven pieces | Stocks, stews, food processor prep | Beginner |
| Chop | 3/4-1 inch | 2-2.5 cm | Roughly uniform pieces | Roasted vegetables, rustic sauces | Beginner |
| Large dice | 3/4 inch cubes | 2 cm cubes | Uniform cubes | Roasting, chunky soups, stews | Beginner |
| Medium dice | 1/2 inch cubes | 1.25 cm cubes | Uniform cubes | All-purpose sauces, soups, fillings | Beginner |
| Small dice | 1/4 inch cubes | 6 mm cubes | Uniform cubes | Salsas, refined sauces, brunches | Intermediate |
| Brunoise | 1/8 inch cubes | 3 mm cubes | Very fine cubes | Garnishes, delicate sauces, consommé | Advanced |
| Fine brunoise | 1/16 inch cubes | 1.5 mm cubes | Micro cubes | Restaurant-level garnishes | Advanced |
| Batonnet | 1/4 x 1/4 x 2-3 inches | 6mm x 6mm x 5-7 cm | Thick sticks | Crudités, fries, vegetable sides | Intermediate |
| Julienne | 1/8 x 1/8 x 2-3 inches | 3mm x 3mm x 5-7 cm | Thin matchsticks | Stir-fries, salads, Asian cuisine | Intermediate |
| Fine julienne | 1/16 x 1/16 x 2 inches | 1.5mm x 1.5mm x 5 cm | Hair-thin sticks | Garnishes, very delicate salads | Advanced |
| Chiffonade | 1/16-1/8 inch wide ribbons | 1.5-3 mm ribbons | Thin strips | Basil, mint, leafy herbs, greens | Intermediate |
| Mince | Under 1/8 inch, irregular | Under 3 mm | Tiny irregular pieces | Garlic, shallots, ginger, fresh herbs | Intermediate |
| Bias/oblique cut | 1/4-1/2 inch thick, 45° angle | 6-12 mm, 45° angle | Oval-elongated slices | Stir-fry vegetables, decorative cuts | Beginner |
| Rondelle | 1/4-1/2 inch thick | 6-12 mm | Round discs | Carrots, cucumbers, zucchini | Beginner |
| Paysanne | 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/8 inch | 1.25 cm x 1.25 cm x 3 mm | Flat squares or rounds | Rustic soups, garnishes | Intermediate |
| Tourné | 2 inch x 7 even sides | 5 cm x 7 sides | Football-shaped | Classical French presentation | Advanced |

**Important note on the dice progression:** Large dice → medium dice → small dice → brunoise is a size-reduction hierarchy. Each size is derived from the same process: batonnet/julienne first, then cross-cut into cubes. A large dice is a cross-cut of batonnet. A brunoise is a cross-cut of fine julienne. Understanding this hierarchy makes all the dice cuts make sense.

### Step 5: Walk Through Practice Progressions

Skill builds with specific, low-stakes practice before moving to the target ingredient. Provide a concrete practice sequence.

**Beginner Practice Sequence (Week 1-2):**
- Day 1-2: Carrots -- stable, hard, predictable. Practice rondelles (discs) only. Focus entirely on claw grip and consistent spacing. Target: 1/4-inch rondelles. Carrots do not roll once the flat face is cut.
- Day 3-4: Zucchini or cucumber -- cylindrical but softer, slightly less stable. Same exercise, same target, slightly faster motion.
- Day 5-7: Celery -- linear, easy, builds confidence with long ingredients. Practice straight cuts, then bias cuts at 45 degrees.

**Intermediate Practice Sequence (Week 2-4):**
- Potatoes -- practice large dice on a potato. The rigid structure gives clear feedback on whether cubes are uniform. A potato does not slide, fall apart, or irritate the eyes.
- Onions -- introduce the root-hold dicing method. More moving parts (horizontal cuts, vertical cuts, crosscuts) but forgiving because the layers help guide the knife.
- Bell peppers -- curved walls require adapting the flat-face principle. Cut off the four sides (leaving a core of seeds), lay the flat panels skin-up, and slice.
- Mushrooms -- soft, moist, prone to tearing if the knife is dull. Mushrooms are an excellent sharpness test: if mushrooms tear or compress instead of slicing cleanly, the knife needs honing immediately.

**Advanced Practice (Month 2+):**
- Garlic -- tiny, slippery, unpredictable. Master the crush-peel-slice-mince sequence.
- Fresh basil chiffonade -- requires dry leaves, stacked carefully, and a very sharp knife to avoid bruising (oxidation turns the cut edges black within minutes of a bad cut).
- Shallots -- small, layered like onions but tinier; require miniaturized versions of the onion dice technique.
- Cherry tomatoes -- round, small, prone to rolling. Use the pinch between thumb and index finger to stabilize, or cut in batches by placing between two plates and running the knife through the gap.

### Step 6: Cover Sharpening and Maintenance Fundamentals

Maintenance is not optional context -- a dull knife is the root cause of many technique problems users report.

**Honing vs. Sharpening -- the distinction matters:**
- Honing does not remove metal. It realigns the microscopic edge of the blade that folds over with regular use. Think of it as straightening a bent edge, not creating a new one. A honing steel (also called a sharpening steel, which is a misnomer) is the correct tool.
- Sharpening removes metal to create a new edge. It uses an abrasive surface: a whetstone, pull-through sharpener, or electric sharpener.
- A knife that is honed regularly needs sharpening less often. A knife that is never honed feels dull within 3-4 weeks of regular use even if it was recently sharpened.

**Honing technique (before every significant cutting session):**
- Hold the honing steel vertically, tip resting on the cutting board, handle at the top
- Place the heel of the blade at the top of the steel at a 15-20 degree angle (a 15-degree angle looks like the knife is nearly flat against the steel; 20 degrees is slightly more upright)
- Draw the knife downward and toward you while pulling the knife from heel to tip along the steel in one smooth arc -- the full length of the blade should contact the steel
- Alternate sides: 4-6 strokes per side, same angle every time
- The angle is the most important variable. Inconsistent angle defeats the purpose. Use the same angle every stroke.
- Tip: place a folded piece of paper under the spine and adjust until the paper is just barely touching -- this is approximately 15 degrees for most knives.
- Time required: 30-45 seconds

**Sharpening frequency and method selection:**
- Home cooks using a knife 4-5 times per week: sharpen 2-4 times per year
- Heavy home use (daily cooking, meal prep): sharpen every 6-8 weeks
- The newspaper test: try to cut through a sheet of newspaper hanging freely from your non-knife hand. A sharp knife slices cleanly with one motion. A dull knife tears the paper, pushes it aside, or requires sawing. If it fails this test, sharpening (not honing) is needed.
- The tomato test: a sharp knife slices through a ripe tomato skin with no downward pressure, using only the weight of the knife itself. A dull knife requires pressing and still slides off the skin.
- Pull-through sharpeners (manual or electric) are easy to use and acceptable for home cooks who will not learn whetstone technique. They remove more metal per use than a whetstone, meaning the knife has a shorter total lifespan.
- Whetstones produce the best edge and the longest knife lifespan but require learning proper angle and pressure technique. A 1000-grit stone handles most sharpening; a 3000-6000 grit stone polishes the edge after. This is covered in the dedicated sharpening skill if the user wants to go deeper.

**Storage:**
- Magnetic knife strip on the wall: best option for edge preservation and accessibility
- Knife block: acceptable, but horizontal-slot blocks (where the blade rests on the wooden slot) dull the edge over time; vertical-slot blocks are preferable
- Individual blade guards (sheaths): good for drawer storage but keep the knife away from other metal utensils
- Loose in a drawer with other utensils: damages the edge within weeks and creates a reach-in injury hazard -- always point this out if mentioned

### Step 7: Safety Rules -- Non-Negotiable Habits

Deliver these as a complete set, not as an afterthought. Users who learn technique without safety context develop dangerous habits.

- **Sharp is safe:** A dull knife requires 3-5 times more force to cut through food. That excess force goes somewhere when the knife slips -- which it will. A sharp knife cuts on contact with minimal force.
- **The claw, always:** Not sometimes. Not when cutting slowly. Every time a hand is near a blade.
- **Never catch a falling knife:** Instinct says grab it. Reality says a falling knife spins unpredictably. Step back, let it fall, pick it up from the handle after it is still.
- **Stable surface, always:** A board that shifts during cutting has caused more injuries than poor technique. Damp towel under the board is mandatory.
- **No knife in soapy water:** A knife submerged in a sink of soapy water is invisible and will cut the hand reaching in. Wash immediately after use by hand, dry immediately, and put away.
- **No dishwasher:** The mechanical action and harsh detergent destroy the edge in 3-5 cycles. The heat warrants handle materials. The inside of a dishwasher is also a retrieval hazard.
- **Carry with tip down, edge back:** When walking with a knife, hold it at your side with the tip pointing toward the floor and the cutting edge facing behind you.
- **Announce yourself:** When walking near someone with a knife, say "knife" audibly. This is kitchen culture, not just courtesy.
- **One knife on the board at a time:** Extra knives left on the board get bumped, fall, and create hazards.
- **Dry the board between tasks:** Wet boards cause food to slide unpredictably.

---

## Output Format

When responding to a knife skills question, structure the output using this template. Adapt which sections are included based on what the user needs -- a beginner needs the full foundation; an intermediate user asking about one specific cut only needs sections 2-4.

```
## Knife Skills Guide: [Specific Topic or Ingredient]

---

### Grip Fundamentals
*(Include for beginners and any user who has not been taught grip in this conversation.
Skip for intermediate users asking about a specific technique unless grip correction
is relevant to their problem.)*

**The Pinch Grip (knife hand):**
[Right/left] hand: Pinch the blade itself -- thumb on one flat side, bent index finger
on the other flat side -- just forward of the bolster. Three fingers wrap the handle.
The index finger does NOT extend along the spine.

**The Claw Grip (food hand):**
[Right/left] hand: Curl all fingers so knuckles protrude forward. Fingertips point
straight down behind the knuckles. The flat of the knife blade rides against the
knuckle faces. Move the claw back one cut-width between each slice.

**Board Setup:**
- Damp towel or non-slip mat under the board
- Board minimum size: 12x18 inches for vegetable prep
- Clear the board before starting

---

### [Cut Name]: [Ingredient Name]
*(One section per cutting technique being taught in this response)*

**Target dimensions:** [exact measurement in imperial and metric]
**Best knife:** [specific knife type and approximate length]
**Approximate time:** [beginner time] (beginner) → [experienced time] (experienced)
**Related cuts in the same size family:** [adjacent cuts from the reference card]

#### Ingredient Preparation
[Specific prep steps before the first cut -- flat face, root end, peeling, etc.]

#### Step-by-Step Technique
1. [Step -- include hand position, knife angle, direction of motion, and what correct looks like]
2. [Step]
3. [Step]
4. [Step]
5. [Step -- include what the finished cut should look like and feel like]

#### Common Mistakes and Corrections
| Mistake | What It Looks Like | Correction |
|---|---|---|
| [specific mistake] | [observable symptom] | [specific fix] |
| [specific mistake] | [observable symptom] | [specific fix] |
| [specific mistake] | [observable symptom] | [specific fix] |

#### Practice Tip
[One specific, actionable practice exercise for this technique with a target metric
-- e.g., "Practice on 3 carrots. You are done practicing when 80% of your slices
are within 1/16 inch of your target thickness."]

---

### Cutting Techniques Reference Card
*(Include once per conversation. Can be abbreviated on follow-up questions.)*

| Cut Name | Imperial | Metric | Shape | Primary Uses | Difficulty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[Full table from Step 4 above]

---

### Safety Rules
*(Include for beginners. Include for intermediate users if a safety issue is relevant.
Can be abbreviated on follow-up questions with a note to refer to a prior message.)*

1. [Rule -- stated as a specific behavior, not an abstract principle]
2. [Rule]
3. [Rule]
[Continue through all 10 rules listed in Step 7]

---

### Knife Maintenance
*(Include when relevant -- user asks about sharpening, reports their knife feels dull,
or mentions food tearing rather than slicing.)*

**Hone:** Before every significant cutting session. 4-6 strokes per side at
15-20 degrees on a honing steel. Takes 30-45 seconds.

**Sharpen:** [frequency based on user's described use pattern]
Method: [pull-through for simplicity / whetstone for quality and knife longevity]
Test for sharpness: [newspaper test or tomato test description]

**Store:** [specific recommendation based on what the user mentions they have]
```

---

## Rules

1. **Always teach grip before technique** -- even for users asking about a specific cut. If there is any indication the user does not know the pinch grip and claw grip, teach those first. A perfect julienne technique combined with an unsafe grip is not a good outcome.

2. **Use exact dimensions, always** -- never say "thin" or "small." Brunoise is 1/8-inch cubes (3mm). Julienne is 1/8 x 1/8 x 2-3 inches (3mm x 3mm x 5-7 cm). Small dice is 1/4-inch cubes (6mm). Medium dice is 1/2-inch cubes (12mm). Large dice is 3/4-inch cubes (2cm). Batonnet is 1/4 x 1/4 x 2-3 inches (6mm x 6mm x 5-7cm). If a user asks what "thin slice" means, give them a measurement.

3. **The dice hierarchy is always batonnet-first** -- you cannot dice correctly without first making planks (1/4 to 1/2 inch slabs), then sticks (batonnet or julienne), then crosscutting into cubes. Users who try to "eyeball" cubes without this intermediate step produce irregular, frustrating results. Always teach the full three-step sequence even if the user thinks they can skip steps.

4. **Sharp knife is safer than dull -- say this explicitly and early** -- do not bury it in the maintenance section. If a user describes food slipping, tearing, or requiring heavy pressure to cut, diagnose a dull knife before diagnosing technique. A dull knife diagnosis leads to the honing or sharpening guidance before continuing technique instruction.

5. **Never recommend specific knife brands** -- describe knife types by category, blade length, blade geometry (German (curved belly, heavier, better for rocking cuts) vs. Japanese (flatter profile, thinner blade, better for push-cuts and precision)), and handle style. Avoid any brand name that sounds like a recommendation.

6. **Speed is never taught directly -- it is a byproduct** -- never tell a user to "try to go faster." Speed emerges from consistent grip, consistent spacing, and muscle memory developed through repetition at a comfortable pace. Telling a beginner to speed up increases injury risk and produces less uniform cuts. If a user asks how to cut faster, explain this explicitly: practice until the motion is automatic, then speed will follow without trying.

7. **The root end stays on the onion until the dice is complete** -- this is the most common onion dicing error in home kitchens. The root's fibrous structure holds all the layers together during horizontal and vertical cutting. The moment the root is removed, the onion falls into individual layers and the grid cuts produce unequal pieces. State this rule whenever onion technique is requested.

8. **Wet herbs bruise; dry herbs slice** -- basil and mint oxidize and turn black within 1-2 minutes of a bad cut. A bad cut happens when (a) the knife is dull and crushes rather than slices the cells, (b) the leaves are wet and stick to each other unevenly, or (c) the user chops herbs repeatedly rather than using a single slicing chiffonade. If a user reports black or bruised herbs, this is the diagnosis.

9. **Raw meat gets its own board, its own knife, and its own workflow** -- never imply that the techniques for vegetables apply directly to raw poultry or raw red meat without noting cross-contamination precautions. Designate this clearly and specifically: separate cutting board (plastic preferred for raw meat -- more thoroughly sanitized than wood), hands washed before and after, knife washed immediately. This is a food safety rule embedded in knife technique.

10. **Assess knife type before giving technique for hard vegetables** -- a thin flexible boning knife, a paring knife, or a serrated bread knife is NOT suitable for cutting butternut squash, pumpkin, or celeriac. A heavy 8-10 inch chef's knife or a cleaver is required. Never give cutting instructions for hard dense vegetables without confirming the user has an appropriate knife and has stabilized the item with a flat face. Provide the microwave-softening workaround (2-3 minutes) when appropriate.

---

## Edge Cases

### Left-Handed Users
All grip descriptions are mirrored. The knife is in the left hand with the same pinch grip. The claw grip is on the right hand. All motion directions are mirrored: a bias cut angled from upper-left to lower-right for a right-handed user becomes upper-right to lower-left for a left-handed user. The board setup is the same. When teaching the honing technique, the steel can be held in either the right hand (tip on board) or the motion mirrored as needed -- the key is maintaining the consistent 15-20 degree angle on both sides. Most cutting board orientations and food prep sequences are fully ambidextrous. The only technique that may feel noticeably asymmetric is the onion dice horizontal cuts, where the knife must angle slightly inward toward the root -- this angle is the same regardless of handedness but the hand holding the onion will be reversed.

### Users with Limited Hand Strength, Arthritis, or Grip Limitations
Several technique adaptations reduce demand on grip strength and hand mobility:
- Recommend a lighter knife -- a Japanese-style santoku (typically 5-7 inches, thinner blade, lighter overall weight than a German-style chef's knife) reduces fatigue significantly
- The rocking motion cuts (pivoting on the tip) require less grip force than full downward chops -- this is a primary technique for users with limited strength
- A wide, low-profile handle (oval cross-section) is easier to hold for arthritic hands than a round cylindrical handle
- Pre-cut vegetables (store-bought pre-cut squash, shredded cabbage, sliced onions) are a legitimate and valid option -- frame this as a practical adaptation rather than a concession
- A mandoline slicer eliminates knife work for uniform thin slices entirely, but introduces its own significant safety risks (the blade is exposed and stationary; always use the hand guard; cut-resistant gloves are strongly recommended) -- flag this when suggesting it
- Ergonomic angled knife handles are available that keep the wrist in a neutral position -- describe these by type (angled handle, pistol-grip handles) without brand names

### User Wants to Cut Very Hard Vegetables (Butternut Squash, Pumpkin, Celeriac, Rutabaga)
Standard chef's knife technique must be modified for extremely hard dense vegetables:
- Step 1: Assess knife suitability. A thin blade, a flexible blade, or a paring knife is not suitable and must not be used. A heavy German-style chef's knife (8-10 inches) or a cleaver is required.
- Step 2: Create a flat stable surface first. Cut a thin slice (about 1/4 inch) off one side of the vegetable. Place the flat side down. The vegetable should now be completely stable -- if it rocks, make a larger flat face.
- Step 3: Use a controlled pushing motion, applying even downward force along the full length of the blade. Do NOT use a rocking or sawing motion on very hard vegetables -- the knife can slip laterally.
- Step 4 (softening workaround): Pierce the squash in 5-6 places with a sharp knife tip, then microwave for 2-3 minutes on high. The exterior will soften slightly, significantly reducing the force required. The interior remains raw and unaffected for cooking purposes. This is the recommended approach for home cooks who do not regularly work with hard squash.
- Never try to halve a whole butternut squash without first creating a flat face on a small side area.

### Teaching Knife Skills to a Child (Approximate Ages 6-14)
Children can learn real knife skills safely with a proper progression:
- Ages 6-8: Begin with a nylon or plastic "kid-safe" knife (designed to cut soft foods without cutting fingers). Practice with soft foods: banana, strawberries, cooked potato, mushrooms, soft cheese. The goal is learning the claw grip as pure muscle memory with zero injury risk.
- Ages 8-10: Progress to a butter knife for foods with more resistance. The claw grip should now be automatic and consistent before this step. Add harder soft foods: cucumber, zucchini, soft bread.
- Ages 10-12: Introduce a small paring knife (3-inch blade) with direct supervision. The adult should be hands-on, not merely nearby. Focus on paring tasks (peeling apples) and small rondelles. The knife should be sharp -- a dull paring knife requires too much force for a child to control safely.
- Ages 12-14: A small chef's knife (6-inch blade) is appropriate for teenagers who have demonstrated consistent claw grip and responsible behavior. Introduce the full chef's knife technique at reduced scale.
- Key principle for all ages: the child must demonstrate the claw grip correctly every single time before progressing to a sharper tool. Never rush this progression. One missed claw grip at age 8 is not a reason to keep a child at butter knife level -- but two missed grips during a session means returning to supervision.

### Herbs That Bruise (Basil, Mint, Shiso)
Delicate leafy herbs require a different approach from robust herbs (rosemary, thyme) because their cell walls are fragile and enzymatic browning begins within seconds of a poor cut:
- The knife must be freshly honed and sharp enough to slice cleanly on contact with minimal downward pressure. Test on a single leaf first: a sharp knife leaves a bright green edge. A dull knife leaves a dark, compressed edge immediately.
- Leaves must be completely dry. Pat dry with paper towels or spin in a salad spinner before cutting. Wet leaves stick together unevenly and result in torn, unequal ribbons.
- For chiffonade: stack leaves with the largest at the bottom, roll the stack into a tight cigar shape from one long side to the other, then use a single long pull-slice motion (drawing the knife toward you while slicing down) rather than a push-chop. The pull-slice produces less lateral compression.
- After cutting, use the herbs immediately or store them in a small cup of water (stem end down) for up to 30 minutes. Do not refrigerate cut basil -- cold temperatures accelerate browning.
- Never chop basil with a rocking mince motion. The repeated crushing of the rocking technique destroys the cell walls.

### User Reports That Food Sticks to the Blade
This is a common frustration with high-moisture foods (potatoes, apples, cucumbers) and dense starchy foods. Several causes and solutions:
- Surface tension between a smooth flat blade and a high-moisture cut surface: the thin air gap is eliminated and water adhesion holds the cut slice to the blade. Solution: use a blade with a Granton edge (the oval dimples or hollows along the flat of the blade). The dimples break the air seal. If the knife does not have a Granton edge, a light spray of food-safe oil on the blade before cutting high-starch foods reduces sticking significantly.
- The blade is too thin and food is pressing in on both sides (binding): this happens most with soft cheeses and dense root vegetables. Solution: cut with a forward push motion, allowing cut pieces to fall away to the side before the blade is fully committed. Keeping the blade moving prevents binding.
- Slicing potatoes: lightly moisten the blade with water (not oil, for potatoes that will be cooked in water) before each cut. Many professional cooks keep a small damp towel next to the board for this.

### User Has Only a Paring Knife (No Chef's Knife)
Some users only own a paring knife and need to work with what they have. Paring knife technique differs meaningfully from chef's knife technique:
- A paring knife (3-4 inch blade) is designed for in-hand work (peeling, trimming, small precision cuts) rather than board work. Many users try to use it like a mini chef's knife on a cutting board and produce poor, unsafe results.
- For in-hand work: the food is held in the non-dominant hand with the thumb tucked well behind the item. The knife moves toward the thumb, never past the thumb. This is the one technique where the knife moves toward the hand -- require great care.
- For board work with a paring knife: all the same claw grip principles apply, but the scale is reduced. The short blade limits the user to small ingredients (garlic, shallots, mushrooms, cherry tomatoes, fresh chilies). Trying to dice a full onion with a paring knife is inefficient and produces poor results -- recommend completing that task in halves or quarters.
- If the user truly has no other knife, focus the session on paring tasks and in-hand work, and note that a basic 8-inch chef's knife is a worthwhile household investment -- described by type, not brand.

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## Example

**Input:** "I've been trying to mince garlic for months but it's always uneven -- some pieces are huge and some are nearly paste. Also the garlic keeps sticking to my knife and flying around the cutting board. What am I doing wrong?"

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**Output:**

## Knife Skills Guide: Mincing Garlic

This is one of the most common technique frustrations in home cooking, and the good news is that both problems -- uneven mince and garlic sticking and flying -- have very specific, fixable causes. Let me walk you through the correct process from scratch.

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### The Two Problems You Are Experiencing

**Problem 1 -- Uneven mince (chunks and paste mixed together):**
This almost always comes from trying to mince straight from a whole or sliced clove without properly breaking it down first. When you hack at a clove that still has its curved, slippery geometry, the knife skips across the surface instead of cutting through it. The fix is a specific four-stage sequence: crush → peel → slice into slivers → rock-mince.

**Problem 2 -- Garlic sticking to the blade and launching off the board:**
Raw garlic has high moisture content and strong surface adhesion to a clean metal blade. Every time you lift the knife, the garlic clings to the flat of the blade and either drops unevenly back on the board or shoots sideways. The fix is: (1) never lift the knife tip off the board during mincing, and (2) use the flat of the blade to collect and restack garlic during the process.

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### Grip Check First

Before technique, confirm your grips are correct.

**Knife hand -- The Pinch Grip:**
Pinch the blade itself (not the handle) between your thumb and the bent side of your index finger, just forward of the point where the blade meets the handle. Your other three fingers wrap the handle. Your index finger should NOT point along the top of the blade. The pinch gives you maximum control over the knife tip -- which is essential for the rocking mince motion.

**Food hand -- The Claw Grip:**
For mincing garlic, your non-knife hand will rest on top of the knife blade during part of the rocking mince phase (see Step 4 below). This is the one technique where the claw grip slightly modifies -- instead of holding food, your non-dominant hand rests flat on the spine of the blade to guide it through the fanning motion. Keep fingertips curled back any time the blade is near them.

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### Step-by-Step: Mincing Garlic

**Target dimensions:** Under 1/8 inch (under 3 mm) in all directions -- irregular in shape, but uniform in size
**Best knife:** 8-10 inch chef's knife (the long blade is essential for the rocking mince arc; a paring knife produces poor results here)
**Approximate time:** 45-60 seconds per 2-3 cloves (beginner) → 15-20 seconds per 2-3 cloves (experienced)

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#### Stage 1: Separate and Crush (Solve the Flying Garlic Problem Here)

1. Separate a clove from the bulb and lay it flat on the cutting board.
2. Lay the flat of your knife blade over the clove, parallel to the board. The blade should be almost horizontal, covering the clove.
3. Place the heel of your non-knife hand firmly on the flat of the blade (never on the edge). Apply a sharp, sudden downward press -- do not smash, just a firm controlled pop.
4. You will hear and feel the clove compress and crack. The papery skin will split open.
5. **Why this solves flying garlic:** The crushed clove is now flat and ruptured. It has no curve or smooth surface to deflect the knife edge. It sits flat and stable on the board. The cell structure is also partially broken, which begins the process of developing allicin (the flavor compound in garlic) -- a bonus.

#### Stage 2: Peel

1. The cracked skin peels off easily by hand after crushing. Pinch the split skin and pull it away -- it should come off in one motion.
2. Discard the skin. You are left with a flat, slightly sticky, bare garlic clove.
3. If the clove still has a small brown root nub at the base, remove it with the tip of the knife -- it is slightly bitter and has a tough texture.

#### Stage 3: Slice Into Thin Slivers

1. Make 3-4 thin lengthwise slices through the clove, cutting with the full length of the blade in a single push-slice motion (forward and slightly down -- not a chop, not a saw).
2. Target thickness: approximately 1/8 inch (3 mm). These are rough slices -- precision here is not critical because they will all be minced anyway.
3. Then turn the clove 90 degrees and make 3-4 more thin slices across the first set. You now have a rough small dice approximately 1/8 inch in size.
4. **Why this step matters:** Starting the mince from a pre-diced state means you are reducing 1/8-inch pieces to 1/16-inch pieces -- a very small size reduction. Starting the mince from a whole clove means you are reducing a 1/2-inch object all the way down to 1/16 inch in one phase, which guarantees uneven results. The pre-slice eliminates the size disparity that caused your paste-and-chunks problem.

#### Stage 4: The Rocking Mince

This is the technique that finishes the mince. Done correctly, the knife tip never leaves the board.

1. Place the pre-diced garlic in a compact pile in the center of the board, roughly 3-4 inches in diameter.
2. Hold the knife in the pinch grip. Place the tip of the knife on the board just past the far edge of the garlic pile. The tip stays here for the entire process.
3. Place the palm of your non-knife hand gently on the spine (top) of the blade, midway along the blade. This guides the rocking motion and adds light downward pressure -- your non-knife hand is on the spine of the blade, not near the edge.
4. Rock the blade down through the garlic pile by lowering the handle while the tip pivots on the board. Use a fanning motion: as the blade comes down, sweep it slightly to the right (for right-handed users) so the heel of the blade covers new ground.
5. After each complete arc, scrape the garlic back into a pile using the flat of the blade and repeat. Use the blade held nearly horizontal to collect the garlic -- scrape forward, then flip the pile back.
6. Repeat the rock-fan-scrape sequence: 8-12 complete arcs, then collect and restack, then 8-12 more arcs. After two rounds (about 20 total arcs), examine the pile.
7. Target: pieces no larger than 1/8 inch (3 mm) in any direction, with the majority closer to 1/16 inch (1.5 mm). Some slight variation is normal and acceptable in home cooking. Genuine paste (which you described) means you are pressing down too hard during the rock -- lighten the downward pressure.

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### The Sticking Problem -- Complete Fix

During the rocking mince, garlic will build up on the flat of the blade. This is normal. It sticks because of moisture and surface tension.

- **Do not lift the blade tip off the board** -- the moment the tip lifts, garlic escapes. Keep the tip anchored.
- **Collect with the flat of the blade, not the edge.** To scrape the garlic off the blade, hold the blade almost horizontal with the spine toward you and drag it across the pile, pushing garlic away from you. Flip the pile with a quick flick of the wrist. Never scrape with the edge facing down -- this rolls the blade on its edge and can nick the edge or damage the board.
- **Lightly moisten the blade:** If sticking is severe, draw the flat of the blade across a barely damp cloth before you begin. This does not eliminate sticking entirely but reduces it meaningfully.
- **A sharper knife reduces sticking:** A sharp blade creates a cleaner cut through cells rather than crushing them. Crushed cells release more moisture, which increases sticking. If garlic consistently becomes paste-like rather than minced pieces, hone the knife before the next session.

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### Common Mistakes and Corrections

| Mistake | What It Looks Like | Correction |
|---|---|---|
| Skipping the crush step | Garlic rolls and skips under the blade; uneven slices from the start | Crush every clove first, without exception |
| Lifting the knife tip during rocking mince | Garlic pieces launch off the board in all directions | Anchor the tip to the board for the entire mince phase |
| Pressing too hard during the rock | Garlic smears into paste rather than discrete pieces | Lighten downward pressure; let the sharp edge do the work |
| Using a paring knife for mincing | Short blade means the fanning arc is too small; takes 4x longer, produces worse results | Use a full-length chef's knife (8-10 inches) for mincing |
| Starting mince from a whole clove without pre-slicing | Mix of large chunks and paste | Always pre-dice to 1/8-inch pieces before the rocking mince phase |
| Scraping garlic off the blade with the edge down | Rolls the edge on the board; dulls knife rapidly | Always scrape with the blade held at an angle, spine toward you |

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### Practice Tip

Practice this full sequence on 3-4 cloves every time you cook for the next two weeks. Before you begin each session, test your knife on a single basil leaf: if the blade crushes the leaf rather than slicing cleanly through it, hone the knife first (30 seconds with the honing steel -- see maintenance below). Your target is producing a consistent mince where no single piece is larger than 1/8 inch and there is no significant paste.

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### When to Stop Mincing vs. Use a Microplane

For most home cooking, a properly minced garlic clove (1/16 to 1/8 inch pieces) is ideal. It has visible texture in the final dish and browns in oil without burning too quickly.

For dishes where you want garlic to dissolve completely into a sauce, dressing, or marinade -- Caesar dressing, aioli, gremolata, some pasta sauces -- a Microplane or fine grater produces pure garlic paste efficiently and without knife technique. This is not a failure of knife skill; it is the right tool for the right result. The paste from a Microplane also releases maximum allicin (flavor), which is why it tastes more pungent than minced garlic.

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### Cutting Techniques Reference Card

| Cut Name | Imperial | Metric | Shape | Primary Uses | Difficulty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rough chop | 1-2 inch irregular | 2.5-5 cm | Uneven pieces | Stocks, stews, food processor | Beginner |
| Chop | 3/4-1 inch | 2-2.5 cm | Roughly uniform | Roasted vegetables, rustic sauces | Beginner |
| Large dice | 3/4 inch cubes | 2 cm cubes | Uniform cubes | Roasting, chunky soups | Beginner |
| Medium dice | 1/2 inch cubes | 1.25 cm cubes | Uniform cubes | All-purpose sauces, soups | Beginner |
| Small dice | 1/4 inch cubes | 6 mm cubes | Uniform cubes | Salsas, refined sauces | Intermediate |
| Brunoise | 1/8 inch cubes | 3 mm cubes | Fine cubes | Garnishes, delicate sauces | Advanced |
| Batonnet | 1/4 x 1/4 x 2-3 in | 6x6x50-75 mm | Thick sticks | Crudités, fries | Intermediate |
| Julienne | 1/8 x 1/8 x 2-3 in | 3x3x50-75 mm | Thin matchsticks | Stir-fries, salads | Intermediate |
| Chiffonade | 1/16-1/8 in wide | 1.5-3 mm ribbons | Thin strips | Fresh herbs, leafy greens | Intermediate |
| Mince | Under 1/8 inch | Under 3 mm | Tiny irregular | Garlic, ginger, shallots | Intermediate |
| Bias cut | 1/4-1/2 in, 45° angle | 6-12 mm, 45° | Oval slices | Stir-fry vegetables | Beginner |
| Rondelle | 1/4-1/2 inch discs | 6-12 mm discs | Round discs | Carrots, cucumbers, zucchini | Beginner |

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### Knife Maintenance

Your sticking and flying problems are compounded by a dull knife. Here is the full maintenance protocol:

**Honing (before every significant cutting session -- takes 30-45 seconds):**
Hold the honing steel vertically, tip resting on a folded
