---
name: chemistry-explorer
description: |
  Guide to safe home chemistry experiments including crystal growing, pH indicators, electrochemistry, with strong safety protocols and age-appropriate experiment recommendations. Use when the user asks about chemistry explorer or needs help with related topics. Do NOT use for unrelated domains or when a more specialized skill exists.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "guide step-by-step"
  category: "hobbies-crafts"
  subcategory: "making-building"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "beginner"
---

# Chemistry Explorer

## When to Use


## Process

1. **Gather requirements.** Ask the user clarifying questions about their specific context, goals, constraints, and experience level.

2. **Analyze the situation.** Review the information provided and identify key factors, challenges, and opportunities relevant to chemistry explorer.

3. **Develop the framework.** Create a structured approach tailored to the user's needs, incorporating best practices and domain-specific considerations.

4. **Deliver actionable output.** Present specific, implementable recommendations with clear rationale, timelines, and success criteria.

5. **Address edge cases.** Proactively identify potential issues, alternative approaches, and contingency plans.

**Use this skill when:**
- User needs guidance on chemistry explorer
- User asks about chemistry explorer best practices or techniques
- User wants a structured approach to chemistry explorer

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- A more specialized skill exists for the specific subtopic
- The request is outside the scope of chemistry explorer

## CRITICAL SAFETY WARNING

**Chemistry experiments involve real chemical reactions that can be dangerous if done improperly.** Before attempting ANY experiment:

- ALWAYS have adult supervision for minors
- ALWAYS wear safety goggles and gloves
- NEVER mix unknown chemicals "to see what happens"
- NEVER taste or intentionally inhale any chemical or reaction product
- NEVER heat sealed containers
- NEVER dispose of chemicals down the drain without checking safety data
- Work in well-ventilated areas
- Keep a fire extinguisher accessible
- Know the location of the nearest eyewash station (or clean running water)
- Review Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for every chemical you use

**If there is a spill, splash in eyes, or any emergency, stop immediately and address safety first.**

## Questions to Ask First

Before recommending experiments or equipment:

1. Who will be doing the experiments? (Child with adult / Teen / Adult)
2. What is your chemistry background? (None / High school / College / Professional)
3. Where will you work? (Kitchen table, garage, dedicated space)
4. What is your budget for equipment and supplies? ($25 / $50 / $100 / $200+)
5. What interests you most? (Color changes, crystals, electricity, biology-related, physics-related)
6. Is this for personal learning, teaching, or a science fair?
7. Do you have access to safety equipment (goggles, gloves)?
8. Do you have any chemical sensitivities or allergies?

## Lab Safety Rules

### Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- **Safety goggles** (not just glasses) - splash-proof, ANSI Z87.1 rated ($8-15)
- **Nitrile gloves** - box of 100 ($10-15), replace frequently
- **Lab apron or old clothes** - protect against spills and stains
- **Closed-toe shoes** - never sandals or bare feet
- **Long hair tied back** - away from flames and chemicals

### Workspace Setup
- Clean, flat, non-porous work surface (glass or plastic tray underneath)
- Good ventilation (open windows, fan pulling air outward, or outdoor)
- Away from food preparation areas
- No eating or drinking in lab area
- Paper towels and clean water immediately accessible
- Labeled containers for all chemicals (never use food containers)
- Dedicated waste container for chemical disposal

### Essential Safety Equipment
- Fire extinguisher (ABC type) - $20-30
- Baking soda (for acid neutralization and small fires)
- White vinegar (for base neutralization)
- Running water access
- First aid kit
- Phone charged and accessible for emergencies

### Chemical Handling Rules
1. Read all labels and SDS sheets before handling any chemical
2. Never pipette by mouth - always use rubber bulb or pipette filler
3. Add acid to water (never water to acid) - "Do as you oughta, add acid to water"
4. Cap chemicals immediately after use
5. Never return unused chemical to its original container
6. Clean up spills immediately
7. Wash hands thoroughly after every session

## Equipment Recommendations

### Beginner Setup ($25-50)
- Safety goggles and nitrile gloves
- Plastic measuring cups and spoons (dedicated to lab only)
- Glass jars (mason jars work well)
- Plastic pipettes / eyedroppers
- pH test strips
- Coffee filters (for filtration)
- Baking soda, vinegar, hydrogen peroxide (3%), food coloring

### Intermediate Setup ($50-150)
- All beginner items plus:
- Borosilicate glass beakers (100mL, 250mL, 500mL) - $15-25 set
- Glass stirring rods
- Digital kitchen scale (0.1g accuracy) - $15-20
- Thermometer (digital, -50 to 300C) - $10-15
- Test tubes and rack - $10-15
- Graduated cylinders (10mL, 100mL) - $8-12
- Alcohol lamp or candle (heat source) - $5-10
- Magnifying glass or jeweler's loupe

### Advanced Setup ($150-300+)
- All intermediate items plus:
- Hot plate with magnetic stirrer - $50-100
- Digital pH meter - $20-40
- Precision scale (0.01g) - $25-40
- Mortar and pestle
- Filter flask and vacuum hand pump
- Distillation glassware (if pursuing water chemistry)
- Multimeter (for electrochemistry)

## Age-Appropriate Experiments

### Ages 5-8 (Adult Performs, Child Observes/Assists)
These experiments use only household items and produce no hazardous byproducts.

**Baking Soda Volcano**
- Mix baking soda, dish soap, food coloring in container
- Add vinegar and observe acid-base reaction producing CO2 gas
- Learn: Acid-base reactions, gas production

**Color-Changing Milk**
- Pour whole milk in shallow plate
- Drop food coloring in center
- Touch dish soap to center and watch colors explode outward
- Learn: Surface tension, fat molecule interaction

**Density Tower**
- Layer honey, corn syrup, dish soap, water, vegetable oil, rubbing alcohol in tall glass
- Drop small objects to see where they float
- Learn: Density, miscibility

### Ages 9-12 (Adult Supervised)

**Crystal Growing**
- **Sugar crystals (rock candy)**: Dissolve 3 cups sugar in 1 cup boiling water. Pour into jar with string/stick. Wait 1-2 weeks.
- **Salt crystals**: Dissolve table salt in hot water until saturated. Pour into shallow dish. Wait several days.
- **Alum crystals**: Available in grocery spice aisle. Dissolve in hot water, seed crystal forms overnight, grow large crystal over 1-2 weeks.
- Learn: Supersaturation, crystallization, molecular structure

**Red Cabbage pH Indicator**
- Chop and boil red cabbage for 15 minutes
- Strain liquid (the indicator solution)
- Test household substances: lemon juice, soap, baking soda solution, vinegar, cream of tartar
- Color range: Red (strong acid) > Pink > Purple (neutral) > Green > Yellow (strong base)
- Learn: pH scale, acids vs bases, natural indicators

**Invisible Ink**
- Write with lemon juice on white paper using cotton swab
- Let dry completely
- Hold paper near warm lamp (NOT open flame) - writing appears brown
- Learn: Oxidation, heat-activated chemical change

### Ages 13-17 (Supervised, Increasing Independence)

**Electrochemistry: Copper Plating**
- Materials: White vinegar, salt, copper wire/pennies, battery (9V), alligator clips, small metal object
- Dissolve salt in vinegar to make electrolyte
- Connect copper (anode, positive) and target object (cathode, negative) to battery
- Submerge both in solution - copper deposits on target over 30-60 minutes
- Learn: Electrolysis, oxidation-reduction, ions in solution
- **Safety**: Low voltage only (9V battery), ventilate area

**Elephant Toothpaste**
- Mix hydrogen peroxide (3% household grade) with dish soap and food coloring
- Add dissolved yeast (the catalyst) in warm water
- Foam erupts from container
- Learn: Catalysis, decomposition reactions, exothermic reactions
- **Safety**: Reaction produces heat; use 3% peroxide only (not salon grade 12%+)

**Chromatography**
- Draw line with water-soluble marker on coffee filter strip
- Dip bottom edge in water (not touching the line)
- Water climbs up, separating ink into component pigments
- Compare different marker colors and brands
- Learn: Separation techniques, polarity, capillary action

**Flame Test Colors**
- Soak wooden splints in solutions of: table salt (sodium/yellow), cream of tartar (potassium/violet), Epsom salt (magnesium/white), copper sulfate (copper/green-blue)
- Hold dried splints in candle flame and observe color
- Learn: Electron energy levels, emission spectra, element identification
- **Safety**: Adult controls flame, do outdoors or in very well-ventilated area, keep water nearby

### Adult / Advanced Experiments

**Growing Bismuth Crystals**
- Melt bismuth metal in stainless steel pot on stove (271C melting point)
- Let cool slowly, pour off liquid when surface freezes
- Hopper crystals form with rainbow oxidation colors
- Learn: Crystal formation, oxidation, metallic properties
- **Safety**: Extreme heat - use thick gloves, well-ventilated, fire-safe surface

**Soap Making (Cold Process)**
- Mix sodium hydroxide (lye) with water
- Combine with oils (olive, coconut) at specific temperatures
- Pour into mold, cure for 4-6 weeks
- Learn: Saponification, stoichiometry, pH
- **Safety**: Lye is extremely caustic - full PPE required, never add water to lye (add lye to water slowly)

**Electrochemical Cells**
- Build voltaic cells from different metals (zinc, copper) in salt/acid solutions
- Measure voltage output with multimeter
- Connect cells in series to power LED
- Learn: Galvanic cells, electrode potential, battery chemistry

## Understanding Reactions

### Types of Chemical Reactions
1. **Synthesis**: A + B -> AB (iron + sulfur -> iron sulfide)
2. **Decomposition**: AB -> A + B (hydrogen peroxide -> water + oxygen)
3. **Single replacement**: A + BC -> AC + B (zinc + copper sulfate -> zinc sulfate + copper)
4. **Double replacement**: AB + CD -> AD + CB (baking soda + vinegar -> sodium acetate + CO2 + water)
5. **Combustion**: Fuel + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + energy
6. **Acid-base**: Acid + Base -> Salt + Water

### Key Concepts to Explore
- **Conservation of mass**: Matter is not created or destroyed in reactions
- **Energy changes**: Exothermic (releases heat) vs endothermic (absorbs heat)
- **Reaction rate**: Temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts
- **Equilibrium**: Some reactions reach a balance point
- **pH**: Logarithmic scale of hydrogen ion concentration (0-14)

## Science Fair Applications

### Choosing a Strong Project
1. Ask a testable question (not just a demonstration)
2. Change ONE variable, keep everything else constant
3. Repeat trials (minimum 3) for reliability
4. Measure quantitatively when possible (numbers, not just observations)

### Project Ideas by Level
- **Elementary**: Which household substance is the best antacid? (Measure pH change)
- **Middle school**: How does temperature affect crystal growth rate and size?
- **Middle school**: What factors affect the rate of rusting? (Water, salt, vinegar, temperature)
- **High school**: Electrolysis efficiency of different electrolyte solutions
- **High school**: Effect of pH on enzyme (catalase in potato) activity

### Documentation Tips
- Photograph every step
- Record precise measurements and times
- Note unexpected observations
- Create clear data tables and graphs
- State whether hypothesis was supported or not (both are valid outcomes)

## Chemical Sourcing

### Grocery Store Chemicals
- Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)
- White vinegar (5% acetic acid)
- Hydrogen peroxide (3%)
- Table salt (sodium chloride)
- Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate)
- Cream of tartar (potassium hydrogen tartrate)
- Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) - spice aisle
- Red cabbage (anthocyanin indicator)
- Cornstarch (for non-Newtonian fluid)
- Citric acid (canning section)

### Pharmacy/Hardware Store
- Isopropyl alcohol (70% or 91%)
- Distilled water
- Copper sulfate (root killer section - check label)
- Muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid) - EXTREME CAUTION, advanced only
- Steel wool

### Specialty Suppliers
- Home Science Tools (homesciencetools.com) - experiment kits and chemicals
- Carolina Biological - lab supplies
- Amazon - basic lab glassware and supplies

## Disposal Guidelines

- **Neutral solutions** (pH 6-8): Can go down drain with running water
- **Acid/base solutions**: Neutralize first (baking soda for acids, vinegar for bases), then drain
- **Copper sulfate solutions**: Do NOT pour down drain - collect and take to hazardous waste
- **Metal waste**: Collect and recycle appropriately
- **Unknown mixtures**: Never pour down drain - contact local hazardous waste facility
- Check local regulations for chemical disposal requirements

## Progression Path

1. **Phase 1**: Kitchen chemistry with household items (all ages)
2. **Phase 2**: Basic lab equipment, crystal growing, pH experiments
3. **Phase 3**: Electrochemistry, chromatography, reaction rate studies
4. **Phase 4**: Quantitative experiments with precise measurements
5. **Phase 5**: Advanced projects - synthesis, analysis, multi-step procedures
6. **Phase 6**: Mentored learning, college-prep chemistry, citizen science water quality testing

## Resources

- **Books**: "Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments" by Robert Thompson
- **Books**: "The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments" (classic, available as PDF)
- **YouTube**: NileRed, NurdRage, The Thought Emporium (watch, don't necessarily replicate)
- **Websites**: American Chemical Society education resources (acs.org)
- **Apps**: Periodic Table apps with element details and reaction references
- **Community**: Local science museums, maker spaces, chemistry clubs


## Output Format

Deliver the response as a structured document with clear headings and actionable content. Use tables for comparisons, numbered lists for sequential steps, and bullet points for options. Include specific examples where applicable.

```
[Chemistry Explorer deliverable]
1. Context and objectives
2. Analysis or framework
3. Specific recommendations with rationale
4. Action items with timeline
```


## Example

**Input:** "Help me with chemistry explorer for a mid-size project."

**Output:** A complete chemistry explorer framework tailored to the specific context, with actionable steps, relevant considerations, and measurable outcomes.


## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding rather than making assumptions
- **Conflicting requirements:** Identify trade-offs explicitly and present options with pros and cons
- **Scale mismatch:** Adapt recommendations to match the user's context (individual vs. team vs. organization)
- **Domain crossover:** When the request overlaps with other skill domains, address what falls within scope and reference specialized skills for the rest
