---
name: guitar-beginner-foundations
description: |
  Teaches absolute beginners the first open chord shapes (G, C, D, Em, Am),
  correct finger placement with fret-hand diagrams, basic strumming patterns
  (all-downstroke, down-down-up, alternating bass), and a first-song chord
  progression sequence. Use when the user wants to start learning guitar,
  asks about beginner chords, first strumming patterns, or how to hold and
  fret a guitar. Do NOT use for intermediate barre chords or lead guitar
  techniques, music theory beyond basic chord names (use music-theory-fundamentals),
  or professional recording setup (use home-recording-starter).
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "beginner-friendly step-by-step guide"
  category: "hobbies-crafts"
  subcategory: "performing-arts"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "beginner"
---
# Guitar Beginner Foundations

## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- A user explicitly states they have never played guitar before and wants to start learning
- A user asks how to play open chord shapes -- specifically G, C, D, Em, or Am -- and shows no evidence of intermediate knowledge
- A user asks "how do I hold a guitar," "where do I put my fingers," or "how do I strum" with no prior context suggesting they already know the basics
- A user has bought or borrowed their first guitar and wants a structured starting point from zero
- A user asks for a first song or first chord progression they can actually play within their first week of practice
- A user asks why their chords sound buzzy, muted, or dead and they appear to be a beginner struggling with basic fretting technique
- A user wants to know what gear they need to begin playing guitar

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- The user asks about barre chords (F major, B minor, movable chord shapes) -- these are intermediate technique requiring wrist mechanics not covered here
- The user wants lead guitar, soloing, pentatonic scales, or single-note melodic playing -- refer to a lead guitar or scales skill
- The user needs music theory beyond "this is a G chord" -- for understanding why chords are built the way they are, use `music-theory-fundamentals`
- The user wants to set up a recording interface, microphone, or DAW for capturing their playing -- use `home-recording-starter`
- The user wants a structured multi-month practice schedule with progressive difficulty -- use `practice-routine-builder`
- The user already plays guitar at an intermediate level and is asking about chord inversions, CAGED system, or secondary dominants -- they are past the scope of this skill
- The user is asking about guitar maintenance, action adjustment, intonation, or truss rod setup -- these are technical setup topics outside beginner foundations

---

## Process

### Step 1: Assess the User's Starting Conditions

Before giving any instruction, gather four specific data points. These determine every recommendation that follows.

- **Guitar type:** Ask whether they have an acoustic steel-string, acoustic nylon-string (classical), or electric guitar. This changes strumming force guidance, fingertip soreness expectations, and tone setup advice. Steel strings on an acoustic require more finger pressure than nylon; electric strings are thinnest and easiest on fingertips.
- **Guitar ownership:** If they do not yet own a guitar, jump to the gear checklist in the Output Format before any technique instruction. A guitar with action higher than 3mm at the 12th fret (distance from string bottom to fret top) is too difficult for a beginner and will cause unnecessary discouragement.
- **Prior musical experience:** Piano players understand rhythm and can read counts easily. Ukulele players already know chord shapes conceptually. Drummers understand tempo but may struggle with fretting. Complete non-musicians need rhythm basics explained from scratch.
- **Daily practice window:** 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, or 60 minutes per day produces radically different milestone timelines. Do not give a 60-minute practice plan to someone who has 10 minutes.
- **Stated goal:** Campfire strumming, accompanying singing, playing in a band with friends, or solo exploration each prioritize different chord pairs and progressions. Campfire players need G, D, C, Em the most. Someone accompanying their own singing needs capo knowledge early.

### Step 2: Teach Guitar Anatomy and Physical Setup

A beginner who holds the guitar incorrectly will create tension injuries and slow their chord-change speed significantly. Cover anatomy and posture before a single chord.

- **Guitar parts to name:** Headstock (where tuning pegs live), nut (the white notched piece at the top of the neck that sets string height), frets (the metal bars crossing the neck), fretboard or fingerboard (the flat surface the frets are embedded in), neck (the long wooden part), body (the large resonating section), soundhole (acoustic) or pickups (electric), bridge (where strings anchor at the body end), and saddle (the white piece in the bridge that sets string height at the body end).
- **String names from low to high:** E (thickest, lowest pitch) -- A -- D -- G -- B -- e (thinnest, highest pitch). Use the mnemonic "Eddie Ate Dynamite Good Bye Eddie." Beginners constantly confuse high e and low E -- be explicit that "high" and "low" refer to pitch, not physical position.
- **Sitting position:** Guitar body rests on the right thigh for right-handed players (classical players use left thigh with a footstool, but this is not necessary for pop/folk beginners). The back of the guitar body should rest flat against the player's torso. Neck angles upward at roughly 30 to 45 degrees -- never points straight out horizontal or tilts downward, as both positions force the fretting wrist into an uncomfortable angle.
- **Fretting hand thumb position:** Thumb rests behind the neck, roughly opposite the middle finger, pointing toward the headstock. The thumb should NOT hook over the top of the neck -- this collapses the arch of the hand and makes it impossible to curve the fingers. The only exception is a thumb-over technique used for certain voicings later, which is explicitly not for beginners.
- **Finger arch:** Each fretting finger must be curved like a claw, pressing with the very tip of the finger (the fingernail-adjacent pad), not the flat of the finger. Flat fingers accidentally mute adjacent strings.
- **Fret placement rule:** Press strings just behind the fret wire (on the headstock side of the fret), not in the middle of the fret space and not on top of the metal bar. The correct zone is approximately 2 to 4 millimeters behind the fret wire. This minimizes the pressure needed to produce a clean note.
- **Strumming hand mechanics:** For downstrokes, the arm motion originates from the elbow and finishes with a wrist flick. For upstrokes, the motion is primarily wrist. A stiff, all-elbow strum produces inconsistent volume and fatigues the arm. The pick should hit strings at roughly a 30 to 45 degree angle relative to the strings, not perpendicular.
- **Pick grip:** Hold the pick between the tip of the index finger and the side of the thumb. Only about 5 to 7mm of the pick tip should protrude. A pick held too loosely will spin; a pick held too tightly will produce a stiff, harsh sound. Medium-thickness picks (0.7 to 0.9mm) give beginners the best balance of control and tone.

### Step 3: Introduce the Five Foundation Chords in the Correct Order

Teach chords in ascending difficulty based on three factors: number of fingers required, size of the stretch between fingers, and how many strings to skip when strumming. Never teach all five chords at once -- introduce each one and confirm it sounds clean before adding the next.

- **Em (E minor) -- Day 1:** Two fingers only. Middle finger on fret 2 of the A string, ring finger on fret 2 of the D string. Strum all 6 strings. This is the easiest chord on guitar because only two adjacent fingers press two adjacent strings at the same fret -- no stretching, no skipped strings. A clean Em should produce six distinct, un-buzzy notes. If any string buzzes, the pressing finger is either too flat, too far from the fret wire, or not applying enough pressure.
- **Am (A minor) -- Day 1 or 2:** Three fingers, same fret zone as Em. Index finger on fret 1 of the B string, middle finger on fret 2 of the D string, ring finger on fret 2 of the G string. Do not strum the low E string. Am shares the middle and ring finger positions with Em on the D string, making the Em-to-Am transition a critical first switching exercise. The skip of the low E string introduces the concept of partial strumming.
- **D (D major) -- Days 2 to 3:** Three fingers, compact triangular shape on the top three strings. Index finger on fret 2 of the G string, middle finger on fret 2 of the high e string, ring finger on fret 3 of the B string. Strum only the bottom four strings (D, G, B, e) -- skip both the low E and A. The D chord is tricky because the shape is cramped and the ring finger must reach to fret 3 while the other two fingers share fret 2. Beginners frequently mute the high e with an accidentally flat ring finger.
- **G (G major) -- Days 3 to 4:** Three fingers, spread across the neck. Middle finger on fret 3 of the low E string, index finger on fret 2 of the A string, ring finger on fret 3 of the high e string. Strum all 6 strings. There is an alternate G voicing using pinky on the high e instead of ring finger -- teach this alternate version from the start because it makes the G-to-C chord change significantly easier (the index and middle fingers barely move). The standard 3-finger G with index on A is listed first because it is widely taught, but the "ring-on-high-e" version is fine and equally valid.
- **C (C major) -- Days 4 to 5:** Three fingers, requires a larger stretch. Ring finger on fret 3 of the A string, middle finger on fret 2 of the D string, index finger on fret 1 of the B string. Do not strum the low E. C is the hardest of the five because the stretch from index (fret 1) to ring (fret 3) spans three frets across non-adjacent strings, and the angle of the index finger must be precise to avoid touching and muting the high e string above it.

### Step 4: Build Chord-Switching Speed with Targeted Drills

Knowing the shape of each chord is only 20% of the skill. The other 80% is moving between chords smoothly enough that music flows without gaps. Each chord pair has a specific physical transition strategy.

- **Em to Am:** The "one-finger addition" switch. The middle and ring fingers stay on D and G strings but shift from fret 2 to fret 2 (they do not move at all on the D string for Am). Only the index finger is added on B string fret 1. This is the single easiest chord transition on guitar. Use it as the first switching exercise. Target: clean switch under 1 second within the first week.
- **Am to D:** A full "lift and rebuild" transition -- no shared finger positions. Practice the landing shape for D in the air (hover over the strings) before pressing down. The index-middle-ring stack must reform simultaneously, not sequentially. The "one at a time" finger placement habit beginners develop for chord forming is fine when learning shapes, but switching requires simultaneous placement. Drill: lift from Am, hover D shape for 1 second, press, check all four strings ring clean.
- **D to G:** Another full rebuild with the largest positional change -- moving from the top three strings to spanning all six. Practice the G landing separately. The "pinky-on-G" variation of G major (where ring stays on high e and pinky replaces index on low E) actually makes D-to-G easier for some players since the ring finger stays on the top end of the neck.
- **G to C:** The pivot transition. If using the index-on-A fingering for G, the index finger lifts and pivots to B string fret 1 for C, while middle shifts from A string to D string. If using the alternate G with only 3 fingers on E, A, and e, the transition requires more full-hand repositioning. This is why the alternate G voicing (with ring on high e) works well -- the middle and index fingers stay in approximately the same fret-2 and fret-1 zone.
- **C to Em:** A release transition. All three C fingers must lift cleanly while middle and ring drop onto A and D strings. The wrist position rotates slightly because Em uses a more vertical thumb position while C requires a slightly more angled wrist to accommodate the stretch.
- **The "4-count switch" drill:** Strum chord 1 on beat 1, hold for 4 beats (or whatever the practice tempo is), switch, land on chord 2 exactly on the next beat 1. If the user cannot land on time, slow the tempo -- not the chord. Recommended starting tempo: 40 to 50 BPM on a metronome app, where each beat represents one strum. Speed up only when switches are consistently clean.
- **The "one-minute changes" drill:** Set a 60-second timer. Pick two chords. Switch back and forth as many times as possible in one minute, counting complete, clean switches. Record the number. Repeat the drill daily for one week. Most beginners go from 8 to 10 switches per minute to 20 to 25 switches per minute within 7 days for easy pairs (Em/Am) and from 4 to 5 to 12 to 15 for hard pairs (D/C).

### Step 5: Introduce Strumming Patterns Progressively

Strumming and fretting are learned simultaneously but should be weighted differently in early sessions. In weeks 1 and 2, spend 70% of practice time on chord shapes and switching, 30% on strumming. After week 2, shift to 50/50.

- **Level 1 -- All downstrokes, four beats:** One downstroke per beat: D D D D. Count aloud "1, 2, 3, 4" with each stroke. This is the only pattern that should be used while learning chord shapes. Trying to learn strumming patterns and chord shapes simultaneously overloads motor memory. All-downstroke provides rhythm without cognitive load.
- **Level 2 -- Down-down-up pattern (DDU):** This 3/4 pattern works beautifully for folk and campfire songs. Strum down on beat 1, down on beat 2, then a down-up on beat 3 and a down on beat 4. Written as D-D-DU-D. The upstroke on the "and" of beat 3 is the key rhythmic hook. Count aloud: "1, 2, 3-and, 4." The upstroke brushes only the thinnest 3 to 4 strings (not a full upstroke through all 6).
- **Level 3 -- Down-down-up-up-down-up (DDUUDU):** The classic 4/4 rock and pop strum. Full count: "1-and-2-and-3-and-4" with D on 1, D on 2-and, U on 3, U on 3-and, D on 4, U on 4-and. This is the pattern behind hundreds of recognizable songs. Do not introduce this until the user can play Progression 1 or 2 cleanly at 60 BPM with Level 2.
- **Level 4 -- Alternating bass strum:** For each chord, identify the "bass note" -- the root note of the chord played on the lowest applicable string (Em: low E string, Am: A string, D: D string, G: low E string, C: A string). On beat 1, pluck only that bass string with a downstroke. On beats 2, 3, 4, strum the remaining strings. Written as: B-S-S-S. This adds rhythmic depth and is the foundation of acoustic folk and country playing.
- **Metronome discipline:** Every strumming pattern must be practiced with a metronome or rhythm app (free apps like Pro Metronome or similar work well). Start at 40 to 50 BPM for any new pattern. Increase by 5 BPM increments only when the pattern is clean and effortless at the current tempo. Rushing tempo is the single most common beginner error and creates sloppy habits that take months to unlearn.

### Step 6: Assemble First Song Progressions

A "chord progression" is a sequence of chords played in order that repeats for the duration of a song section. Each progression below uses only the five taught chords, fits hundreds of real songs, and is designed to be achievable within the first month.

- **Progression 1 (Em - G - D - D):** The minor-feel starter. Spend 4 beats on each chord. This progression works because Em and G share a comfortable physical transition, and D repeated twice gives extra time for the beginner to prepare the next switch back to Em. Countless folk, indie, and acoustic rock songs use this pattern.
- **Progression 2 (G - Em - C - D):** The classic folk progression. This is the foundation of traditional folk, country, and many hymns. The G-to-Em transition is smooth; the Em-to-C jump is the hardest move in this progression and will require focused drilling. Give this progression to users who can already execute Progression 1 cleanly.
- **Progression 3 (G - D - Em - C):** The "four-chord pop" progression. This sequence (or its variations like C-G-Am-F with a capo) underpins an enormous catalog of contemporary pop and rock songs spanning multiple decades. Teaching this progression gives the user immediate, recognizable payoff and strong motivation to continue.
- **Progression 4 (Am - G - C - D):** The minor-key pop progression. For users who prefer a more emotional, darker-sounding starting point. Am-to-G is a comfortable transition, G-to-C is manageable, C-to-D requires care. This progression fits singer-songwriter, indie, and minor-key folk contexts.
- **Practice protocol for each progression:** First, run through the chord sequence without strumming -- just place and release each chord slowly. Second, add Level 1 strumming at 40 BPM. Third, increase to 60 BPM when clean. Fourth, add Level 2 strumming at 50 BPM and rebuild tempo. Do not advance a progression past Level 1 until switches are clean at 60 BPM.

### Step 7: Provide Measurable Milestones and Troubleshoot Common Problems

Milestones give direction and prevent the discouragement that comes from practicing without clear checkpoints. Every milestone must be observable, testable, and achievable within the timeline given.

- **Week 1 milestone:** Each of the five chords sounds clean (no buzzing, no muted strings) when held for 10 seconds. Test by playing each string individually within the chord -- every note should ring clearly. If any string buzzes: move the fretting finger closer to the fret wire, increase finger pressure, or check that an adjacent finger is accidentally touching the buzzing string.
- **Week 2 milestone:** Switch between any two adjacent chords (Em/Am, G/D, D/C) in under 2 seconds, measured from lift to clean landing. Use the one-minute changes drill to track progress objectively.
- **Week 3 milestone:** Play Progression 1 (Em-G-D-D) with Level 1 strumming continuously for 2 minutes at 60 BPM without stopping. "Stopping" includes pausing to look at fingers, stopping to fix a buzzy chord, or losing the beat for more than 1 measure.
- **Week 4 milestone:** Play Progression 2 or Progression 3 with Level 2 strumming at 70 to 80 BPM for 2 minutes without stopping.
- **Common problem: buzzing strings.** Cause 1 -- finger pressing in the middle of the fret space instead of just behind the wire. Fix: move finger closer to fret wire. Cause 2 -- finger arch collapsed, touching adjacent strings. Fix: curve finger more aggressively. Cause 3 -- insufficient pressure. Fix: squeeze harder until clear, but note this fatigues beginners quickly and resolves naturally as hand strength builds. Cause 4 -- finger nail too long for fretting hand. Fix: trim fretting hand nails short (1mm or less past the fingertip).
- **Common problem: dead or muted strings.** Cause: an adjacent finger is accidentally leaning against a string it should not touch. This is most common on C chord (index muting high e) and D chord (ring muting high e). Fix: exaggerate the curl of the offending finger.
- **Fingertip pain:** Normal for the first 2 to 3 weeks on steel-string acoustic. The fingertips need to develop calluses -- dense skin that no longer hurts under string pressure. Limit sessions to 15 to 20 minutes until calluses form. Do not soak hands in water before playing (softens calluses). Nylon-string guitars are significantly gentler on fingertips during this phase. Electric guitar strings (lighter gauge, 9-42 or 10-46) have the lowest tension and are easiest on beginners' fingers.

---

## Output Format

Present the response in the following structured format. Populate all fields based on user-provided information. Do not omit sections.

```
## Guitar Beginner Foundation Plan

### Your Setup
- Guitar type: [acoustic steel-string / acoustic nylon-string / electric]
- String gauge (if known): [light / medium / unknown]
- Practice time: [X] minutes per day
- Primary goal: [campfire songs / accompanying singing / playing with others / exploration]
- Prior musical experience: [none / piano / ukulele / drums / other: specify]

---

### Gear Checklist
| Item                  | Purpose                                    | Priority  | Notes                                |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------|--------------------------------------|
| Guitar (in tune)      | Core instrument                            | Required  | Action at 12th fret: aim <3mm        |
| Clip-on tuner         | Standard tuning: E A D G B e               | Required  | Or free tuner app                    |
| Medium picks (0.7mm)  | Strumming and control                      | Required  | Buy 5+ -- they get lost              |
| Metronome app         | Tempo training and milestone verification  | Required  | Free apps available                  |
| Capo                  | Transpose key to match singing voice       | Optional  | Useful by week 5+                    |
| Guitar strap          | Standing play                              | Optional  | If playing at campfires or events    |
| String winder         | Quick string changes                       | Optional  | Replaces strings when they go dull   |

---

### String Name Reference
From thickest to thinnest (lowest to highest pitch):
 Low E  --  A  --  D  --  G  --  B  --  high e
 (6th)      (5th)  (4th)  (3rd)  (2nd)  (1st)

Memory aid: "Eddie Ate Dynamite, Good Bye Eddie"

---

### Chord Diagrams
[Each diagram uses this key: I = index, M = middle, R = ring, P = pinky, X = do not strum, O = open string (strum but do not fret)]

**Em (E minor) -- Learn first**
Fingers: Middle on A/fret 2, Ring on D/fret 2
Strum: All 6 strings

  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|----|----| 
  B  |----|----|----| 
  G  |----|----|----| 
  D  |----|--R-|----| 
  A  |----|--M-|----| 
  E  |----|----|----| 
  
  Count: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4

**Am (A minor) -- Learn second**
Fingers: Index on B/fret 1, Middle on D/fret 2, Ring on G/fret 2
Strum: A through high e (skip low E)

  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|----|----| 
  B  |-I--|----|----| 
  G  |----|--R-|----| 
  D  |----|--M-|----| 
  A  |----|----|----| O
  E  | X  |----|----| 

**D (D major) -- Learn third**
Fingers: Index on G/fret 2, Middle on e/fret 2, Ring on B/fret 3
Strum: D through high e only (skip low E and A)

  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|--M-|----| 
  B  |----|----|-R--| 
  G  |----|--I-|----| 
  D  |----|----|----| O
  A  | X  |----|----| 
  E  | X  |----|----| 

**G (G major) -- Learn fourth**
Fingers: Index on A/fret 2, Middle on E/fret 3, Ring on e/fret 3
Strum: All 6 strings

  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|----|-R--| 
  B  |----|----|----| 
  G  |----|----|----| 
  D  |----|----|----| 
  A  |----|--I-|----| 
  E  |----|----|-M--| 

**C (C major) -- Learn fifth**
Fingers: Index on B/fret 1, Middle on D/fret 2, Ring on A/fret 3
Strum: A through high e (skip low E)

  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|----|----| O
  B  |-I--|----|----| 
  G  |----|----|----| 
  D  |----|--M-|----| 
  A  |----|----|-R--| 
  E  | X  |----|----| 

---

### Chord Transition Difficulty Guide
| Transition  | Difficulty  | Key Technique                                      |
|-------------|-------------|----------------------------------------------------|
| Em --> Am   | Very Easy   | Add index only; middle and ring barely move        |
| Am --> Em   | Very Easy   | Lift index only                                    |
| G --> D     | Easy        | Collapse from 6-string to 4-string shape           |
| D --> G     | Medium      | Rebuild on full neck; practice landing shape       |
| G --> C     | Medium      | Index pivots; middle shifts one string over        |
| C --> G     | Medium      | Reverse of above                                   |
| Am --> D    | Hard        | Full lift and rebuild; practice hover drill        |
| D --> C     | Hard        | Full rebuild with added stretch                    |

---

### Strumming Patterns
| Level | Name              | Pattern Notation     | Count Aloud               | Introduce When                  |
|-------|-------------------|----------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------------|
| 1     | All Down           | D  D  D  D           | 1  2  3  4               | From day 1 with any chord       |
| 2     | Down-Down-Up       | D  D  DU  D          | 1  2  3+  4              | When chord switches are clean   |
| 3     | DDUUDU             | D  D  U  U  D  U     | 1  +2  +3  +4            | When Level 2 is automatic       |
| 4     | Alternating Bass   | B  S  S  S           | 1  2  3  4               | When Level 2 is comfortable     |

Bass note reference: Em = low E | Am = A | D = D | G = low E | C = A

---

### Song Progressions
| Progression Name   | Chord Sequence       | Beats Each | Difficulty | Character              |
|--------------------|----------------------|------------|------------|------------------------|
| Minor Folk Starter | Em - G - D - D       | 4          | Easiest    | Mellow, introspective  |
| Classic Folk       | G - Em - C - D       | 4          | Medium     | Traditional, sing-along|
| Pop Four-Chord     | G - D - Em - C       | 4          | Medium     | Modern, widely familiar|
| Minor Pop          | Am - G - C - D       | 4          | Medium     | Emotional, indie-folk  |

---

### Weekly Milestones
| Week | Practice Focus                          | Daily Time Split                          | Pass Condition                                  |
|------|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| 1    | Em, Am -- shape + Level 1 strum         | 60% chords, 30% switching, 10% strum      | Both chords ring clean; all strings check out   |
| 2    | All 5 chords + switching drills         | 40% new chords, 40% one-min changes, 20% strum | Any 2 chords switch clean in under 2 sec   |
| 3    | Progression 1 with Level 1 at 60 BPM   | 20% shapes, 30% switches, 50% progression | Play 2 min non-stop, no pauses                  |
| 4    | Progression 2 or 3 with Level 2 strum  | 10% shapes, 20% switches, 70% full play   | Play at 70-80 BPM clean with Level 2 pattern    |

---

### One-Minute Changes Tracking Log (optional but recommended)
| Date | Chord Pair | Switches Completed | Target Next Session |
|------|------------|--------------------|---------------------|
|      | Em / Am    |                    | +3 from today       |
|      | G / D      |                    | +3 from today       |
|      | D / C      |                    | +3 from today       |
|      | G / C      |                    | +3 from today       |

---

### Next Steps After Week 4
- Add a capo: place on fret 2 or fret 5 to raise the pitch of the same chord shapes and match your singing voice
- Learn E major (add middle finger to Em -- just one added finger) and A major (adjust Am shape)
- Begin learning the DDUUDU strum pattern (Level 3) for a more dynamic sound
- Move to `practice-routine-builder` for a long-term structured plan with weekly progression
```

---

## Rules

1. **Never skip the tuning step.** Before any instruction is given, confirm the user's guitar is in standard tuning (E A D G B e). A guitar even slightly out of tune will make correct chords sound wrong and cause the beginner to believe their technique is the problem when it is not. Direct them to a free clip-on tuner or a tuner app and explain the standard pitch reference.

2. **Always name fingers explicitly.** Use "index," "middle," "ring," and "pinky" -- never "finger 1, 2, 3, 4," never "pointer," never "forefinger." Standardized terminology prevents confusion when the user reads other instructional material alongside this guidance.

3. **Never teach chord diagrams without also specifying which strings to strum and which to skip.** A chord diagram showing only finger positions gives a beginner no information about whether to strum all 6 strings or stop at a specific string. Every chord must include a "Strum:" line.

4. **Always pair a strumming pattern with its count notation.** Never write "D D D-U" without simultaneously writing "1 2 3+ 4" beneath or beside it. The count is not supplemental -- it is structural. Beginners who strum without counting develop uneven rhythm that takes months to correct.

5. **Never recommend songs by title.** Describing chord progressions is sufficient and avoids issues with licensing and copyright. Instead, say "this progression fits songs with a folk or acoustic feel" and let the user identify specific songs they recognize. If the user names a specific song, identify its chord progression and assess whether it falls within open-chord scope.

6. **If the user reports that a specific string buzzes, always diagnose the cause rather than just telling them to press harder.** Increased pressure is rarely the full solution and creates unnecessary hand fatigue. Systematically check: finger position relative to fret wire, finger arch, adjacent finger interference, and action height on the guitar.

7. **Calibrate all practice time recommendations to the user's stated window.** A user with 10 minutes per day must have a different plan than a user with 30 or 60 minutes. Do not give a 60-minute session structure to someone with a 10-minute window -- it will be ignored or cause guilt when not followed.

8. **Do not introduce more than two new chords in a single session recommendation.** Introducing five chords in one sitting is cognitively overwhelming and results in none of them being retained cleanly. The sequencing Em, Am, D, G, C must happen across multiple sessions, not in a single lesson block.

9. **Address finger pain proactively, not reactively.** Steel-string acoustic guitar causes fingertip pain for every beginner for the first 2 to 3 weeks without exception. Framing this as "normal and expected" before the user encounters it prevents the most common reason beginners quit: believing pain means they are doing something wrong or that guitar is not for them.

10. **Never introduce barre chords, partial barres, or the F major chord within this skill's scope.** The F chord is the most notorious beginner wall in guitar learning and requires a full barre or at minimum a two-string partial barre -- both are intermediate techniques. If the user asks about F chord, acknowledge it exists, explain that it requires a different technique, and redirect them to solidify the five open chords first. The F chord can be approximated as Fmaj7 (index on B/fret 1, middle on G/fret 2) for beginners who need a workaround.

11. **Chord diagrams in text format must use a consistent grid layout.** The six strings must always appear in the same top-to-bottom (high e to low E) order and the frets must always appear left-to-right. Inconsistent diagram orientation is the most common source of confusion in text-based guitar instruction.

12. **For electric guitar users, explicitly address amp settings before any playing instruction.** The correct beginner electric setting is: gain/distortion at zero or very low, tone controls at noon (middle), volume moderate. Heavy distortion masks mistakes and makes buzzy chords sound worse rather than teaching the player to hear them clearly.

---

## Edge Cases

### Left-Handed Players
Mirror every chord diagram horizontally. For a left-handed player, the guitar is typically strung with low E at the top of the diagram and the strumming hand is the right hand. Strongly recommend purchasing a left-handed guitar rather than attempting to restring a right-handed instrument. Restringing a right-handed guitar for left-handed playing alters the nut slot widths (which are cut for specific string gauges in a specific order) and may require a luthier's adjustment. If the user has already been playing a right-handed guitar left-handed (some famous players did), that approach is valid but note that the nut may need professional filing for optimal string action.

### Children or Players with Very Small Hands
Recommend a 3/4 size guitar (scale length approximately 580mm versus the standard 648mm). Defer the G and C chords until the child can form Em and Am cleanly -- G and C require stretches that small hands cannot make comfortably. Reduce session duration to 10 minutes maximum. The D chord's compact shape actually works reasonably well for small hands. Standard open chord shapes on a full-size guitar become achievable for most children between ages 9 and 11 depending on hand size.

### Nylon-String (Classical) Guitar
Nylon strings are significantly gentler on fingertips and require less fretting pressure. However, the neck is notably wider (approximately 52mm at the nut versus 43mm for steel-string) which makes chord shapes harder to reach for small hands. The action on classical guitars is often set higher than steel-string acoustics. Chord shapes and techniques are identical, but the wider neck means fingers must stretch further to avoid touching adjacent strings. Strumming mechanics differ slightly -- classical tradition uses fingers rather than a pick, but for pop/folk purposes a pick works fine.

### No Guitar Yet and Limited Budget
Provide specific guidance: entry-level acoustic steel-string guitars in the $100 to $200 range (from established retailers) are adequate for learning. Avoid guitars priced below $80 -- instruments in that range frequently have action set so high (strings 5mm or more from the fretboard at the 12th fret) that fretting requires excessive force, and this discourages beginners before they have a fair chance to learn. If budget is genuinely below $80, a used guitar from a music shop is a far better option than a new guitar at that price point. A factory setup (a basic adjustment by a guitar technician, approximately $30 to $50) on any budget guitar dramatically improves playability and is worth the cost.

### Prior Ukulele Experience
A ukulele player has already internalized chord shapes conceptually and understands the relationship between finger placement and pitch. Guitar's top four strings (D, G, B, e) have a direct relationship to ukulele's open strings (G, C, E, A) when a guitar capo is placed at the 5th fret. The player can likely skip Level 1 all-downstroke strumming and start at Level 2. Introduce all five chords in the first session rather than spreading them out. The primary challenge for ukulele players is adjusting to two additional strings and longer neck scale.

### User Wants a Specific Song Immediately
Identify whether the named song uses only open chords from the taught five (G, C, D, Em, Am). If yes, provide the chord sequence for that song directly, note any non-standard chords, and map it to the appropriate progression in the Output Format. If the song requires barre chords (F, Bm, B, F#m, C#m, etc.), explain that the song's barre chords require an intermediate technique not yet covered, and offer two solutions: (1) find an open-chord capo arrangement that achieves the same key using only open chords, or (2) suggest a different song that uses the same emotional feel and progression type using only open chords. Do not simply refuse -- always offer a playable alternative path.

### User Reports Rapid Frustration or Considers Quitting Within the First Week
The most common reasons are: fingertip pain (normal, expected, temporary), buzzing chords (technique adjustment needed, not permanent), inability to switch chords in time (requires days not hours), or unrealistic expectations set by online content showing rapid progress. Address each specifically rather than offering generic encouragement. Fingertip pain resolves in 2 to 3 weeks with consistent playing. Chord buzzing is a technique problem with a specific fix. Chord switching requires at minimum 7 to 10 days of focused drilling before feeling natural. If the user's guitar is the problem (high action, poor setup), naming that as a solvable hardware issue rather than a skill failure is often what allows them to continue.

### User Has Prior Piano Experience
Piano players already understand pitch relationships, rhythm, and the concept of playing chords. They will learn chord shapes faster but may struggle with fretting technique more than a complete non-musician who has no bad habits. Piano posture (flat fingers) is the opposite of correct guitar fretting posture (arched, on fingertips). Emphasize the arch and fingertip placement rules more forcefully for piano players, as their muscle memory works against them here. They can use their rhythm knowledge to skip the counting instruction and move faster through strumming patterns.

---

## Example

**Input:** "Hi, I just got my first acoustic guitar as a birthday gift. It's a steel-string. I have about 20 minutes a day I can practice, and my main goal is to be able to play songs around a campfire with friends. I have no musical experience at all."

**Output:**

## Guitar Beginner Foundation Plan

### Your Setup
- Guitar type: Acoustic steel-string
- Practice time: 20 minutes per day
- Primary goal: Campfire songs with friends (chord-based strumming)
- Prior musical experience: None

---

### Gear Checklist
| Item                   | Purpose                                    | Priority  | Notes                                      |
|------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------|--------------------------------------------|
| Guitar (in tune)       | Core instrument                            | Required  | Tune before every single practice session  |
| Clip-on tuner          | Standard tuning: E A D G B e               | Required  | Or use a free tuner app on your phone      |
| Medium picks (0.7mm)   | Strumming -- thicker gives more control    | Required  | Buy at least 5 -- you will lose them       |
| Metronome app          | Build and verify steady tempo              | Required  | Free apps work perfectly                   |
| Capo                   | Change key to match your singing voice     | Optional  | Useful around week 5+                      |
| Guitar strap           | Stand or walk around while playing         | Optional  | Useful for campfire situations specifically|

**Before your first practice:** Tune your guitar. Every string must be at the correct pitch (E A D G B e, low to high). Even a new guitar from a store will go out of tune during shipping. An out-of-tune guitar makes correct chords sound wrong, which is demoralizing and misleading. Use a clip-on tuner or a free tuner app.

---

### String Name Reference
```
Thickest string (lowest pitch): Low E  -- also called the 6th string
                                     A  -- also called the 5th string
                                     D  -- also called the 4th string
                                     G  -- also called the 3rd string
                                     B  -- also called the 2nd string
Thinnest string (highest pitch): high e -- also called the 1st string

Memory aid: "Eddie Ate Dynamite, Good Bye Eddie"
```

---

### Holding Your Guitar

**Sitting:** Rest the body of the guitar on your right thigh (right-handed players). The back of the guitar body should press gently against your torso. Tilt the neck upward at roughly 30 to 45 degrees -- not horizontal, not pointing down.

**Fretting hand (left hand):** Your thumb rests behind the neck, roughly opposite your middle finger, pointing toward the headstock. Do not wrap the thumb over the top of the neck -- this collapses your hand and makes it nearly impossible to form chord shapes cleanly. Each finger must be curved into a claw shape, pressing with the very tip (just beside the fingernail), not the flat pad.

**Fret placement rule:** Press each string just behind the fret wire (between the fret wire and the headstock), not in the middle of the space and not on top of the wire. Just behind the wire requires the least pressure to produce a clean note.

**Strumming hand (right hand):** Hold the pick between the tip of your index finger and the side of your thumb, with about 5 to 7mm of the pick tip showing. For downstrokes, the motion starts at your elbow and finishes with a wrist flick. Keep your wrist relaxed -- a stiff wrist produces an uneven, harsh sound.

---

### Chord Diagrams

**Important:** After forming each chord, play each string one at a time from lowest to highest to check that every note rings clearly with no buzzing. This is called a "chord audit" and it is how you confirm your technique is correct before moving on.

---

**Em (E minor) -- Start here, Day 1**
Fingers: Middle finger on A string, fret 2 | Ring finger on D string, fret 2
Strum: All 6 strings
```
  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  B  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  G  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  D  |----|--R-|----| (ring finger, fret 2)
  A  |----|--M-|----| (middle finger, fret 2)
  E  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
```
Why start here: Only two fingers. Both sit at the same fret on adjacent strings -- no stretching. You strum every string, so no skipping required. This is the easiest chord on guitar.

---

**Am (A minor) -- Learn next, Day 1 or Day 2**
Fingers: Index on B string fret 1 | Middle on D string fret 2 | Ring on G string fret 2
Strum: A string down through high e (skip the low E string)
```
  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  B  |-I--|----|----| (index finger, fret 1)
  G  |----|--R-|----| (ring finger, fret 2)
  D  |----|--M-|----| (middle finger, fret 2)
  A  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  E  | X  |----|----| (do NOT strum)
```
Key notice: Your middle and ring fingers from Em stay on the same fret numbers. You are just adding your index finger on B string fret 1. This is the easiest chord transition on guitar.

---

**D (D major) -- Days 2 to 3**
Fingers: Index on G string fret 2 | Middle on high e string fret 2 | Ring on B string fret 3
Strum: D string down through high e (skip low E and A strings)
```
  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|--M-|----| (middle finger, fret 2)
  B  |----|----|-R--| (ring finger, fret 3)
  G  |----|--I-|----| (index finger, fret 2)
  D  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  A  | X  |----|----| (do NOT strum)
  E  | X  |----|----| (do NOT strum)
```
Common mistake: The ring finger accidentally touches and mutes the high e string. Exaggerate the curl of your ring finger so its tip only contacts the B string and nothing else. Check by plucking the high e string alone after forming the chord.

---

**G (G major) -- Days 3 to 4**
Fingers: Middle on low E string fret 3 | Index on A string fret 2 | Ring on high e string fret 3
Strum: All 6 strings
```
  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|----|-R--| (ring finger, fret 3)
  B  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  G  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  D  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  A  |----|--I-|----| (index finger, fret 2)
  E  |----|----|-M--| (middle finger, fret 3)
```
Note on G: Some instructors teach G with the pinky on high e instead of ring finger. Either version is correct. Using ring finger here sets up the G-to-C transition well.

---

**C (C major) -- Days 4 to 5**
Fingers: Index on B string fret 1 | Middle on D string fret 2 | Ring on A string fret 3
Strum: A string down through high e (skip low E)
```
  Fret:  1    2    3
  e  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  B  |-I--|----|----| (index finger, fret 1)
  G  |----|----|----| (open -- strum it)
  D  |----|--M-|----| (middle finger, fret 2)
  A  |----|----|-R--| (ring finger, fret 3)
  E  | X  |----|----| (do NOT strum)
```
Most common mistake: The index finger at fret 1 on B string accidentally leans and mutes the open high e string above it. The index finger tip must be angled so it only contacts the B string. Check by plucking the high e string alone after forming the chord.

---

### Chord Switching Guide

| Transition  | Difficulty  | Specific technique                                              |
|-------------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
| Em --> Am   | Very Easy   | Keep middle and ring where they are; add index to B/fret 1     |
| Am --> Em   | Very Easy   | Lift only the index finger                                      |
| Am --> D    | Hard        | Lift all three fingers; rebuild D shape on top strings          |
| D --> G     | Medium-Hard | Lift all three; middle and ring travel to low E and high e     |
| G --> C     | Medium      | Index pivots from A to B; middle shifts from none to D; ring shifts from e to A |
| C --> D     | Hard        | Full rebuild; ring moves from A fret 3 to B fret 3             |
| G --> D     | Easy        | Middle and ring lift; index stays in fret 2 zone               |
| G --> Em    | Easy        | Lift middle from low E; index lifts; middle goes to A fret 2, ring goes to D fret 2 |

**One-Minute Changes Drill:** Set a timer for 60 seconds. Switch between one chord pair (e.g., Em and Am) as many times as possible. Count only clean switches (both chords must ring clearly, no buzzing). Record your number. Do this drill daily. A realistic progression:
- Day 1: 6 to 8 clean switches per minute
- Day 5: 12 to 15 clean switches per minute
- Day 10: 18 to 25 clean switches
