---
name: watercolor-basics
description: |
  Teaches beginner watercolor painting techniques: wet-on-wet and wet-on-dry
  application methods, flat, graded, and variegated washes, value studies
  using a single color, color mixing fundamentals, and common mistake
  prevention. Includes a materials checklist and a technique sequence
  building from basic washes to a first complete painting. Use when the
  user wants to start watercolor painting, asks about wash techniques,
  watercolor materials, or color mixing with watercolors. Do NOT use for
  drawing fundamentals (use drawing-fundamentals-beginner), oil or acrylic
  painting techniques, or professional illustration.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "beginner-friendly step-by-step guide checklist"
  category: "hobbies-crafts"
  subcategory: "making-building"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "beginner"
---
# Watercolor Basics

## When to Use

Use this skill when:

- A user explicitly states they want to start watercolor painting with no prior experience, or minimal childhood experience that they do not count as real training
- A user asks about a specific watercolor technique by name: wet-on-wet, wet-on-dry, flat wash, graded wash, variegated wash, glazing, blooming, or backrun
- A user wants to know what materials to buy for watercolor painting and needs guidance on paper weight, brush types, paint grades, or palette setup
- A user asks how to avoid specific watercolor problems: streaks in washes, muddy colors, buckling paper, hard lines where they wanted soft edges, or colors bleeding where they should not
- A user wants to paint a specific beginner subject -- a sky, simple landscape, single flower, or still life object -- and needs technique guidance rather than compositional help
- A user asks about color mixing theory as it applies specifically to watercolor (transparency, granulation, wet mixing on paper vs. palette)
- A user wants to understand value and how to control light and dark in a transparent medium

Do NOT use this skill when:

- The user wants to learn drawing, proportion, perspective, or line work -- use `drawing-fundamentals-beginner` instead, and note that basic drawing skills will help their watercolor work
- The user wants acrylic or oil painting techniques -- those are opaque media with fundamentally different approaches (you can paint light over dark with opaque paint; you cannot with watercolor)
- The user asks about gouache -- gouache is an opaque water-based medium that shares some tools with watercolor but operates on different principles (opaque layering, re-wetting issues)
- The user wants professional illustration techniques, comic art inking with watercolor, or commercial-grade finish levels
- The user asks about digital watercolor brushes in Procreate or Photoshop -- recommend a digital art skill instead
- The user's primary question is about framing, matting, or selling finished watercolor artwork -- those are separate skills in presentation and art commerce
- The user wants plein air landscape painting at an intermediate or advanced level -- this skill covers outdoor painting as an edge case for beginners but is not a plein air specialist resource

---

## Process

### Step 1 -- Assess the User's Starting Point and Set Expectations

Before recommending anything, gather four pieces of information if not already provided:

- **Prior experience:** None at all / childhood pan sets / some drawing background / experience with another medium (acrylic, oil, digital). A former acrylic painter must unlearn the habit of working light-to-dark and painting over mistakes -- address this directly.
- **Budget range:** Under $35 (pure starter), $35-70 (starter-plus), $70-120 (committed beginner). The most important budget allocation principle: spend money on paper first, paint second, brushes last. A $3 brush on 140 lb cold-press paper outperforms a $30 brush on printer paper by a wide margin.
- **Practice time available:** Under 20 minutes/session, 30 minutes, 45-60 minutes, or open-ended. Watercolor sessions under 20 minutes are still productive for wash practice; sessions under 45 minutes should not attempt a full painting.
- **Goal:** Pure relaxation / skill building / painting specific subjects / gift for someone / eventual selling or sharing

Then set three honest expectations upfront so the user is not discouraged:

1. Watercolor is a transparent medium -- you cannot paint white paint on top of a mistake. The paper itself is the white. Planning ahead is a core skill, not optional.
2. The medium has a mind of its own. Blooms, backruns, and unexpected bleeds will happen. Expert watercolorists have learned to work with these behaviors, not fight them.
3. The first 3-4 weeks of practice are almost entirely technique exercises, not finished paintings. This is normal and necessary.

---

### Step 2 -- Deliver the Materials Checklist by Budget Tier

Provide the correct tier based on the user's budget. Always explain the reasoning behind each recommendation, not just the recommendation.

**Starter Tier (under $35):**

- **Watercolor paint:** 12-color student-grade pan set. Pans are more economical and less wasteful than tubes for beginners who do not yet know which colors they will use most. Student-grade (Reeves, Daler-Rowney Simply, Winsor & Newton Cotman) has lower pigment concentration and more filler, but is perfectly adequate for learning all foundational techniques. Approximate cost: $8-14.
- **Brushes:** One size 8 round (the single most useful watercolor brush -- holds enough water for washes, comes to a point for detail). One size 2 round for detail work. Synthetic brushes (Taklon or nylon blend) work well for beginners at this price point. Approximate cost: $6-10 for both.
- **Paper:** 9x12 inch pad of cold-press watercolor paper, 140 lb (300 gsm) weight minimum. Cold-press has a slight tooth (texture) that holds paint evenly. "140 lb" refers to the weight of a ream of that paper -- heavier paper absorbs more water without buckling. Approximate cost: $8-12 for a 12-15 sheet pad. Hot-press (smooth) is harder to manage for beginners. Rough is excellent for texture effects but not for learning clean washes.
- **Palette:** The lid of the pan set works for mixing. Alternatively, a white ceramic dinner plate costs nothing and gives more mixing space.
- **Water containers:** Two identical jars or mugs from the kitchen -- one for rinsing dirty brushes, one kept clean for mixing. This two-jar system prevents accidentally muddying the clean water.
- **Other:** Paper towels or a dedicated cotton rag for blotting. Painter's tape (low-tack) to tape paper edges to a board, preventing buckling. Estimated total: $22-36.

**Starter-Plus Tier ($35-70):**

All starter items plus:
- **Artist-grade watercolor tubes (6 colors, split-primary palette):** Warm red (Pyrrol Scarlet or Cadmium Red Hue), cool red (Quinacridone Magenta or Permanent Alizarin Crimson), warm yellow (New Gamboge or Cadmium Yellow Hue), cool yellow (Lemon Yellow or Hansa Yellow), warm blue (Ultramarine Blue), cool blue (Phthalo Blue or Cerulean). Six tubes cover every color in the spectrum via mixing and produce far more vibrant, transparent results than student pans. Approximate cost: $18-28 for 6 tubes.
- **Watercolor block:** Paper glued on all four sides, no taping or board required. Paint directly on the block; the paper does not buckle. Separate sheets using a palette knife after drying. Approximate cost: $15-22.
- **Size 12 round or 1-inch flat wash brush:** For painting large areas like skies. Approximate cost: $6-10.

**Committed Beginner Tier ($70-120):**

All starter-plus items plus:
- Expand to 12 artist-grade tubes including: Burnt Sienna, Raw Umber, Yellow Ochre, Sap Green, Payne's Gray, and a mixing white (Chinese White -- useful for tinting, not traditional watercolor techniques).
- Add a travel palette with mixing wells and a snap-close lid (useful even for studio painting -- keeps mixes contained).
- Add a spray bottle to re-wet palette paint between sessions.
- Add a hair dryer (cool or low heat setting only) to speed drying between layers. High heat can cause paint to crack or curl.

**Universal Materials Guidance (applicable to all tiers):**

- 140 lb paper is the absolute minimum. 300 lb paper does not buckle at all without taping. Watercolor blocks at any weight are acceptable substitutes.
- Never recommend paper labeled simply "drawing paper," "sketch paper," or any paper under 90 lb for watercolor. These fail visibly and discouragingly.
- Masking fluid is off-limits for the first four weeks. It requires understanding of where whites will be before painting -- a skill that requires solid technique foundations to be useful.

---

### Step 3 -- Teach the Four Foundational Techniques in Strict Sequence

Each technique must be practiced before the next is introduced. Do not skip ahead because the user is eager to paint a subject.

**Technique 1 -- Flat Wash**

A flat wash is an even, uniform layer of diluted paint across an area with no streaks, visible brush marks, or value variation. It is the most fundamental watercolor stroke and the hardest to execute perfectly.

- Mix a generous puddle of diluted paint on the palette -- more paint than you think you need. Running out of mixed color mid-wash forces you to remix and almost always creates a visible seam.
- The water-to-paint ratio should produce a color 2-3 values lighter than the dried result you want. Watercolor lightens significantly as it dries (approximately 30-40% lighter). Compensate by mixing darker than target.
- Tilt the board 10-20 degrees toward you. This is not optional -- gravity is your partner in moving the bead of paint downward.
- Load the brush fully (press gently against the palette to remove drips, but keep the brush saturated).
- Draw a single horizontal stroke across the top of the area.
- A bead of paint will pool along the lower edge of that stroke. Immediately pick up that bead with the next stroke, overlapping the first by 2-3mm. The bead carries pigment forward and creates evenness.
- Never go back over a stroke that has started to dry -- this causes a "bloom" or "backrun" that destroys the wash's evenness.
- At the end of the filled area, use a nearly-dry brush or a blotted paper towel to lift the final bead of paint. If left, it will creep back upward as it dries and create a dark line.
- Practice: 5 rectangles, each approximately 2x4 inches. Success means uniform color from top to bottom with no visible horizontal lines.

**Technique 2 -- Graded Wash**

A graded wash transitions smoothly from full-strength pigment to nearly clear water (or from dark to light) across an area. This is the primary technique for painting skies, water, and atmospheric depth.

- Begin identically to a flat wash with a fully loaded brush at the top.
- After each horizontal stroke, add a small amount of clean water to the brush from the clean water jar (do not rinse -- simply dip the tip).
- The paint-to-water ratio decreases with each stroke, gradually lightening the mix.
- The tilted board allows each new, lighter stroke to blend softly into the bead from the previous stroke.
- Alternatively, load the brush fully and dilute directly on the palette between strokes -- this gives more controlled gradations.
- The transition should appear as a smooth, imperceptible gradient with no visible "steps" between values.
- A reverse graded wash (light at top, dark at bottom) requires loading the brush with more pigment each stroke -- useful for painting land masses that darken toward the foreground.
- Practice: 5 graded wash rectangles. Two sky-direction (dark top, light bottom) and two land-direction (light top, dark bottom). Success = smooth transition with no visible value steps.

**Technique 3 -- Wet-on-Wet**

Wet-on-wet means applying paint to paper that has already been wetted with clean water. This is the most unique and most distinctively "watercolor" technique, producing soft edges, blooms, and atmospheric effects impossible in opaque media.

- Pre-wet the paper with a large, clean brush loaded with plain water. The paper surface should look shiny and uniformly damp -- not pooling with water (too wet) and not with any dry patches (too dry).
- The window of ideal dampness lasts approximately 60-90 seconds on standard 140 lb paper at room temperature. In a dry climate, this window shrinks to 30-45 seconds.
- Touch a paint-loaded brush to the wet surface. The paint will spread and feather outward with soft, undefined edges -- this is the bloom effect.
- The wetter the paper, the farther the bloom spreads. The drier the paper, the more controlled but still soft the edge.
- The paint-to-water ratio in the brush must be higher than the water content of the paper. If the brush has less pigment concentration than the paper's wetness, the paint will not spread -- it will sit in a pale puddle. If the brush has more pigment concentration, the paint will surge outward.
- Working on wet paper goes against the beginner instinct to "fix" edges. Let the paint move. Interfering while the paper is wet creates mud and uneven edges.
- Use for: all sky painting, soft background washes, foggy or atmospheric effects, soft shadow areas.
- Practice: wet the upper two-thirds of a 9x12 sheet and drop in a range of blues, leaving some areas unpainted for clouds. Goal is a sky with smooth gradients and no hard edges.

**Technique 4 -- Wet-on-Dry**

Wet-on-dry means applying paint to completely dry paper. Paint applied this way has crisp, clean edges and stays exactly where placed. It is the technique of precision and detail.

- The paper must be 100% dry -- not just surface-dry, but dry through its full thickness. Touch the back of the paper to the cheek or lip for the most sensitive temperature test. Wet paper feels cool; dry paper feels neutral.
- A fully loaded brush on dry paper produces a crisp, clean edge. This is the technique for painting tree trunks, architectural lines, foreground rocks, and any element requiring defined shape.
- Reduce water in the brush for even crisper lines. More water widens the painted edge slightly.
- Wet-on-dry layers build depth and detail on top of wet-on-wet backgrounds -- this layering sequence (background wet-on-wet, foreground detail wet-on-dry) is the core structure of most watercolor landscapes and florals.
- Practice: on dry paper, paint 10 leaf shapes, 10 circles of varying size, and 5 horizontal parallel lines at even spacing. Success = crisp edges with no unintended bleeding.

---

### Step 4 -- Teach Value Studies Using a Single Color

Value is the relative lightness or darkness of a color. In watercolor, value is controlled entirely by the water-to-paint ratio. Understanding value before introducing multiple colors prevents the single most common beginner failure: muddy, flat paintings that lack depth.

- Choose one color for the entire exercise. Ultramarine Blue is ideal -- it granulates slightly (creating subtle texture), has strong value range, and is relevant to landscapes.
- Create a 5-step value scale on a scrap of paper first:
  - Step 1 (near-white): 95% water, 5% pigment. Should read as the faintest tint.
  - Step 2 (light): 80% water, 20% pigment.
  - Step 3 (mid): 60% water, 40% pigment.
  - Step 4 (dark): 30% water, 70% pigment.
  - Step 5 (darkest): Minimum water -- paint should be thick and slightly opaque. Most of the water absorbed by the brush comes from the palette puddle itself.
- Let these dry completely before evaluating. The wet values will all look approximately correct; only the dried result reveals whether the steps are adequately separated.
- Apply this value range to a simple subject: a sphere, a simple mug, or a lemon. Use the lightest value for the lit face, mid values for the turning surfaces, and dark values for the shadowed face and cast shadow.
- Do not use pencil outlines to define the form -- value alone must create the illusion of three-dimensionality.
- Spend at least two practice sessions (60-90 minutes total) on value studies before introducing color mixing.

---

### Step 5 -- Introduce Color Mixing Fundamentals

Color mixing in watercolor has unique considerations compared to other paint media: the paint is transparent, colors applied in layers create optical mixing rather than physical mixing, and mud is produced differently than in oils or acrylics.

**Physical vs. Optical Mixing:**
- Physical mixing on the palette creates predictable, even blends.
- Optical mixing (wet-on-wet, or glazing transparent layers over each other) creates more luminous, vibrant results because light passes through both pigment layers and reflects from the white paper beneath.

**The Split-Primary System:**
Every primary color has a warm and cool version. This distinction is essential for clean color mixing:
- Warm red (Pyrrol Scarlet, Cadmium Red): leans orange. Cool red (Quinacridone Magenta, Alizarin Crimson): leans purple-blue.
- Warm yellow (New Gamboge, Cadmium Yellow): leans orange. Cool yellow (Lemon Yellow, Hansa Yellow): leans green.
- Warm blue (Ultramarine): leans red-purple. Cool blue (Phthalo Blue, Cerulean): leans green.

**Mixing Rules:**
- Clean oranges: warm red + warm yellow (both lean toward each other on the color wheel).
- Clean greens: cool yellow + cool blue (both lean toward each other).
- Clean purples: cool red + warm blue (both lean toward each other). Attempting purple with a warm red and a cool blue produces a brown-red muddiness.
- Mud is produced by mixing three primaries simultaneously (accidentally or intentionally in unplanned amounts) or by mixing complementary colors (red + green, blue + orange, yellow + purple) in roughly equal proportions.
- Controlled neutrals (useful for shadows, gray skies, muted earths): introduce very small amounts of a complementary color to lower saturation without creating mud. The proportion matters -- a tiny amount of orange de-saturates blue; equal amounts create gray-brown.

**Color Mixing Exercises:**
- Create a physical mixing chart: a grid where each row and column represents a color on the palette, and each intersection shows the mix result. This is a reference the user will use for months.
- Practice mixing landscape greens using only blue and yellow (avoiding tube greens, which are often too vivid for naturalistic work). Phthalo Blue + New Gamboge produces a bright, transparent green. Ultramarine + Raw Sienna produces a muted olive green.
- Limit mixes to two colors for the first two weeks of color practice. Three-color mixes require understanding of where each pigment sits on the color wheel.

---

### Step 6 -- Walk Through a First Complete Painting

The subject should match the user's stated goal. For landscape interest (the most common beginner goal), use a simple three-layer structure: sky, middle ground, foreground. This mirrors the layering logic of real landscapes and trains the user in the correct sequence.

**Pre-painting planning (5 minutes):**
- Identify where the paper's whites will be before painting anything. Whites in watercolor are preserved by leaving the paper unpainted -- there is no white paint to add later (except impractical correction methods). Clouds, highlights on water, light on a building -- mark these with a light pencil circle or a mental note before the brush touches the paper.
- Determine the value hierarchy: what is the lightest element, what is the darkest, where is the mid-range. The darkest dark in the painting should only appear once or twice, in the most important areas.
- Keep the pencil sketch minimal -- 3-5 lines establishing horizon placement and major shapes only. Over-sketching creates lines that bleed through watercolor layers and distract from the transparent paint effect.

**Painting sequence:**
1. Sky -- wet-on-wet. Wet the sky area with clean water. Apply blue (or a blue-to-violet gradient for a sunset) while the paper is still shiny. Leave dry paper untouched for cloud shapes -- clouds are the white of the paper, not painted white.
2. Dry completely. Test with the back of the hand.
3. Distant background hills or tree line -- light graded wash, cool and low-saturation. Atmospheric perspective: distant objects appear lighter, cooler in temperature, and less detailed than near objects.
4. Dry completely.
5. Middle ground -- medium value wash, slightly warmer in temperature than the background. Add minimal texture or edge definition.
6. Dry completely.
7. Foreground -- wet-on-dry, strongest values, warmest colors, most detail. Trees, grass texture, rocks, or a path.
8. Final detail pass -- darkest darks only. Shadows under trees, bases of rocks, deepest folds. Darkest values added last give the painting visual weight and depth.

---

### Step 7 -- Assign a Four-Week Practice Progression

Structure practice sessions to build skills progressively. Give the user a weekly focus so they are not overwhelmed.

**Week 1 (Foundation Washes):**
Sessions 1-2: Flat wash practice -- 5 rectangles per session, one color each. Sessions 3-4: Graded wash practice -- 5 rectangles per session, dark-to-light and light-to-dark. Session 5: Combine flat and graded washes in a single composition (3 horizontal bands of sky, water, land using appropriate wash type for each).

**Week 2 (Wet-on-Wet and Value):**
Sessions 1-2: Wet-on-wet sky studies -- wet the paper, drop colors, observe bloom behavior. Sessions 3-4: Single-color value scale and simple value study (sphere or mug). Session 5: Paint a sky + simple land combination, applying value contrast between sky and land.

**Week 3 (Wet-on-Dry and Color Mixing):**
Sessions 1-2: Wet-on-dry detail shapes -- leaves, rocks, simple organic forms. Sessions 3-4: Color mixing chart and landscape green mixing exercises. Session 5: A complete small study (6x8 or postcard-size) combining all four techniques.

**Week 4 (First Complete Painting):**
Session 1: Composition sketch and sky. Session 2: Background and middle ground layers. Session 3: Foreground wet-on-dry detail. Session 4: Final darks and review. Session 5: Paint a second version of the same composition from scratch, applying lessons learned. The second version will almost always be stronger.

---

### Step 8 -- Address Troubleshooting and Common Mistakes

Identify the most common errors by symptom and explain their cause and correction:

- **Streaky flat wash:** Cause -- not enough paint mixed, brush not fully loaded, board not tilted, returning to an area that started to dry. Fix -- mix a larger puddle, tilt the board, work faster and with more loaded brush strokes.
- **Backrun (bloom where not wanted):** Cause -- touching wet paint with a wetter brush or water droplet. The excess water pushes pigment outward, creating a hard-edged bloom. Fix -- let the area dry completely before touching it. If a backrun has just begun, encourage it deliberately (add more water and let it bloom fully) rather than fighting it -- a deliberate bloom can be a feature.
- **Mud:** Cause -- too many colors mixed together on the palette or wet-on-wet, overworking paint on the paper while wet, using complementary colors in equal amounts. Fix -- limit palette to 2-3 colors per mix, stop touching paint that has started to dry.
- **Paper buckling severely:** Cause -- single sheets of 140 lb paper not taped or stretched, too much water. Fix -- tape all four edges to a board with painter's tape before beginning. Soak and stretch paper for extreme water usage. Use a watercolor block.
- **Colors look dull and chalky when dry:** Cause -- student-grade paints with high filler content, or too many overlapping wet layers that lifted previous layers. Fix -- upgrade to artist-grade for specific colors; reduce the number of wet layers (watercolor layers lift and muddy if rewet too aggressively).
- **Hard lines where soft edges were wanted:** Cause -- wet paint applied to dry paper when wet-on-wet was needed. Fix -- rewet the area before applying paint. If too late and the paint has dried, accept the hard edge or use it compositionally.
- **Brushes losing their point:** Cause -- stored tip-up in water jar (gravity pulls water to bristle root, loosening glue), or cheap synthetic brushes that do not recover. Fix -- lay brushes flat or store tip-down to dry. Wash with mild soap monthly.

---

## Output Format

Deliver a structured learning plan using this format. Fill all fields with specific information -- no placeholders.

```
## Watercolor Learning Plan

### User Profile
- Experience level: [none / some drawing / another painting medium]
- Available time: [minutes per session, days per week]
- Budget: [dollar amount and tier name]
- Goal: [relaxation / skill building / landscapes / florals / subjects]

---

### Materials Checklist ([Tier Name] -- $[estimated total])
| Item                  | Specification                                    | Est. Cost |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Watercolor paint      | [pan/tube, grade, color count, brand note]       | $[cost]   |
| Brush 1               | [size, type, synthetic/natural, purpose]         | $[cost]   |
| Brush 2               | [size, type, purpose]                            | $[cost]   |
| Paper                 | [weight in lb and gsm, surface type, size, qty]  | $[cost]   |
| Palette               | [type and why]                                   | $[cost]   |
| Water containers      | Two jars -- rinse jar + clean water jar          | $[cost]   |
| Paper towels          | Cotton rag preferred for less lint               | $[cost]   |
| Tape/board            | [painter's tape + wood board or watercolor block]| $[cost]   |
| Extras                | [any additional tools for tier]                  | $[cost]   |
| **Total**             |                                                  | **$[sum]**|

**Priority note:** Paper > paint > brushes in order of budget allocation.

---

### Technique Progression (4 weeks)
| # | Technique       | Key Concept                  | Practice Reps   | Success Criteria                        |
|---|-----------------|------------------------------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------|
| 1 | Flat wash       | Even color, zero streaks     | 5 rects/session | No visible strokes, uniform value       |
| 2 | Graded wash     | Smooth dark-to-light         | 5 rects/session | No visible value steps                  |
| 3 | Wet-on-wet      | Soft edges, bloom control    | 3 skies/session | No unintended hard edges                |
| 4 | Wet-on-dry      | Hard edges, precision        | 10 shapes/session | Crisp clean edges, no bleeding         |

---

### Value Study (Week 2, Sessions 3-4)
- Color used: [single color name and why it was chosen]
- Subject: [specific simple object]
- 5-step value scale: near-white / light / mid / dark / full strength
- Drying note: values lighten 30-40% when dry -- mix 40% darker than target
- Success criteria: visible 3D form created by value alone, no outline dependency

---

### Color Mixing Reference (Landscape Focus)
| Primary Mix              | Result              | Proportion            | Application               |
|--------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------|
| [Warm red + warm yellow] | Bright orange       | Equal or +yellow      | Autumn foliage, sunsets   |
| [Cool yellow + cool blue]| Clean vivid green   | Adjust for warm/cool  | Summer foliage, grass     |
| [Warm blue + cool red]   | Deep purple         | Equal, adjust for hue | Shadows, dusk sky         |
| [Warm blue + raw sienna] | Muted olive green   | +blue for darker      | Distant hills, scrub      |
| [Complement + main]      | Neutralized tone    | Tiny complement only  | Shadows, muted grounds    |

**Mud prevention rule:** Maximum 2 colors per mix for weeks 1-3. Never remix wet paint already on paper.

---

### First Painting Sequence: [Subject]
| Step | Technique      | Area            | Specific Instructions                                 | Drying Required |
|------|----------------|-----------------|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| 0    | Planning       | Full page       | Identify whites, mark horizon, 3-5 pencil lines max   | N/A             |
| 1    | Wet-on-wet     | Sky             | Wet shiny, not pooling. Blue from top, lighter to horizon. Dry paper = clouds. | Before step 2 |
| 2    | Graded wash    | Background      | Cool, light values. Less detail = more distance.       | Before step 3   |
| 3    | Medium wash    | Middle ground   | Warmer temperature, slightly darker value, minimal edge detail | Before step 4 |
| 4    | Wet-on-dry     | Foreground      | Darkest values, warmest colors, sharpest edges, most detail | Before step 5 |
| 5    | Detail pass    | Shadows/darks   | Darkest darks last. Placed at most important forms only | Complete        |

---

### Weekly Practice Schedule
| Week | Focus Area                    | Session Breakdown                                         | Sheet Count |
|------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
| 1    | Flat + graded washes          | Sessions 1-2: flat wash reps. Sessions 3-4: graded reps. Session 5: 3-band combo (sky/water/land) | 8-10 sheets |
| 2    | Wet-on-wet + value            | Sessions 1-2: wet-on-wet sky studies. Sessions 3-4: value scale + single-color study. Session 5: sky + land combo | 6-8 sheets  |
| 3    | Wet-on-dry + color mixing     | Sessions 1-2: hard-edge shape studies. Sessions 3-4: mixing chart + landscape greens. Session 5: postcard-size full study | 5-7 sheets  |
| 4    | First complete painting        | Sessions 1-2: sketch + sky + background. Session 3: middle/foreground. Session 4: darks + review. Session 5: second version from scratch | 4-6 sheets  |

Total paper estimate: 23-31 sheets across 4 weeks. A 15-sheet pad is insufficient -- recommend a 30-sheet pad or two pads.

---

### Common Mistake Troubleshooting
| Symptom                      | Cause                              | Fix                                                   |
|------------------------------|------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
| Streaky flat wash            | Insufficient paint mixed, dry board, return to drying area | Mix larger puddle, tilt board 15°, work faster |
| Backrun bloom (unwanted)     | Wetter brush touching drying paint | Let dry fully before touching. Encourage the bloom deliberately if recent. |
| Muddy colors                 | 3+ colors mixed or overworking wet paint | Max 2-color mixes, stop touching drying paint |
| Paper buckling               | Untaped single sheets, excess water | Tape all 4 edges to board or use watercolor block |
| Colors look chalky when dry  | Student-grade filler, over-layering | Upgrade key colors to artist grade; reduce wet layer count |
| Hard edges where soft wanted | Applied paint to dry paper         | Re-wet area before painting or accept and use the edge |
```

---

## Rules

1. **Paper weight is non-negotiable.** Never recommend paper below 140 lb (300 gsm) for watercolor. Lighter paper buckles catastrophically, pills when wet, and destroys beginner confidence. If the user cannot afford 140 lb watercolor paper, they should practice on a smaller sheet count at correct weight rather than more sheets at wrong weight.

2. **Flat wash comes first, always.** Every watercolor technique derives from controlled brush loading, bead management, and paint-to-water ratio -- all of which are learned through flat wash practice. A user who cannot paint a streak-free flat wash will fail at graded washes, wet-on-wet, and glazing. Do not skip or abbreviate flat wash training.

3. **Value before color, always.** Beginners who jump to color mixing before mastering value produce consistently flat, muddied paintings. Minimum two sessions of single-color value study must be completed before color mixing is introduced. Frame this not as restriction but as the actual shortcut -- strong value structure makes color choices almost automatic.

4. **Drying between layers is not optional.** The instruction "let this dry completely before continuing" must appear before every subsequent step in any multi-layer painting sequence. Include the touch-test: touch the back of the paper to the back of your hand or cheek. Wet paper feels cool to the touch; dry paper feels neutral or room temperature. Using a hairdryer is acceptable on cool or low settings only.

5. **Mud prevention must be taught explicitly with each color mixing section.** Mud is not a color-theory abstraction -- it is the specific consequence of mixing three primaries simultaneously, overworking wet paint on paper, or mixing complementary colors in equal proportions. Limit mixes to two colors for the first three weeks of color practice. Introduce three-color mixes only after the user understands where each pigment sits on the color wheel.

6. **Brush care instructions must accompany any brush recommendation.** Brushes stored standing tip-up in water will have their bristle-to-ferrule glue dissolved within weeks, causing the bristles to splay permanently. The correct storage is flat or tip-down in a brush roll. Wash brushes with mild soap (dish soap or brush soap) weekly. Do not use hot water, which expands the ferrule and loosens the glue.

7. **Paper budget allocation overrides paint and brush budget.** If a user must choose, always recommend spending available budget on higher-quality paper before better paint and better paint before better brushes. A modest pan set on 300 lb cold-press paper produces dramatically better results than artist-grade tubes on printer paper.

8. **Never recommend masking fluid in the first four weeks.** Masking fluid requires the user to plan whites in advance, apply and remove fluid without tearing paper, and time the removal correctly to avoid damage. This is a planning and timing skill that presupposes solid technique foundations. Premature masking fluid instruction leads to torn paper and frustration, not cleaner whites.

9. **Wet-on-wet timing windows must be specified.** The instruction "wet the paper and paint on it" is insufficient. The user needs to know: the paper should be shiny (not pooling, not dry), the effective window is approximately 60-90 seconds at normal room temperature and humidity (shorter in dry climates), and paint applied near the end of the window will create semi-hard rather than fully soft edges. Give beginners permission to rewet the paper if they miss the window.

10. **Practice repetition counts must always be specific.** Saying "practice this technique" without a target number is insufficient guidance. Specify minimum repetitions: flat wash (5 rectangles per session), graded wash (5 rectangles), wet-on-wet sky (3 studies), wet-on-dry detail shapes (10 per session). The numbers signal to the user that painting a technique once is not adequate practice -- mastery comes from repetition across multiple sessions.

---

## Edge Cases

**User only has student-grade paints (low pigment concentration, cannot upgrade):**
Student-grade paints are entirely adequate for learning all four foundational techniques. The differences compared to artist-grade are: lower pigment concentration (requiring more paint to reach the same value, which can muddy mixes faster), less transparency (reducing the luminosity of glazed layers), and more filler that can cause uneven drying and granulation in some colors. These differences do not affect the ability to learn wash technique, value control, or wet-on-wet behavior. Recommendation: if the user wants to upgrade one or two colors selectively, suggest Ultramarine Blue and Burnt Sienna in artist grade (a classic two-color landscape palette) -- these two colors alone can mix a remarkable range of naturalistic tones and demonstrate the difference artist-grade paint makes.

**User is in a very dry or hot climate (desert, air-conditioned room in summer):**
The wet-on-wet window shrinks from 60-90 seconds to 20-40 seconds. Paper can begin to dry mid-flat wash, creating unwanted streaks. Solutions: add one drop of ox gall liquid to the clean water jar (lowers surface tension, helping paint spread and slowing drying slightly); add one drop of glycerin to the water jar (slows drying by 20-30%); work on smaller paper (6x8 or postcard size) so each wash is completed before drying; mist the paper with a fine spray bottle immediately before working; work in the coolest part of the room, away from sunlight and heating vents. Do not over-spray: pooling water on the paper creates uncontrolled blooms and backruns.

**User previously painted in oils or acrylics and is transitioning:**
Address three critical mental-model corrections: (1) In watercolor, you work light-to-dark -- the paper is the lightest value, not a white paint layer applied at the end. (2) Mistakes cannot be easily painted over -- while watercolor can be lifted (with a damp brush or sponge, before it sets), most errors are better incorporated into the design than painted over. Teach the habit of planning whites before touching brush to paper. (3) Watercolor dries much lighter than it looks when wet -- a value that looks correct wet will dry 30-40% lighter. Over-painters often under-paint watercolor and are surprised by pale, washed-out results.

**User is a child under 10:**
Simplify to two techniques: wet-on-wet (high fun, high forgiveness -- watching paint bloom is inherently engaging) and basic wet-on-dry for simple shapes. Skip value theory and split-primary color mixing entirely. Provide 5-7 pre-mixed colors rather than having the child mix from primaries. Use 140 lb or heavier paper (300 lb or watercolor board) because children use more water and press harder than adults. Focus sessions on observation ("what shape did the paint make when it spread?") and enjoyment, not technical outcomes. A 20-minute session is appropriate for ages 6-8; 30-35 minutes for ages 9-10.

**User wants to skip ahead to painting a specific complex subject (portrait, detailed animal, architectural scene):**
Validate the interest in the subject but be direct: attempting a complex subject before mastering the four foundational techniques produces frustrating results that discourage continued learning. Propose a bridge: simplify the desired subject to a 3-value version (background, mid, foreground) that can be attempted in Week 4 using the progression the skill teaches. A portrait can become a simple head-and-shoulder silhouette using 3 values; a dog can be painted as shape + shadow; an architectural scene becomes flat geometric washes of sky, building face, and shadow side. The simplification exercises the same techniques while giving the user early success with their preferred subject.

**User is using only one water jar instead of two:**
This is extremely common and causes consistent mud in the palette and in mixes because the rinse water contaminates subsequent colors. The two-jar system is essential: one large jar for rinsing (gets dirty immediately and often), one smaller jar kept clean for mixing and for rewetting the palette. Dirty rinse water used for mixing introduces uncontrolled third colors into every mix and is the most common hidden cause of muddy results. Kitchen jars, glasses, or large cups work perfectly -- the user does not need to buy anything.

**User asks about watercolor pencils or water-soluble crayons as an alternative or starting point:**
Watercolor pencils and water-soluble crayons are a legitimate bridge medium -- they allow drawing-style mark-making that is then dissolved with a wet brush to create watercolor-like effects. They are more controllable than traditional watercolor for beginners because the pigment is placed precisely before water is added, rather than controlled in real time. However, they produce different results (more granular, less transparent, less luminous than traditional watercolor) and are a distinct skill set. Recommend them only if the user has a strong drawing background and finds pure watercolor's unpredictability discouraging. Traditional watercolor instruction in this skill does not transfer directly to watercolor pencil use.

**User's paper is buckling badly despite using 140 lb paper:**
Single sheets of 140 lb paper will buckle under heavy water use even at correct weight. Solutions in order of effectiveness: (1) Use a watercolor block (paper glued on all four sides, the most convenient solution). (2) Tape all four edges of the paper to a rigid board using painter's tape or gummed tape (stretch the tape outward slightly before pressing it down). (3) Pre-soak and stretch: submerge the paper in a bathtub or large tray of water for 5-10 minutes, then staple or tape it to a wooden board while still wet, and let dry before painting. Pre-stretched paper does not buckle even under extremely heavy washes. (4) Purchase 300 lb paper -- at this weight, buckling is minimal even without taping.

---

## Example

**Input:** "I have never painted before, but I want to try watercolor. I have about $45 to spend on materials and I have 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week. I want to paint simple landscapes -- skies, hills, trees. Where do I start?"

**Output:**

## Watercolor Learning Plan

### User Profile
- Experience level: No prior painting experience
- Available time: 30 minutes per session, 5 days per week
- Budget: $45 (Starter-Plus Tier)
- Goal: Simple landscapes -- skies, hills, trees

---

### Materials Checklist (Starter-Plus Tier -- estimated $42)
| Item                  | Specification                                                   | Est. Cost |
|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Watercolor paint      | 12-color student-grade pan set (pans are economical and portable for learning) | $12 |
| Round brush, size 8   | Synthetic round -- primary brush for washes and most marks     | $6        |
| Round brush, size 2   | Synthetic round -- detail work, tree branches, foreground grass | $4        |
| Watercolor paper pad  | 9x12 inch, 140 lb (300 gsm) cold-press, minimum 25-30 sheets  | $12       |
| Palette               | White ceramic dinner plate from kitchen (free) or lid of pan set | $0       |
| Water containers      | Two kitchen jars: one rinse jar, one clean water jar (critical -- use two, not one) | $0 |
| Paper towels          | Or a cotton rag -- for blotting and brush control              | $0        |
| Painter's tape        | 1-inch low-tack, to tape paper edges to a board before each session | $5    |
| Rigid board           | A piece of scrap wood, a cutting board, or a hardback book to tape paper to | $0 |
| Pencil + kneaded eraser | HB pencil for light sketch lines; kneaded eraser to lighten pencil before painting | $3 |
| **Total**             |                                                                 | **$42**   |

**Priority note:** The $12 on paper is the most important purchase on this list. 140 lb cold-press watercolor paper will teach you more in 30 minutes than the best brushes in the world on the wrong paper.

**What to skip for now:** Masking fluid, masking tape alternatives, additional brushes, and color mediums (ox gall, glycerin) are not needed in the first four weeks.

---

### Technique Progression (Weeks 1-4)
| # | Technique       | Key Concept                       | Practice Reps      | Success Criteria                        |
|---|-----------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------------------|
| 1 | Flat wash       | Even, streak-free color field     | 5 rectangles/session | No visible horizontal lines or value variation |
| 2 | Graded wash     | Smooth dark-to-light gradient     | 5 rectangles/session | No visible steps between values          |
| 3 | Wet-on-wet      | Soft edges, bloom control         | 3 sky studies/session | No unintended hard edges in the wet area |
| 4 | Wet-on-dry      | Crisp, precise edges              | 10 shapes/session  | Clean edges with zero bleed              |

---

### Value Study (Week 2, Days 3-4)
- Color used: **Ultramarine Blue** -- the most versatile landscape color on your palette. Has excellent value range from near-transparent to very dark.
- Subject: A simple sphere first (day 3), then a single tree silhouette (day 4)
- 5-step value scale:
  - Step 1 (near-white): 95% water, barely any pigment
  - Step 2 (light): 80% water, 20% pigment
  - Step 3 (mid): 60% water, 40% pigment
  - Step 4 (dark): 30% water, 70% pigment
  - Step 5 (darkest): minimum water -- paint should look almost thick on the brush
- **Critical drying note:** Watercolor lightens by 30-40% as it dries. Always mix your target value 40% darker than it looks wet. Your darkest dark should look almost black while wet.
- Success criteria: visible 3D form on the sphere created by value alone -- no pencil outline to define the edges

---

### Color Mixing Reference (Landscape Palette)
| Mix                           | Result                  | Proportion Note              | Use In Your Landscapes           |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------|------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Blue + touch of yellow        | Natural green           | More blue = darker, cooler   | Distant hills, pine trees         |
| Yellow + small amount of blue | Bright lime green       | More yellow = warmer         | Sunlit grass, summer foliage      |
| Blue + tiny touch of red      | Soft blue-purple        | Tiny red, more blue          | Shadow areas in hills, dusk sky   |
| Yellow + tiny touch of red    | Warm gold / amber       | Adjust red for orange warmth | Autumn trees, afternoon sunlight  |
| Blue + raw sienna / burnt sienna (if you can buy one tube) | Muted olive green | Equal parts | Most realistic landscape green    |
| Blue (very diluted)           | Pale sky blue           | Mostly water                 | Clear sky, distant atmosphere     |

**Mud prevention rule:** Mix only 2 colors together for your first three weeks. If a mix looks brown-gray and flat, you've introduced a third color accidentally (often dirty water from the rinse jar). Replace the rinse water frequently.

---

### First Painting Sequence: Simple Landscape (Sky + Hills + Foreground)
| Step | Technique      | Area            | Detailed Instructions                                                   | Must Dry? |
|------|----------------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| 0    | Planning       | Full page       | Draw a single horizontal line at 1/3 from the bottom (horizon). Sketch 1-2 curved hill shapes above it. Mark any cloud shapes with a light circle. 3-5 pencil lines total -- no more. The sky is the white paper; clouds are NOT painted, they are preserved as unpainted paper. | N/A |
| 1    | Wet-on-wet     | Sky area (top 2/3) | Using your size 8 brush, apply clean water across the entire sky. It should look shiny -- not pooling in puddles, not showing any dry patches. Immediately touch blue paint to the top of the wet area and let it flow downward. The paint will spread softly. Leave the circle areas unpainted for clouds -- they will remain white paper. Add a tiny touch of warmth (yellow or light red) near the horizon for atmosphere. | Yes -- fully dry before step 2 |
| 2    | Wait           | Full paper      | Touch the back of the paper to your wrist. If it feels even slightly cool, it is still wet. Wait until it feels room temperature. Do not use a hairdryer at this stage -- the sky paint is still mobile and heat can cause streaks. | -- |
| 3    | Graded wash    | Hill area       | Mix a soft green (blue + tiny yellow). Paint the hills with a graded wash -- darker at the base of each hill, lighter at the top. Overlap the hill shapes slightly to create layers of depth. Farther hills should be lighter and cooler (more blue, less yellow). Nearer hills should be slightly darker and warmer (more yellow). | Yes -- fully dry before step 4 |
| 4    | Wait           | Full paper      | Touch test again. The hills must be completely dry or the foreground green will blend into them and remove the depth effect. | -- |
| 5    | Wet-on-dry     | Foreground      | Using your size 8 brush for large areas and size 2 for detail: paint the foreground with your darkest, warmest greens. Add texture strokes -- horizontal dashes for grass, upward flicking strokes for taller plants. Use the tip of the size 2 brush to add a tree or two: paint the trunk first, then stipple foliage with a slightly twisted brush tip. Edges here should be crisp. | Yes |
| 6    | Final darks    | Shadows only    | Mix your darkest value -- nearly full-strength blue with a touch of brown or red to de-saturate. Apply only at the bases of trees, the ground-level shadow of hills, and any other area that needs the deepest depth. Use sparingly -- dark darks are powerful and only need to appear 2-3 times in a small painting. | Complete |

---

### Weekly Practice Schedule (30 min/day, 5 days/week)
| Week | Focus Area                     | Session Breakdown                                                                                                          | Paper Needed |
|------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|
| 1
