---
name: anxiety-coping-techniques
description: |
  Teaches specific named coping techniques for managing everyday anxiety (5-4-3-2-1 grounding, box breathing, cognitive reframing prompts, progressive muscle relaxation, the STOP technique). Gathers the user's anxiety triggers and context, then produces a personalized coping toolkit with step-by-step technique instructions and a situation-response map.
  Use when the user asks about coping with anxiety, managing nervousness, grounding techniques, calming anxious thoughts, or building an anxiety management toolkit.
  Do NOT use for diagnosing anxiety disorders, treating panic disorder, clinical anxiety assessment, or replacing professional mental health support.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "mental-wellness self-care stress-management breathing"
  category: "health-wellness"
  subcategory: "mental-health"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "not-medical-advice"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---
# Anxiety Coping Techniques

> **Disclaimer:** This skill provides general wellness and health information for educational purposes only. It does NOT constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. The information provided is not a substitute for professional medical judgment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making decisions about your health. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, contact emergency services immediately.

---

## When to Use

**Use this skill when the user:**
- Asks about coping with everyday anxiety, nervousness, or worry in specific situations (job interviews, presentations, social gatherings, medical appointments, travel, exams)
- Requests named grounding or breathing techniques by name (5-4-3-2-1, box breathing, PMR, STOP technique) or asks what these techniques are and how to practice them correctly
- Wants to build a personal anxiety management toolkit tailored to their specific triggers and lifestyle
- Describes situational anxiety -- nervousness that is clearly tied to identifiable triggers rather than constant or unpredictable
- Asks how to stop a "racing mind," manage worry spirals, get out of their head before a stressful event, or calm down physically when anxious
- Reports existing coping strategies that are not working and wants evidence-informed alternatives
- Wants to understand why a technique works, not just what to do -- asks about the physiological or psychological mechanism behind a coping method
- Is a caregiver, teacher, or wellness professional looking to explain coping techniques to someone else

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- User describes recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with intense physical symptoms (crushing chest pain, numbness spreading through limbs, conviction they are dying) -- direct to a healthcare provider for evaluation; this skill does not address panic disorder management, which requires professional guidance
- User needs a clinical assessment of whether their anxiety is "normal," "mild," "moderate," or "severe" -- refer to the mental-health-professional-referral skill; this skill does not diagnose or evaluate clinical severity
- User asks about anxiolytic medications (benzodiazepines, SSRIs, buspirone), dosage adjustments, or tapering schedules -- these require their prescribing physician or pharmacist
- User describes compulsive rituals, intrusive thoughts they cannot control, or trauma-related hypervigilance -- these presentations are outside the scope of general wellness coping and require specialized clinical support; use the mental-health-professional-referral skill
- User is in acute crisis, mentions self-harm, suicidal ideation, or harming others -- immediately direct to emergency services (911 in the US) or a crisis line (988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline in the US); do not proceed with this skill
- User asks whether they have an anxiety disorder, want a diagnosis confirmed or ruled out, or want to understand whether their symptoms meet clinical criteria -- this is outside this skill's scope; professional evaluation is needed
- User wants clinical exposure therapy protocols, EMDR, or other structured therapeutic modalities -- these require a trained therapist and should not be approximated through wellness coping guidance

---

## Process

### Step 1: Gather Context Before Building the Toolkit

Do not jump immediately to technique recommendations. Gather enough information to personalize the toolkit meaningfully. Ask for:

- **Primary triggers:** What specific situations, thoughts, or circumstances reliably increase anxiety? Distinguish between anticipatory anxiety (dread before something happens), situational anxiety (during the event), and residual anxiety (the lingering feeling after)
- **Physical manifestations:** Where does anxiety show up in the body? Common presentations include racing heart (tachycardia sensation), tight chest, shallow or rapid breathing, stomach upset or nausea, sweaty palms, dry mouth, muscle tension in the jaw or shoulders, trembling hands, dizziness or lightheadedness, and urge to urinate. The specific physical pattern helps determine which techniques will resonate -- breath-focused techniques work best when shallow breathing is the dominant symptom; grounding works best when mental racing or dissociation is dominant; PMR works best when the symptom is muscular tension
- **Timing and duration:** Does anxiety come on suddenly and peak quickly, or does it build gradually over hours or days? Sudden-onset anxiety responds well to acute interrupt techniques (STOP, physiological sigh); slow-building anxiety responds better to scheduled preventive practice and early-stage interventions
- **Current coping attempts:** What has the user already tried? What helped, even partially? What made things worse? Critically, has the user tried breathing-focused techniques and found them unhelpful (some people experience breath focus as anxiety-amplifying) -- this changes the toolkit completely
- **Setting and privacy constraints:** Will techniques be needed in public, at a desk in an open office, in a meeting, in a car, at night in bed, or in private? This directly determines which techniques to include -- PMR requires lying down or a reclined seat; cognitive reframing requires writing materials; box breathing is fully discreet
- **Baseline daily anxiety level:** Is anxiety situational and manageable most of the time, or is it a persistent low-grade background state? If persistent, the daily preventive practice takes higher priority in the toolkit

### Step 2: Classify the Dominant Anxiety Pattern

Before selecting techniques, identify which of these patterns best describes the user's experience. This classification drives technique selection:

**Pattern A -- Thought-Driven Anxiety:**
The anxiety is primarily experienced as intrusive or looping thoughts ("what if" spirals, catastrophic mental predictions, replaying past events, mental rehearsal of failure scenarios). Physical symptoms are secondary. Best served by: Cognitive Reframing, STOP Technique, Urge Surfing.

**Pattern B -- Body-Driven Anxiety:**
The anxiety is primarily experienced as physical symptoms -- racing heart, shallow breathing, muscle tension -- even when the user cannot identify a specific worried thought. Best served by: Box Breathing, Physiological Sigh, Progressive Muscle Relaxation, 4-7-8 Breathing (for sleep).

**Pattern C -- Dissociation or Present-Moment Disconnection:**
The anxiety causes the user to feel "spaced out," detached from their surroundings, or mentally absent. Thoughts may not be coherent enough to reframe. Best served by: 5-4-3-2-1 Grounding (the primary tool for this pattern), tactile anchoring techniques, sensory focus.

**Pattern D -- Mixed or Escalating Anxiety:**
The anxiety starts as thoughts, produces physical symptoms, and then the physical symptoms feed more thoughts in a feedback loop. Best served by: A two-stage approach -- interrupt the physical component first (box breathing or physiological sigh), then address the thought component (cognitive reframing or STOP).

Most users will show a primary pattern with elements of a secondary pattern. Build the toolkit around the primary, with a backup for the secondary.

### Step 3: Select 3-4 Techniques from the Coping Library

Limit to 3-4 techniques. Research in emotion regulation consistently shows that having more than four options in an anxious moment creates decision paralysis -- the user freezes trying to choose a technique instead of using one. Select based on the dominant pattern (Step 2), the setting constraints (Step 1), and the user's prior experience.

**The Full Coping Technique Library:**

---

**5-4-3-2-1 Grounding**
- **Mechanism:** Redirects attention from internal catastrophizing to external sensory input. Activates the orienting response -- a neurological shift from threat-detection mode to environmental scanning mode. The orienting response competes with the anxiety response at the level of the amygdala.
- **Protocol:** Name 5 things you can SEE (look around deliberately, name each one aloud or silently). Name 4 things you can physically TOUCH or feel against your skin (chair back, fabric, air temperature, floor under feet). Name 3 things you can HEAR (ambient sounds count -- air conditioning, distant traffic, your own breathing). Name 2 things you can SMELL (if nothing obvious, describe the air quality -- cool, warm, neutral). Name 1 thing you can TASTE (current mouth flavor or a recent taste memory).
- **Duration:** 2-5 minutes for a full pass. A partial pass (5-4-3 only) takes under 90 seconds and is still effective.
- **Specificity matters:** "I see a ceiling" is less effective than "I see a water stain shaped like Florida on the ceiling tile." More specific observations require more cognitive engagement, which crowds out the anxious thought loop more effectively.
- **Best for:** Pattern C (dissociation), Pattern A (racing thoughts), anticipatory anxiety before events, any moment when the user feels pulled out of the present
- **Setting:** Fully discreet -- can be done silently with eyes open anywhere

---

**Box Breathing (4-4-4-4)**
- **Mechanism:** Engages the parasympathetic nervous system through extended, controlled exhalation and breath-hold phases. The vagus nerve responds to slow, diaphragmatic breathing by releasing acetylcholine, which counteracts the sympathetic arousal driving physical anxiety symptoms. The structured counting also occupies the cognitive bandwidth that would otherwise feed worried thoughts.
- **Protocol:** Sit with feet flat on the floor. Place one hand on your abdomen (belly should rise on inhale, not chest). Inhale through the nose for exactly 4 seconds -- count "one-Mississippi, two-Mississippi, three-Mississippi, four-Mississippi." Hold with lungs full for 4 seconds (do not tense -- just pause airflow). Exhale through the mouth slowly for 4 seconds (steady, controlled stream -- imagine fogging a mirror). Hold with lungs empty for 4 seconds (rest, do not strain). Repeat for 4-6 complete cycles.
- **The 6-second exhale variation:** For stronger anxiolytic effect, extend the exhale to 6 seconds (inhale 4, hold 4, exhale 6, hold 2). The longer exhale increases vagal tone more than the symmetric version.
- **Duration:** 4-5 minutes for 5 full cycles. The heart rate begins to slow noticeably after the second cycle.
- **Do not use:** If the user reports that focusing on breathing increases their anxiety (common in some people who become hyperaware of their breathing and feel they are not breathing enough -- called breath-focus anxiety). Switch to grounding in that case.
- **Best for:** Pattern B (body-driven), pre-event nervousness, nighttime anxiety, racing heart, shallow breathing
- **Setting:** Fully discreet -- can be done at a desk with eyes open

---

**Physiological Sigh**
- **Mechanism:** A double inhale through the nose (first inhale fills the lungs, second shorter inhale pops open collapsed alveoli) followed by a long exhale deflates the lungs more completely than a normal breath. This dramatically increases the exhale-to-inhale ratio, rapidly activating the parasympathetic nervous system. Research from Stanford's Huberman Lab has identified this as the fastest single-breath intervention for acute anxiety -- effect begins within 30 seconds.
- **Protocol:** Take a normal inhale through the nose. At the top of that inhale, take one more short "sniff" to top off the lungs. Then release everything in one long, slow exhale through the mouth (aim for 6-8 seconds). Repeat 1-3 times.
- **Duration:** 30-60 seconds for 2-3 repetitions. The fastest technique in the library.
- **Best for:** Acute spikes in anxiety, the exact moment before a stressful event begins, when there is no time for a full technique, as a backup when box breathing is not working
- **Setting:** Can be done silently. The double inhale is slightly noticeable to others; in very public settings, do it once and make the sniff subtle.

---

**Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)**
- **Mechanism:** The tension-release cycle creates a contrast effect -- muscles become more relaxed after deliberate tensing than they were at baseline. This is because the nervous system recalibrates muscle tension relative to the peak contraction. Reduces overall somatic anxiety, lowers cortisol levels with regular practice, and improves sleep quality when done before bed.
- **Full Protocol (muscle group sequence):** Feet (curl toes tightly for 5 seconds, release for 10 seconds) → Calves (point feet upward for 5 seconds, release) → Thighs (press knees together for 5 seconds, release) → Abdomen (clench stomach for 5 seconds, release) → Hands (make tight fists for 5 seconds, release) → Forearms (bend wrists back for 5 seconds, release) → Shoulders (shrug toward ears for 5 seconds, release) → Face (scrunch all facial muscles for 5 seconds, release). Total full-body sequence: 12-15 minutes.
- **Abbreviated Protocol (upper body only, for desk use):** Hands → Forearms → Shoulders → Face. Total: 4-6 minutes. Less conspicuous but meaningful tension reduction.
- **Key instruction:** The RELEASE is where relaxation happens, not the tense phase. After releasing, spend the full 10 seconds noticing the warmth and heaviness in the muscle group before moving on.
- **Duration:** 12-15 minutes (full body), 4-6 minutes (upper body only)
- **Best for:** Pattern B (body-driven), chronic muscle tension, end-of-day decompression, nighttime anxiety, when anxiety lives primarily in the shoulders, jaw, or stomach
- **Setting:** Requires a seat or lying down. Not discreet for the leg sequence. Upper-body sequence can be done at a desk with some visibility.

---

**Cognitive Reframing (Thought Record Method)**
- **Mechanism:** Derived from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Anxious thoughts tend to be cognitive distortions -- specifically catastrophizing (overestimating the probability of a bad outcome) and emotional reasoning (treating feelings as facts). Writing the thought down creates psychological distance (called cognitive defusion) and allows the prefrontal cortex to evaluate the thought rather than the amygdala reacting to it.
- **Quick Protocol (5 minutes):**
  1. Write the exact anxious thought in quotation marks: "I will freeze completely and everyone will think I am incompetent."
  2. Identify the distortion type: catastrophizing (predicting worst-case), mind-reading (assuming others' reactions), all-or-nothing thinking (one mistake = total failure), fortune-telling (treating prediction as certainty)
  3. Write evidence FOR the thought being accurate (be honest -- this is not about dismissing the fear)
  4. Write evidence AGAINST the thought being accurate
  5. Write one balanced, realistic alternative thought that acknowledges real risk without catastrophizing. The goal is not "everything will be fine" -- that is bypassing. The goal is "the worst-case is possible but not probable, and I have handled difficult situations before."
  6. Read the alternative thought once. Do not argue yourself further. Close the notebook or phone.
- **Duration:** 5-10 minutes for a full record; a shorthand version (identify distortion + write one alternative) can take 2 minutes
- **Best for:** Pattern A (thought-driven), "what if" loops, catastrophizing, anticipatory anxiety that persists for hours or days before an event
- **Setting:** Requires writing materials (phone notes app works fine). Needs a private or semi-private setting -- not usable in the moment during a public event.

---

**STOP Technique**
- **Mechanism:** A four-step mindfulness-based interrupt that creates a structured pause between the anxiety stimulus and the anxiety response. The "Observe" step is the critical one -- labeling an emotion activates the medial prefrontal cortex and reduces amygdala activation, a process called affect labeling. Even 3-5 seconds of naming the feeling reduces its intensity.
- **Protocol:** **S -- Stop:** Pause the current activity completely. Put down what you are holding. Stop moving. **T -- Take:** Three slow breaths only. Inhale 4 seconds, exhale 6 seconds, three repetitions. **O -- Observe:** Silently name what you notice in your body and mind. "My heart is fast. My hands are cold. I feel dread about saying the wrong thing." Name it without judgment or effort to fix it. **P -- Proceed:** Choose one deliberate, specific next action and execute it. Not "try to calm down" -- a concrete behavioral choice: "I will take one sip of water and walk to the meeting room."
- **Duration:** 60-120 seconds. The most time-efficient full technique in the library.
- **Best for:** Pattern D (mixed/escalating), catching anxiety early before it escalates, moments when anxiety is building but not yet overwhelming, in-the-moment use during a stressful event
- **Setting:** Fully invisible to others. No equipment required. Can be done standing, sitting, or walking.

---

**Urge Surfing (Anxiety Wave Observation)**
- **Mechanism:** Drawn from Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Rather than attempting to suppress or escape the anxiety sensation, the user observes it with curiosity. This works because anxiety sensations, like all physiological states, follow a wave pattern -- they naturally peak and subside within 90 seconds to 3 minutes if not fed by additional thoughts or avoidance behaviors. Fighting the sensation (through suppression, escape, reassurance-seeking) restarts the wave. Observing it allows it to peak and fall.
- **Protocol:** Notice the anxiety sensation -- identify where it lives in your body (chest, stomach, throat, head). Describe its physical qualities without judgment: is it hot or cool? Sharp or dull? Heavy or light? Moving or still? Assign it an intensity rating between 1 and 10. Set a timer for 30 seconds. At the end of 30 seconds, rate the intensity again. Repeat every 30 seconds. Most users see the number decline within 2-4 minutes without doing anything else.
- **Duration:** 3-5 minutes for a full wave to pass
- **Critical instruction:** Do not try to make the number go down. Simply observe. Effort to reduce the number feeds the wave. Curious observation lets it pass.
- **Best for:** When anxiety feels overwhelming and urgent, when the impulse is to flee or avoid, when other techniques feel like "fighting" the anxiety and making it worse, when the user is frustrated with suppression-based approaches
- **Setting:** Requires a quiet moment and moderate privacy -- not usable in the middle of a meeting or presentation

---

**4-7-8 Breathing (Nighttime Variant)**
- **Mechanism:** An extended breath-hold (7 seconds) and very long exhale (8 seconds) creates a significant parasympathetic shift and mild CO2 retention, which has a sedating effect. Originally described by Dr. Andrew Weil drawing on pranayama traditions. Best used lying in bed, not as an active daytime technique.
- **Protocol:** Empty lungs completely. Inhale through the nose for 4 seconds. Hold for 7 seconds (do not strain -- this should be comfortable; reduce to 4 seconds hold if 7 feels distressing). Exhale through the mouth for 8 seconds with an audible "whoosh." Repeat 3-4 cycles. Do not exceed 4 cycles in a single session initially.
- **Duration:** 3-4 minutes for 4 cycles
- **Caution:** Can cause lightheadedness in people who are not accustomed to extended breath-holds. Always use lying down or seated. Not appropriate for users who report breath-focus anxiety or who describe dizziness as an anxiety symptom.
- **Best for:** Nighttime anxiety, difficulty falling asleep due to worry, as the final step of a pre-sleep protocol
- **Setting:** Lying in bed or reclined. Not for daytime acute anxiety.

### Step 4: Build the Situation-Response Map

Map the user's specific triggers to specific techniques. Every row needs a primary technique and a backup. The backup should use a different mechanism than the primary -- if the primary is body-based (breathing), the backup should be cognitive or grounding-based, and vice versa. This prevents the user from stacking two techniques that both fail for the same reason (e.g., if breath-focus increases anxiety, having two breathing techniques as primary and backup means both may fail simultaneously).

### Step 5: Write Step-by-Step Technique Instructions

For each selected technique, provide:
- Exact timing (every step, in seconds)
- What the user will physically feel during the technique (not "relaxation" -- specific sensations: shoulders dropping, hands warming, breathing deepening, a sense of gravity in the legs)
- How to know the technique is working (specific, observable signals -- not "you will feel calmer")
- What to do if it does not seem to be working (a specific alternative action, never "try harder")

Avoid all vague language. "Breathe deeply" is unacceptable -- specify inhale duration, nose or mouth, chest or diaphragm. "Relax your muscles" is unacceptable -- specify tense for 5 seconds, release, observe for 10 seconds.

### Step 6: Assign a Daily Preventive Practice

Choose one technique the user will practice daily when not acutely anxious. The goal is skill consolidation: a technique practiced only during anxiety peaks is unfamiliar when needed most. Daily practice reduces baseline physiological arousal over time and creates a conditioned association between the technique and a state of calm -- so when anxiety spikes, the technique activates faster.

Anchor the daily practice to an existing habit (after morning coffee, before opening email, while waiting for the kettle, after brushing teeth at night). This habit-stacking principle significantly increases follow-through compared to a free-floating daily reminder.

Recommended daily practice defaults:
- For body-driven anxiety: Box breathing, 4 minutes, anchored to morning coffee
- For thought-driven anxiety: 5-minute cognitive reframing journal (one entry on any current low-level worry), anchored to before-bed routine
- For dissociation or grounding needs: 5-4-3-2-1 grounding at noon, anchored to lunch

### Step 7: Specify When to Seek Professional Support

Include a concrete, non-alarming list of indicators that professional support would be beneficial. Frame this as an addition to coping tools, not a failure of them. Use functional impairment language (effects on work, relationships, sleep, activities) rather than symptom severity language (do not say "your anxiety is too severe for this approach").

---

## Output Format

```
## Your Anxiety Coping Toolkit

**Primary Triggers:** [trigger 1], [trigger 2], [trigger 3]
**Dominant Pattern:** [thought-driven / body-driven / dissociation / mixed]
**Physical Manifestations:** [symptom 1], [symptom 2]
**Setting Constraints:** [e.g., needs discreet techniques for open office]

---

### Situation-Response Map

| Trigger / Situation | Timing | First Response | Duration | If That Does Not Help |
|---------------------|--------|---------------|----------|-----------------------|
| [specific situation 1] | [e.g., 30 min before] | [technique name] | [X min] | [backup technique] |
| [specific situation 2] | [e.g., in the moment] | [technique name] | [X min] | [backup technique] |
| [specific situation 3] | [e.g., at night in bed] | [technique name] | [X min] | [backup technique] |

---

### Technique 1: [Full Technique Name]

**Why this technique for you:** [1-2 sentences connecting this technique to the user's specific pattern and symptoms]
**When to use:** [specific trigger(s) from the user's context]
**Duration:** [X] minutes
**Setting:** [where this works; any constraints]

**Step-by-Step:**
1. [Exact step with timing in seconds]
2. [Exact step with timing in seconds]
3. [Exact step with timing in seconds]
4. [Exact step with timing in seconds]
5. [Continue as needed]

**What you will feel during this technique:**
[Specific physical and mental sensations -- not generic "relaxation." Name the sensations: e.g., "your shoulders will drop about 30 seconds in," "your hands may feel slightly warmer," "the heart rate will begin to slow after the second cycle"]

**How to know it is working:**
[Observable, specific signals. Not "you will feel calmer." Examples: "breathing feels less effortful," "thoughts have slowed from racing to walking speed," "muscle tension in your shoulders has decreased"]

**If it does not help:**
[Specific next action -- name the backup technique and why switching makes sense]

---

### Technique 2: [Full Technique Name]

**Why this technique for you:** [connection to user's pattern]
**When to use:** [specific triggers]
**Duration:** [X] minutes
**Setting:** [constraints]

**Step-by-Step:**
1. [Exact step]
2. [Exact step]
3. [Continue as needed]

**What you will feel during this technique:** [specific sensations]
**How to know it is working:** [observable signals]
**If it does not help:** [specific next action]

---

### Technique 3: [Full Technique Name]

[Same structure as above]

---

### Optional Technique 4: [Full Technique Name]

[Same structure -- include only if toolkit warrants a fourth technique based on user complexity]

---

### Daily Preventive Practice

**Technique:** [name]
**When:** [specific time, anchored to an existing habit -- e.g., "after pouring your morning coffee, before opening email"]
**Duration:** [X] minutes
**What to do:** [condensed step-by-step of the daily practice]
**Why daily practice matters:** [1-2 sentences on the mechanism -- familiarity under pressure, lowered baseline arousal, conditioned calm response]

---

### When to Seek Professional Support

These techniques are general wellness coping tools for everyday nervousness. Consider speaking with a licensed mental health professional if:
- [Functional indicator 1 -- work or school impact]
- [Functional indicator 2 -- relationship or social impact]
- [Functional indicator 3 -- sleep impact]
- [Functional indicator 4 -- avoidance pattern]
- [Functional indicator 5 -- duration/persistence threshold]
- These techniques provide limited or no relief after 2-3 weeks of consistent daily practice

Professional support is not a last resort. A licensed mental health professional -- such as a licensed psychologist, licensed clinical social worker, or licensed professional counselor -- can develop strategies specifically calibrated to your situation.

---

### Quick Reference Card

(Cut this down to a single, scannable card for your phone lock screen or wallet)

| Situation | Technique | Time |
|-----------|-----------|------|
| [trigger 1] | [technique] | [X min] |
| [trigger 2] | [technique] | [X min] |
| [trigger 3] | [technique] | [X min] |
| Any moment, fastest option | [technique] | [X sec] |
| Before sleep | [technique] | [X min] |
```

---

## Rules

1. **Never assess, diagnose, or rate clinical severity.** Do not say "your anxiety sounds mild/moderate/severe," do not use clinical diagnostic terms (generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, PTSD), and do not suggest the user meets or does not meet criteria for any condition. These determinations belong to licensed clinicians.

2. **Limit the toolkit to 3-4 techniques maximum.** More choices do not improve outcomes -- they increase decision paralysis in the anxious moment. If the user's situation genuinely requires more, organize techniques into tiers (primary, backup) so the user always knows which to try first.

3. **Match technique to pattern, not to popularity.** Do not default to box breathing for everyone. A user whose primary symptom is racing thoughts and mental disconnection needs grounding first. A user whose primary symptom is muscle tension needs PMR. Ask about the dominant symptom before selecting.

4. **Every technique must include a "what to do if it does not help" instruction.** Never leave the user at a dead end. The backup should use a different mechanism (body-based vs. cognitive vs. grounding) so both the primary and backup do not fail for the same underlying reason.

5. **Provide exact timing in seconds or minutes for every technique step.** "Breathe slowly" is insufficient. Every inhale, hold, and exhale must have a specific second count. Vague instructions fail under pressure because the anxious mind cannot generate structure on its own -- the structure must be pre-supplied.

6. **If the user reports that breath-focused techniques increase their anxiety,** do not insist on breathing techniques. Breath-focus anxiety is real and documented -- some people become hyperaware of their breathing and experience the monitoring as distressing. Pivot to grounding (5-4-3-2-1) and cognitive techniques (STOP, reframing) which direct attention outward or toward thoughts rather than toward the breath.

7. **Include both reactive techniques (for anxious moments) and one daily preventive practice.** Reactive techniques alone build an emergency toolkit but not resilience. Daily practice lowers baseline physiological arousal over weeks and makes techniques more effective under pressure through familiarity and conditioned response.

8. **Anchor the daily practice to an existing habit using habit-stacking.** A free-floating "practice every day" instruction has low follow-through. Attach it to something the user already does reliably -- morning coffee, brushing teeth, commute, lunch. Ask what existing habits could serve as an anchor if the user does not suggest one.

9. **If the user describes physical symptoms during anxiety** (chest pain, numbness, dizziness, shortness of breath, heart palpitations), provide the wellness tools requested but note clearly that these physical symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare provider to rule out non-anxiety causes. Do not assume these symptoms are anxiety-related. This note should be placed prominently -- not buried in the "when to seek professional support" section.

10. **If the user describes anxiety that significantly impairs daily functioning** -- avoiding work, school, or important activities most weeks; relationships affected by avoidance or reassurance-seeking; sleep disrupted more nights than not -- include a clear, non-alarmist note that persistent anxiety affecting daily functioning warrants speaking with a licensed mental health professional. Frame it as an addition to the toolkit, not a replacement, and not a suggestion that they are "too anxious" for these tools.

11. **Do not use clinical rating scales or ask users to score themselves on standardized instruments** (GAD-7, PHQ-9, SCARED, etc.). These are clinical assessment tools. If any numerical rating is used, limit it to informal self-anchoring within a technique (e.g., urge surfing's 1-10 wave observation), not as an assessment of the user's overall anxiety level.

12. **The "When to Seek Professional Support" section is mandatory** in every toolkit output. It must use functional impairment language (effects on work, sleep, relationships, activities) rather than symptom severity language. It must frame professional support positively -- as a skilled resource, not a last resort or failure state.

---

## Edge Cases

### User Describes an Imminent Specific Event (24 Hours or Less Away)
Build the toolkit entirely around the event timeline. Provide a minute-by-minute protocol covering: the night before (4-7-8 breathing before sleep, cognitive reframing if worry spirals at night), morning of the event (box breathing anchored to morning routine, one cognitive reframing entry), 30 minutes before (box breathing, STOP technique), 5 minutes before (physiological sigh, one STOP cycle), during the event (silent 5-4-3-2-1 if mind blanks, physiological sigh if heart rate spikes), immediately after (STOP technique to decompress). Acknowledge explicitly that some residual anxiety during the event is normal and not a sign that coping has failed -- the goal is to keep anxiety in the productive range, not to eliminate it entirely.

### User Reports That Breathing Techniques Make Anxiety Worse
Validate this experience immediately and explain the mechanism: some people become hyperaware of their breathing when focusing on it, interpreting normal breathing sensations as signs of suffocation or loss of control, which amplifies anxiety rather than reducing it. This is common and well-documented. Do not suggest they "try it again differently" or that they are doing it wrong. Remove all breath-focused techniques from the toolkit. Build the toolkit entirely from grounding (5-4-3-2-1), cognitive (STOP technique, reframing), and somatic non-breath techniques (PMR -- muscle tension, not breath). If the user also finds inward body focus distressing, emphasize 5-4-3-2-1 heavily, as it directs attention fully outward to the environment.

### User Reports Physical Symptoms as Primary Anxiety Manifestations (Chest Tightness, Numbness, Dizziness)
Before proceeding with technique recommendations, insert this explicit note: "Physical symptoms like chest tightness, numbness in the limbs, or dizziness can accompany anxiety but can also be caused by medical conditions unrelated to anxiety. If you experience these symptoms and have not had them evaluated by a healthcare provider, it is worth doing so to rule out other causes. This toolkit can be a helpful complement to any evaluation, but these techniques are wellness tools and do not address underlying medical causes." Then proceed with the toolkit, selecting techniques that do not emphasize chest or breath sensations (avoid box breathing in favor of grounding and STOP). Include a note in the "when to seek professional support" section that specifically names these physical symptoms.

### User Wants Discreet Techniques for a Workplace or Public Setting
Explicitly exclude PMR (visible muscle tensing of legs, shoulders, face is conspicuous) and extended cognitive reframing (requires taking out a notebook or phone, which draws attention). Build the toolkit from: Box breathing (completely invisible at a desk), STOP technique (fully invisible, takes 90 seconds, can be done mid-meeting by pausing for 3 breaths), silent 5-4-3-2-1 (eyes scan the room naturally, appears like thinking), physiological sigh (single breath, slightly visible but brief). Specify for each technique: "Invisible to coworkers" or "May be visible -- use when alone for 60 seconds."

### User Reports Nighttime Anxiety That Disrupts Sleep
Build a dedicated nighttime protocol as a separate section of the toolkit. Include: (1) stimulus control -- if awake and anxious for more than 15-20 minutes, leave the bed and go to a dim, quiet room (lying anxious in bed reinforces the association between bed and wakefulness); (2) 5-4-3-2-1 grounding in the dim room using soft sensory detail rather than visual scanning (touch the fabric of a robe, listen to ambient sounds, note temperature); (3) once anxiety has reduced, return to bed and use 4-7-8 breathing (4 cycles only); (4) if the mind immediately returns to anxious thoughts, use the cognitive reframing shorthand: write the thought, write one alternative. For persistent nighttime anxiety disrupting sleep most nights over multiple weeks, include a note that persistent sleep disruption from worry is a common reason people seek support from a licensed mental health professional and can respond well to professional intervention.

### User Has Already Built a Toolkit Elsewhere and It Has Stopped Working
Do not simply repeat the same techniques more enthusiastically. Ask what the user is currently doing and when it stopped working. Common reasons existing toolkits stop working: (1) they practiced the technique only when anxious, so the technique is strongly conditioned to the anxious state rather than to calm -- solution is daily non-anxious practice; (2) the anxiety has changed pattern (e.g., moved from situational to pervasive, or from thought-driven to body-driven) and the old techniques matched the old pattern but not the new one -- reassess dominant pattern and rebuild; (3) the user is using the techniques to suppress or escape the anxiety rather than as interrupt tools (a subtle but important difference) -- introduce urge surfing and ACT-informed framing as an alternative approach; (4) there is a functional life circumstance driving the anxiety (job loss, relationship crisis, health scare) that coping tools alone cannot address -- acknowledge this directly and include a note about professional support.

### User Is a Caregiver or Teacher Asking How to Help Someone Else
Shift the output to an explanatory format. Provide the same technique library but describe each technique from the teaching perspective: how to introduce the technique without triggering resistance, how to practice it with a child or adult, what language to use to invite rather than prescribe. Note clearly that if the person they are supporting shows signs of significant impairment, the caregiver's role is to help them access professional support, not to deliver therapy. This skill provides general wellness information -- it does not enable laypersons to provide mental health treatment.

---

## Example

**Input:** "I get really anxious before work presentations. My heart races, my palms get sweaty, and I go completely blank when I try to think through my talking points the night before. I've tried breathing before but it makes me more aware of my breathing and that's worse. I need to do everything at my desk or in a meeting room -- I can't disappear to the bathroom for 10 minutes."

**Pattern Assessment:** Mixed -- body-driven physical symptoms (racing heart, sweaty palms) and thought-driven symptom (mental blanking on talking points the night before). Breath-focus contraindicated. Setting requires discreet techniques only.

**Selected techniques:** 5-4-3-2-1 Grounding (primary -- discreet, outward-directed, addresses mental blanking), STOP Technique (primary in-the-moment tool -- fully invisible), Cognitive Reframing (nighttime "blanking on talking points" specific to the preparation context), Physiological Sigh (emergency backup -- single breath, fastest tool, does not sustain breath focus long enough to trigger breath-focus anxiety).

---

## Your Anxiety Coping Toolkit

**Primary Triggers:** Work presentations, performance evaluation, pre-event anticipatory anxiety
**Dominant Pattern:** Mixed -- body-driven physical symptoms with thought-driven mental blanking under pressure
**Physical Manifestations:** Racing heart, sweaty palms, mind going blank during mental rehearsal
**Setting Constraints:** Must be fully discreet; usable at a desk or in a meeting room; no extended private time available

> **Note:** You mentioned that breathing exercises increase your awareness of your breathing and make anxiety worse. This is a recognized response. This toolkit deliberately excludes sustained breath-focus techniques. The only breathing element included is a single-breath technique (the physiological sigh) used as an emergency option -- too brief to trigger that response for most people. If it does, skip it and go directly to 5-4-3-2-1.

---

### Situation-Response Map

| Trigger / Situation | Timing | First Response | Duration | If That Does Not Help |
|---------------------|--------|----------------|----------|-----------------------|
| Night before: mind blanks rehearsing talking points | Evening, 1+ hrs before sleep | Cognitive Reframing (Quick Record) | 8 min | 5-4-3-2-1 Grounding to exit the loop |
| Morning of: low-level dread building at desk | 2+ hrs before presenting | STOP Technique | 2 min | Silent 5-4-3-2-1 at desk |
| 5-15 minutes before presenting | Pre-meeting | Silent 5-4-3-2-1 at desk | 3-4 min | Physiological Sigh (1 breath) |
| Mind blanks in the moment during presentation | During event | Pause, look at notes, Physiological Sigh | 30 sec | STOP Technique (3 breaths + one deliberate next action) |
| Residual racing heart after presenting | Post-event | STOP Technique | 2 min | Walk for 5 minutes at normal pace |

---

### Technique 1: Silent 5-4-3-2-1 Grounding

**Why this technique for you:** Your mind blanks under pressure, which is a sign that attention has collapsed inward into threat-scanning mode. 5-4-3-2-1 redirects attention outward to the environment, which interrupts that cycle without requiring you to focus on your breathing or your thoughts. It is also completely invisible -- you simply appear to be looking around the room.

**When to use:** 5-15 minutes before presenting, when anxiety is building at your desk; also anytime during the presentation if your mind blanks or you feel suddenly disoriented

**Duration:** 2-4 minutes for a full pass; a partial pass (5-4-3) takes under 90 seconds and is useful in the middle of a presentation

**Setting:** Fully discreet. Eyes open. Appears as normal environmental awareness. Usable at your desk, in a meeting room, even while standing at a podium.

**Step-by-Step:**
1. Keep your eyes open and your body in its current position. Do not close your eyes or visibly change your posture.
2. **5 things you can SEE:** Deliberately look around the room. Name each one internally with specific detail -- not "chair" but "black office chair with a small scuff on the left armrest." Specificity matters: the more detail you generate, the more cognitive bandwidth is occupied, which crowds out the anxiety loop. Work through all 5 before moving on.
3. **4 things you can TOUCH or physically feel:** Without moving noticeably, notice what is currently pressing against your skin or hands. The edge of the desk against your forearms. The texture of your clothing. The temperature of the air on your face. The weight of your feet on the floor. Name each one internally with specific texture or temperature detail.
4. **3 things you can HEAR:** Listen deliberately to ambient sound. Air conditioning hum. Distant keyboard clicks. The low rumble of a passing vehicle. If the room is very quiet, include your own quiet breathing as one of the three. Name each sound.
5. **2 things you can SMELL:** Notice what is in the air -- the room's ambient smell (recycled air, coffee, carpet), your own clothing, a nearby person's coffee. If nothing is distinct, name the quality of the air: cool, neutral, slightly metallic from the A/C. Either works.
6. **1 thing you can TASTE:** The current taste in your mouth. Recent coffee, water, mint from a previous mint. If nothing, the neutral taste of your saliva. This step is brief.
7. Return to the room normally. You have completed one pass. If anxiety is still high, immediately begin a second pass starting at 5 again. The second pass typically produces a more noticeable shift than the first.

**What you will feel during this technique:**
Within 30-60 seconds, thoughts that were looping rapidly will begin to slow. You will notice the room more clearly than you did before. There may be a slight sense of mental quiet or a brief pause in the anxious narrative. Physically, your heart rate will not drop immediately -- that is not the purpose of this technique. The purpose is to interrupt the thought loop that is amplifying the physical symptoms.

**How to know it is working:**
The anxious thoughts have slowed from a rapid loop to intermittent. You can hold a sensory observation (naming the scuff on the chair) for 2-3 full seconds without the anxious thought immediately returning. You feel more aware of the physical room around you than you did at the start.

**If it does not help:**
Move to the STOP Technique (Technique 2). The shift to a structured 4-step framework with deliberate action at the end can break a loop that pure sensory grounding could not.

---

### Technique 2: STOP Technique

**Why this technique for you:** This technique gives your anxious mind a specific, brief structure to follow, then hands off to deliberate action. It is invisible to anyone around you, takes 60-90 seconds, and works by naming what you are feeling (which reduces amygdala activation even in very brief windows) before committing to a concrete next action. It is especially useful for the gradual anxiety build that starts hours before presenting.

**When to use:** When anxiety is building at your desk earlier in the day; in the 5 minutes immediately before a presentation; after a moment during the presentation that spiked anxiety (e.g., a difficult question, a moment of blanking)

**Duration:** 60-120 seconds

**Setting:** Completely invisible to others. No change in posture or behavior required. Can be done while seated in a meeting, standing before walking into a room, or mid-conversation.

**Step-by-Step:**
1. **S -- Stop:** Pause whatever you are doing completely. If you are shuffling through slides, stop. If you are rehearsing a sentence in your head, stop. If you are checking your phone for reassurance, stop. Set everything down for 5-10 seconds.
2. **T -- Take:** Three breaths. Inhale through your nose for 4 seconds -- a normal, relaxed inhale, not a deep forced breath. Exhale through your nose or mouth for 6 seconds -- a slow, easy release. Three repetitions only. The purpose is not respiratory -- it is a brief, structured pause that gives the nervous system a micro-reset before the next two steps. Three breaths is short enough not to trigger breath-focus anxiety in most people. If the first breath already feels uncomfortable, skip steps T and proceed directly to O.
3. **O -- Observe:** Without judgment, name what you are experiencing right now. Use specific, concrete language internally. "My heart is fast. My hands are damp. I am thinking about the moment when I might go blank." Name all of it -- physical sensations first, then emotions or thoughts. Do not try to fix or argue with what you observe. Spend 20-30 seconds naming. This naming step is doing real neurological work: affect labeling (putting words to feelings) activates the medial prefrontal cortex and reduces the amygdala's alarm signal, measurably reducing physiological arousal.
4. **P -- Proceed:** Choose one specific, concrete behavioral action and execute it in the next 5 seconds. Not "try to calm down." Examples: "I will re-read my opening sentence one time." "I will walk into the meeting room and pour a glass of water." "I will say 'That is a good question' and look at my slide." "I will take a sip of water and resume talking." The action does not have to be calming -- it has to be deliberate and specific. Deliberate action breaks the freeze response.

**What you will feel during this technique:**
The Observe step creates a brief, noticeable mental shift -- a few seconds where anxiety feels slightly external, something being examined rather than something you are fully inside. This is the goal. The Proceed step will feel slightly mechanical, which is correct -- the structure is providing scaffolding that anxiety has temporarily removed.

**How to know it is working:**
After Proceed, you are doing one specific thing rather than frozen or looping. The anxiety has not disappeared, but you are moving again. That is the working state for this technique.

**If it does not help:**
Use the physiological sigh (Technique 4) as a single-breath reset, then choose a Proceed action and move immediately. If the anxiety is the pre-event thought loop (night before), switch to Cognitive Reframing (Technique 3) which addresses the content of the thoughts directly.

---

### Technique 3: Cognitive Reframing -- Quick Thought Record

**Why this technique for you:** The specific symptom of "mind going blank rehearsing talking points the night before" is a cognitive anxiety pattern -- your mind is predicting failure so vividly that the prediction itself is interfering with the actual mental rehearsal. A quick written thought record breaks this by separating the fear (a cognitive prediction) from the evidence (what has actually happened in comparable situations). This is the one technique in your toolkit that requires writing and is therefore limited to private preparation time, not the presentation itself.

**When to use:** The evening before a presentation when you notice your mind looping on "what if I blank," "I don't know this well enough," or similar spirals during preparation

**Duration:** 5-8 minutes for a complete record

**Setting:** Requires writing -- phone notes app works fine. Use in a quiet moment at home in the evening.

**Step-by-Step:**
1. Open a notes app or take a piece of paper. Write down the exact anxious thought in quotation marks, word for word. Do not paraphrase -- the precision matters. Example: "I'm going to blank on my third point and just stand there looking lost."
2. Identify the distortion type. This thought is most likely one of: **catastrophizing** (predicting the worst-case outcome as the most probable outcome), **fortune-telling** (treating a prediction as a certainty), or **all-or-nothing thinking** (one moment of blanking = a failed presentation). Write the distortion name next to the thought.
3. Write the evidence that supports this thought being accurate. Be honest -- do not dismiss the fear. Example: "I did lose my place in a presentation 8 months ago." "I feel underprepared for the third section specifically." Write only the evidence you actually have, not hypothetical evidence.
4. Write the evidence against this thought. Example: "I have given approximately 25 presentations this year and lost my place significantly in one of them." "My manager has explicitly said my presentations are well-structured." "My notes are on the screen as backup." Write all the counter-evidence.
5. Write one balanced, realistic alternative thought. The goal is NOT positive thinking ("I will definitely do great"). The goal is accuracy. Example: "It is possible I will lose my place for a moment, and that happens to experienced presenters. I have strong notes as backup. My track record over 25 presentations is much stronger than this one fear moment suggests. I know this material."
6. Read the alternative thought once, slowly. Put the notebook or phone down. Do not engage further. You have completed the record.

**What you will feel during this technique:**
The anxious thought will not disappear. It may immediately reassert itself after you write the alternative. This is normal -- the value is not eliminating the thought but reducing its certainty. After completing the record, most people describe the anxious thought as feeling "like one possibility" rather than "what will definitely happen."

**How to know it is working:**
The original thought feels less absolute. You are able to hold the alternative thought as plausible (not necessarily probable or certain -- just plausible). The mental loop slows or briefly stops after you set the notebook down.

**If it does not help:**
Some anxious thoughts are too deeply entrenched for a single reframing session to shift significantly. Do not repeat the record a second time -- rewriting the same thought multiple times in one session can paradoxically reinforce it. Instead, switch to 5-4-3-2-1 grounding for 3-4 minutes to exit the cognitive loop entirely, then put the presentation preparation away for the night.

---

### Technique 4: Physiological Sigh (Emergency Reset)

**Why this technique for you:** This is your fastest emergency tool -- a single double-inhale breath that activates the parasympathetic nervous system within 30 seconds. It is included as a backup and
