---
name: skiing-snowboarding
description: |
  Guide to skiing and snowboarding including technique progression, equipment selection, resort selection, fitness preparation, mountain safety, lesson value, gear rental vs buying, and terrain park basics.
  Use when the user asks about skiing snowboarding, related techniques, best practices, or needs guidance in this domain.
  Do NOT use when the request is outside the scope of skiing snowboarding or requires a different specialized skill.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "guide hiking budgeting beginner-friendly advanced testing analysis research"
  category: "hobbies-crafts"
  subcategory: "outdoor-recreation"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "advanced"
---

# Skiing and Snowboarding Guide


## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- User asks about skiing snowboarding techniques or best practices
- User needs guidance on skiing snowboarding concepts
- User wants to implement or improve their approach to skiing snowboarding

**Do NOT use when:**
- The request falls outside the scope of skiing snowboarding
- User needs a different specialized skill for their specific situation
- The topic requires professional consultation beyond general guidance

## Questions to Ask First

Before hitting the slopes:

1. Which sport interests you? (Skiing, snowboarding, or unsure)
2. Have you ever skied or snowboarded before? (Never / A few times / Intermediate / Advanced)
3. Are you athletic? What other sports do you do?
4. Where do you plan to ride? (Local hills, regional resorts, destination resorts)
5. How often will you go per season? (1-2 times / Monthly / Weekly / Season pass)
6. What is your budget? (Day trips $100-200 / Season investment $500-2,000+)
7. Are you going alone, with friends, or family?
8. Are there children learning too?
9. Do you have any knee, back, or wrist injuries?
10. Are you interested in terrain parks, powder, groomed runs, or all of it?

## Choosing: Skiing vs Snowboarding

### Skiing
- **Learning curve**: Easier first day (can pizza/snowplow to slow down), harder to advance
- **Gear**: More equipment (boots, skis, poles, bindings)
- **Terrain**: Better on flat sections, easier to traverse, versatile in varied snow
- **Physical**: Requires knee and quad strength, lower back flexibility
- **Common injuries**: Knee (ACL, MCL)

### Snowboarding
- **Learning curve**: Harder first day (more falling), faster to intermediate level
- **Gear**: Fewer pieces (boots, board, bindings)
- **Terrain**: Excels in powder and parks, struggles on flat terrain (requires unstrapping)
- **Physical**: Requires core strength, leg endurance, flexibility
- **Common injuries**: Wrist (wear wrist guards), tailbone, shoulder

### Decision Guide
- Choose skiing if: You prefer independent leg control, have knee confidence, want versatility
- Choose snowboarding if: You enjoy board sports (skateboarding, surfing, wakeboarding), want a different challenge, are drawn to park riding
- Either way: Take a lesson on day one

## Technique by Level

### Skiing Progression

**Level 1: First Timer**
- **Stance**: Feet shoulder-width, knees slightly bent, weight centered over feet, hands forward
- **Pizza/Snowplow**: Tips together, tails apart creates a wedge shape that slows you down
- **Speed control**: Wider pizza = more braking. Pressure one foot to turn
- **Getting up**: Roll to knees, push up, or use poles for leverage
- **Chairlift**: Ski to loading zone, sit as chair arrives, ride with tips up, stand at the top

**Level 2: Beginner (Green Runs)**
- **Wedge turns**: Pressure one ski to turn in the opposite direction
- **Linked wedge turns**: S-turns down green runs
- **Speed management**: Turn across the hill (perpendicular) to slow, point downhill to go
- **Terrain**: Groomed green (easiest) runs only

**Level 3: Intermediate (Blue Runs)**
- **Parallel turns**: Both skis parallel throughout the turn (the breakthrough moment)
- **Edge awareness**: Roll ankles/knees into the turn to engage edges
- **Pole plant**: Rhythmic pole touch initiates turn timing
- **Speed**: Comfortable at moderate speed on blue runs
- **Terrain**: Groomed blue runs, easy blacks on good days

**Level 4: Advanced (Black Runs)**
- **Short turns**: Quick parallel turns for steep terrain
- **Carved turns**: Skis on edge throughout, leaving clean arc tracks (no skidding)
- **Moguls**: Absorption technique (knees compress on bumps, extend in troughs)
- **Variable snow**: Ice, crud, powder, wind-blown
- **Terrain**: All groomed terrain, moderate off-piste

**Level 5: Expert**
- **Steep and deep**: Confident on any run in any conditions
- **Powder technique**: Wider stance, equal weight distribution, rhythmic bouncing turns
- **Trees and glades**: Tight turns, quick decision-making
- **Backcountry**: Off-resort skiing with avalanche safety knowledge

### Snowboarding Progression

**Level 1: First Timer**
- **Determine stance**: Regular (left foot forward) or Goofy (right foot forward)
  - Test: Have someone gently push you from behind - the foot you step forward with is your lead foot
- **Falling**: Fall forward on knees and forearms (not hands) or backward on butt and back (tuck chin)
- **Skating**: One foot in binding, push with free foot (like a skateboard)
- **Sideslipping**: Both feet strapped in, facing downhill, slide down on heel edge controlling speed

**Level 2: Beginner (Green Runs)**
- **Heel edge turns**: Facing downhill, shift weight to heels, board turns across hill
- **Toe edge turns**: Facing uphill, shift weight to toes, board turns across hill
- **Falling leaf**: Sideslip left and right on one edge (heel side first, then toe side)
- **Linking turns**: Transition from heel edge to toe edge and back (the fundamental skill)

**Level 3: Intermediate (Blue Runs)**
- **Linked turns with confidence**: Smooth heel-to-toe transitions
- **Speed control through turn shape**: Rounder turns = slower, more direct = faster
- **Carving introduction**: Less skidding, more edge engagement
- **Riding switch**: Learning to ride with non-dominant foot forward

**Level 4: Advanced (Black Runs)**
- **Carved turns**: Clean edge-to-edge transitions, no skidding
- **Steep terrain**: Confident edge control on black runs
- **Powder**: Back foot weight, keep nose up, surf sensation
- **Trees**: Quick reactions, planning ahead, managing speed

**Level 5: Expert**
- **All terrain, all conditions**
- **Freestyle**: Park jumps, rails, halfpipe
- **Backcountry**: Splitboarding with avalanche training

## Equipment Selection

### Ski Equipment

**Boots (Most Important Piece)**
- Fit: Snug but not painful, no heel lift, toes touching but not curled
- Flex rating: 60-80 (beginner), 80-100 (intermediate), 100-130 (advanced), 130+ (expert)
- Get fitted at a specialty ski shop (not a big-box store)
- Custom footbeds dramatically improve comfort and performance ($40-100 add-on)
- Cost: $200-500

**Skis**
- **Length**: Chin to forehead height for beginners, forehead to above head for advanced
- **Waist width**: Under 80mm (groomed focus), 80-100mm (all-mountain), 100-120mm (powder)
- **Turning radius**: Short (under 16m = quick turns), medium (16-22m), long (22m+ = big carves)
- Types:
  - All-mountain: Most versatile, best for one-ski quiver
  - Carving: Narrow waist, groomed run focus
  - Powder: Wide, rocker profile, float in deep snow
  - Park: Twin tip (ride switch), flexible, durable
- Cost: $300-800

**Bindings**
- DIN setting corresponds to your ability, weight, and boot size (shop sets this)
- Must be adjusted by a certified technician
- Match binding to boot and ski compatibility
- Cost: $150-400

**Poles**
- Length: Stand on flat ground, flip pole upside down, grip under basket - forearm should be parallel to ground
- Cost: $30-80

### Snowboard Equipment

**Boots**
- Fit: Snug, minimal heel lift, comfortable flex
- Flex: Soft (beginner/park), medium (all-mountain), stiff (carving/freeride)
- Boa or traditional lacing (Boa is convenient, traditional is precise)
- Cost: $150-400

**Board**
- **Length**: Generally chin to nose height (shorter = more maneuverable, longer = more stable)
- **Width**: Boot should fit without excessive overhang (wide boards for size 11+ boots)
- Types:
  - All-mountain: Directional twin or directional, versatile
  - Freestyle: True twin, centered stance, flexible
  - Freeride: Directional, stiffer, designed for powder and speed
  - Powder: Wide, set-back stance, short and surfy
- Profile: Camber (responsive, carving), rocker (forgiving, powder float), hybrid (best of both)
- Cost: $250-600

**Bindings**
- Flex should match boot and riding style
- Rear-entry vs strap (strap gives more control, rear-entry is faster)
- Cost: $100-300

## Resort Selection

### What to Consider
- **Terrain breakdown**: Percentage of green/blue/black runs matching your ability
- **Vertical drop**: More vertical = more skiing per run
- **Snow quality**: Natural snowfall vs snowmaking dependency
- **Crowd levels**: Weekdays are dramatically better; popular resorts sell out weekends
- **Amenities**: Lodging, restaurants, ski school quality, night life
- **Cost**: Lift tickets $50-250/day depending on resort

### Season Pass vs Day Tickets
- If skiing 5+ days at one resort: Season pass usually pays off
- Multi-resort passes: Ikon Pass, Epic Pass cover dozens of resorts ($500-1,000)
- Day tickets are most expensive option per day
- Half-day tickets: Good for first-timers (morning or afternoon, save money)

## Fitness Preparation

### Pre-Season Training (6-8 Weeks Before)
- **Legs**: Squats, lunges, wall sits, step-ups (ski/snowboard is leg-dominant)
- **Core**: Planks, Russian twists, dead bugs, side planks (stability in turns)
- **Cardio**: Running, cycling, stair climbing (altitude and sustained effort)
- **Balance**: Single-leg stands, balance board exercises, yoga
- **Flexibility**: Hip flexors, hamstrings, calves, ankles (crucial for both sports)

### On-Mountain Fitness Tips
- Warm up with easy runs before pushing yourself
- Take breaks before exhaustion (most injuries happen when fatigued)
- Stay hydrated (altitude + cold + exercise = dehydration you may not notice)
- Eat lunch (maintain energy for afternoon skiing)
- Know when to call it a day (afternoon ice + fatigue = injury risk)

## Mountain Safety

### Trail Markings (North America)
- **Green circle**: Easiest - gentle slope, wide, groomed
- **Blue square**: Intermediate - moderate slope, may have steeper sections
- **Black diamond**: Difficult - steep, may be moguls, narrow, variable conditions
- **Double black diamond**: Expert only - extreme steepness, cliffs, tight trees, mandatory air
- **Orange oval**: Terrain park features

### Skier Responsibility Code
1. Always stay in control and be able to stop or avoid other people
2. People ahead of you have the right of way (your responsibility to avoid them)
3. Do not stop where you obstruct a trail or are not visible from above
4. Look uphill before starting downhill or merging onto a trail
5. Use devices to prevent runaway equipment (leashes or brakes)
6. Observe all posted signs and warnings
7. Keep off closed trails and out of closed areas

### Avalanche Awareness
- Relevant for backcountry and some inbounds terrain
- Never go out of bounds or into backcountry without avalanche training
- Avalanche safety gear: Beacon, shovel, probe (all three required)
- Take an avalanche safety course (AIARE Level 1, 3 days) before backcountry
- Check avalanche forecasts (avalanche.org) before every backcountry outing

### Cold Weather Safety
- Dress in layers: Base layer (moisture-wicking), mid layer (insulation), outer layer (wind/waterproof)
- Protect extremities: Warm gloves/mittens, warm socks, helmet, goggles, neck gaiter
- Frostbite warning signs: Numbness, white or gray skin, hard/waxy feeling - get inside, warm gradually
- Hypothermia signs: Shivering, confusion, slurred speech - get inside immediately

## The Value of Lessons

### Why Take a Lesson?
- Self-taught skiers/snowboarders develop bad habits that limit progression
- Professional instruction on day one prevents falls, frustration, and injury
- One lesson can equal weeks of self-practice
- Group lessons are affordable ($50-100) and social
- Private lessons ($200-600+) provide rapid personalized improvement

### When to Take Lessons
- **Day 1**: Always. Do not have a friend "teach" you (rarely works well)
- **Plateaus**: When you stop improving, a lesson breaks through
- **New terrain**: Before attempting moguls, steeps, or powder for the first time
- **Video analysis**: Some instructors offer video review for technique refinement

## Gear: Rent vs Buy

### Rent If:
- You are trying the sport for the first time
- You go fewer than 5 days per season
- You are still growing (children)
- You want to try different equipment types

### Buy If:
- You go 5+ days per season (rental costs add up quickly)
- You know your preferences for fit and performance
- You want consistent, properly fitted equipment
- You plan to ski/snowboard for years to come

### Buying Used
- Ski swaps (fall events at resorts and shops) offer great deals
- Facebook Marketplace and Craigslist for local used gear
- Used boots: Risky (fit is personal and boots pack out to previous owner's foot)
- Used skis/boards: Good value if in good condition (check edges and base)
- Have bindings checked and adjusted by a certified technician

## Terrain Park Basics

### Park Etiquette
- Wait your turn (do not drop in on someone)
- Start with small features and work up
- Check landings are clear before dropping in
- If you fall, move out of the way quickly
- Do not stop in the middle of a feature line

### Feature Progression
1. **Rollers and small bumps**: Get comfortable with air
2. **Small jumps (tabletops)**: Speed check, pop off lip, land on downslope
3. **Boxes**: Wide, flat surface, slide straight first, then add rotation
4. **Rails**: Narrower than boxes, requires balance. Start with wide flat rails
5. **Larger jumps**: Once comfortable with small features, gradually size up

### Safety in the Park
- Wear a helmet (always, but especially in the park)
- Wrist guards for snowboarders
- Start small - ego injuries are real injuries
- Practice on flat ground: Ollies, presses, spins
- Watch experienced riders to learn proper technique and speed

## Safety Considerations

- **Helmet**: Non-negotiable, for every ability level, every day. Reduces head injury risk by 35-60%
- **Goggles**: Protect eyes from UV, wind, snow; improve visibility in flat light
- **Sunscreen**: Apply to face even on cloudy days (UV reflects off snow, intensified at altitude)
- **Hydration**: Drink water regularly (altitude increases dehydration)
- **Know your limits**: The most common injury trigger is fatigue on the last run of the day
- **Buddy system**: Especially in trees, backcountry, or unfamiliar terrain
- **Medical**: Know location of ski patrol and first aid

## Progression Path

1. **Phase 1**: Take a lesson, rent gear, learn to stop and turn on green runs
2. **Phase 2**: Link turns comfortably, advance to blue runs, develop confidence
3. **Phase 3**: Parallel/carved turns, explore entire resort, begin challenging terrain
4. **Phase 4**: All conditions (moguls, powder, ice), terrain park introduction
5. **Phase 5**: Expert terrain, backcountry introduction (with avalanche training), teaching others
6. **Phase 6**: Backcountry touring, multi-day hut trips, international skiing, racing or freestyle

## Resources

- **Lessons**: Resort ski/snowboard schools, PSIA/AASI certified instructors
- **Books**: "Breakthrough on Skis" by Lito Tejada-Flores
- **YouTube**: Stomp It Tutorials, Deb Armstrong, SnowboardProCamp
- **Apps**: Slopes (tracking), OnTheSnow (conditions), Epic/Ikon (passes)
- **Websites**: Evo.com (gear reviews), TGR (Teton Gravity Research - community and films)
- **Avalanche**: avalanche.org (forecasts), AIARE (education)
- **Community**: Local ski clubs, Meetup groups, resort ambassador programs


## Process

1. **Gather information.** Ask the user clarifying questions to understand their specific situation, goals, and constraints
2. **Analyze context.** Review the information provided and identify key factors relevant to skiing snowboarding
3. **Develop recommendations.** Apply domain expertise to create actionable guidance tailored to the user's needs
4. **Present structured output.** Deliver findings in the output format below with clear next steps
5. **Address follow-ups.** Answer additional questions and refine recommendations based on feedback


## Output Format

```template
## Skiing Snowboarding Analysis

### Assessment
[Key findings and observations]

### Recommendations
1. [Primary recommendation]
2. [Secondary recommendation]
3. [Additional suggestions]

### Action Items
- [ ] [First action step]
- [ ] [Second action step]
- [ ] [Follow-up task]
```


## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding with recommendations
- **Conflicting requirements:** Prioritize the most critical constraint and note trade-offs
- **Out of scope requests:** Redirect to appropriate specialized skill or professional resource
- **Beginner vs advanced:** Adjust depth and terminology based on user's experience level


## Example

**Input:** "Help me with skiing snowboarding for my current situation"

**Output:**

Based on your situation, here is a structured approach to skiing snowboarding:

1. **Assessment:** Evaluate your current state and identify key areas for improvement
2. **Strategy:** Develop a targeted plan based on best practices
3. **Implementation:** Execute the plan with specific, measurable steps
4. **Review:** Monitor progress and adjust as needed
