---
name: catering-planner
description: |
  Complete guide to catering planning covering menu design by event type, dietary accommodation strategies, quantity calculations, event timeline management, vendor coordination, food presentation and display, per-head budgeting, and cleanup logistics. Use when the user asks about catering planner or needs help with related topics. Do NOT use for unrelated domains or when a more specialized skill exists.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "event-planning planning checklist cooking"
  category: "travel-experiences"
  subcategory: "event-planning"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---
# Catering Planner

## When to Use

Use this skill when the user needs structured, expert-level help planning catering for a real event -- from initial concept through cleanup.

**Trigger scenarios -- use this skill when the user:**
- Is organizing an event (wedding, corporate function, fundraiser, birthday, holiday party, memorial, baby shower, retirement, bar/bat mitzvah, graduation, or similar) and needs a complete catering plan
- Needs to calculate food and beverage quantities for a specific guest count and service style
- Is building a catering budget and needs per-head cost breakdowns, vendor evaluation criteria, or cost-saving strategies
- Is coordinating with a catering company and needs contract guidance, questions to ask, or vendor comparison frameworks
- Is self-catering an event and needs prep timelines, kitchen logistics, food safety protocols, and service setup guidance
- Needs to create a menu that accommodates multiple dietary restrictions while remaining cohesive and appealing
- Is managing event day food service logistics -- timing, staffing ratios, buffet flow, temperature control, or plated service sequencing
- Needs food presentation and display guidance for buffets, plated dinners, or food stations
- Is dealing with a large-scale event (100+ guests) and needs to manage quantity scaling, vendor coordination, or multi-station setup
- Wants a day-of catering checklist or event timeline for kitchen and service staff

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- The user needs help planning non-food elements of an event such as venue selection, floral design, entertainment, or guest list management -- use an event-planning or venue-selection skill instead
- The user is asking about restaurant operations, commercial kitchen management, or food service business planning -- these require a food service operations skill
- The request is about recipe development or cooking technique at a non-event level -- use a culinary skills or recipe development skill
- The user is seeking guidance on starting or running a catering business -- use a small business or hospitality entrepreneurship skill
- The user needs help with large-scale institutional food service (hospital cafeteria, school lunch program, airline catering) -- these have distinct regulatory and logistics profiles beyond event scope
- The question is about food safety certification (ServSafe, HACCP training) at a professional/regulatory level -- use a food safety compliance skill

---

## Process

### Step 1: Gather Core Event Requirements

Before producing any catering plan, collect the following information. Missing even two or three of these makes quantity calculations and budget estimates unreliable.

- **Event type and formality:** Wedding, corporate lunch, cocktail party, fundraiser gala, birthday, holiday party, memorial reception, or other. Formality determines service style and price tier.
- **Guest count:** Confirmed RSVP vs. estimated. Ask for both -- use RSVP count for ordering but flag if estimate is significantly higher.
- **Service style:** Plated/sit-down, buffet, cocktail (passed appetizers only), food stations, family style, or hybrid (e.g., plated dinner with dessert station).
- **Event duration and time of day:** A 2-hour cocktail hour vs. a 5-hour wedding reception require completely different quantity calculations. Time of day determines appropriate meal type (breakfast, brunch, lunch, cocktail, dinner).
- **Venue and kitchen access:** Full commercial kitchen on-site, partial kitchen, venue with no kitchen (transport-only), outdoor with no power (must use Sterno or battery warmers). This determines what can be cooked vs. must be prepared off-site.
- **Budget:** Total budget and per-head target. If the user hasn't thought in per-head terms, introduce that framing immediately -- it is the most useful unit for catering decisions.
- **Dietary restrictions and allergies:** How many vegetarians, vegans, gluten-free, nut-allergic, kosher, halal, or other? Is anyone at risk for anaphylaxis? Will this information be collected on the RSVP or does the user need a collection strategy?
- **Alcohol:** Full open bar, beer and wine only, limited signature cocktail, champagne toast only, BYOB, or dry event. Alcohol dramatically affects both budget and logistics.
- **Hiring a caterer vs. self-catering:** This changes the skill output significantly. Self-catering requires detailed prep timelines, equipment lists, and staffing plans. Hiring requires vendor evaluation and contract guidance.
- **Setup and cleanup scope:** What time does venue access begin? Is there a hard end time? Who is responsible for post-event cleanup?

### Step 2: Determine Service Style and Menu Structure

Once the basic requirements are confirmed, use the event type, duration, time of day, and budget to recommend the appropriate service style and menu structure.

- **Match service style to event formality and budget:** Plated service costs the most (requires 1 server per 15-20 guests) but delivers the highest perceived formality. Buffet serves more guests per staff hour (1 server per 25-30 guests) but requires more food volume (guests take 25-30% more than plated portions). Stations create flow and engagement but require more setup space and specialized staffing at each station.
- **Set menu tiers by event type and time:** Use the Menu Planning Reference Table below. Key anchor rules: a cocktail-only event needs 10-12 passed pieces per person per 2 hours. A full dinner service needs a minimum of: salad or soup, one protein (two options for 50+ guests), two sides, bread, and dessert.
- **Design for dietary coherence, not just compliance:** Do not bolt dietary options on as an afterthought. Build a menu where at least one primary protein, one side, and one dessert are naturally vegan and gluten-free -- that covers vegetarian, vegan, gluten-free, and dairy-free guests without separate "special plates" for most people.
- **Apply seasonal logic:** Spring -- lighter preparations, raw bar, asparagus, pea shoots, citrus. Summer -- grilled proteins, cold soups, stone fruits, corn. Fall -- braised meats, root vegetables, squash, apple desserts. Winter -- slow-cooked dishes, hearty grains, citrus, chocolate. Seasonal produce is 20-40% cheaper and higher quality.
- **Flavor and texture balance:** Every menu needs contrast. If the main is rich (braised short rib), the salad must be acidic and light (arugula, lemon vinaigrette). If the main protein is mild (poached salmon), add umami punch in the side (miso glazed roasted mushrooms). Never serve three soft or three crunchy textures in a row.
- **Menu writing standard:** Use descriptive, sensory language. "Pan-seared airline chicken breast with roasted garlic jus and wilted spinach" communicates quality. "Chicken with sauce and vegetables" communicates nothing. Mark every item with dietary symbols: V (vegetarian), VG (vegan), GF (gluten-free), DF (dairy-free), N (contains nuts). List allergens explicitly below each item.

### Step 3: Calculate Food and Beverage Quantities

Apply the quantity formulas below to the confirmed guest count and service style. Always calculate before shopping or ordering -- never estimate by intuition at events over 30 people.

**Food quantity framework by category:**

| Category | Plated Portion | Buffet Portion | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main protein (single option) | 6-8 oz cooked weight | 8-10 oz cooked weight | Bone-in cuts lose 30-40% to bone/shrinkage |
| Main protein (two options) | 4-5 oz each | 5-6 oz each | Calculate 60% popular / 40% alternative split |
| Starch (pasta, rice, potato) | 4 oz | 5-6 oz | Pasta expands 2x when cooked from dry |
| Roasted vegetables | 4 oz | 5-6 oz | Raw vegetables lose 30-40% weight when roasted |
| Green salad | 1.5-2 oz dressed | 2-3 oz | Dress at service, not ahead |
| Bread/rolls | 1.5-2 rolls | 2 rolls | Offer butter or dipping oil |
| Dessert | 1 standard serving | 1.1 servings | Add 10% buffer; guests often take a second |
| Appetizers (pre-dinner) | 4-6 pieces | -- | Passed apps before a sit-down dinner |
| Appetizers (cocktail-only, 2 hrs) | 10-12 pieces | -- | Add 2 pieces per additional 30 minutes |

**Beverage quantity framework:**

| Beverage | Quantity per Guest | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Water (still) | 1 liter | More in summer or outdoor events -- increase to 1.5 liters |
| Coffee | 1.5 cups; 1 lb ground = 40-45 cups | Offer decaf for 30% of the supply |
| Beer (casual event) | 2 per person first hour, 1 per hour after | Offer 2 styles -- 1 light, 1 craft/IPA |
| Wine (dinner) | 1 bottle per 2.5 guests | Plan 60% white, 40% red for most events; reverse for winter |
| Champagne toast | 1 bottle per 6 glasses | One 5 oz pour per person |
| Full bar cocktails | 2 per person first hour, 1 per hour after | Factor in non-drinkers (typically 15-20% of adult guests) |
| Soft drinks / juice | 2 per non-drinking guest | Also provide for all guests as mixer option |

**Buffer rule:** Always add 8-10% to all food quantities. Always add 10-15% to beverage quantities. Running out of food is catastrophic and unrecoverable. Leftover food has planned uses (staff meals, donation, guest takeaway).

**Scaling protein for raw purchase weight:** Cooked yield from raw protein averages 65-75% for boneless cuts (chicken breast, pork tenderloin, fish fillet) and 55-65% for bone-in cuts (chicken quarters, beef short rib, rack of lamb). To hit 7 oz cooked per person for 80 guests: 80 x 7 oz = 560 oz cooked. At 70% yield: 560 / 0.70 = 800 oz raw = 50 lbs to purchase.

### Step 4: Build the Budget

Construct the budget using a per-head framework broken into five cost categories. Present the budget in a line-item format with totals.

**Five cost categories:**
1. **Food and non-alcoholic beverage:** The largest single cost. Covers all ingredients, packaging, serving vessels, and non-alcohol drinks.
2. **Alcohol:** Often 20-35% of total event catering cost. If the venue requires a licensed bartender or has a corkage fee, include that here.
3. **Labor:** Caterer staff, servers, bartenders, kitchen crew. For self-catered events, factor in whether paid help is hired. Standard is 1 server per 20 guests (plated), 1 per 30 (buffet), 1 bartender per 50 guests.
4. **Rentals:** Chafing dishes, serving vessels, linens, tableware, glassware, tables, chairs (if not included in venue). Often overlooked in initial budgets.
5. **Service charge and tax:** Caterers typically add 18-22% service charge on top of food/labor costs. Sales tax applies to food and rentals in most jurisdictions. This can add 25-30% to the base quote -- always include it.

**Per-head benchmarks (all-in, including service charge and tax):**

| Event Type | Per-Head Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Self-catered casual (BBQ, buffet) | $15-$30 | Excludes labor cost if self-served |
| Catered casual lunch or breakfast | $25-$45 | Boxed or simple buffet |
| Catered cocktail party (apps + bar) | $45-$80 | 6-8 passed items, beer/wine |
| Catered buffet dinner (no bar) | $50-$90 | Full meal, basic rentals included |
| Catered plated dinner (no bar) | $70-$150 | More staff-intensive, higher perceived quality |
| Upscale gala or wedding (with bar) | $120-$300+ | Full service, premium menu, full bar |
| Alcohol add-on (beer/wine only) | $18-$35 per person | Two-hour open bar |
| Alcohol add-on (full bar) | $30-$65 per person | Well liquor, wine, beer, mixers, garnish |

**Cost-saving tactics (with realistic savings):**
- Switch from plated to buffet: saves $10-$25 per person in labor
- Brunch or lunch instead of dinner: typically 30-40% less per head
- Beer and wine only instead of full bar: saves $15-$30 per person
- Reduce from 3 entree choices to 2: simplifies prep, reduces waste by 10-15%
- Use seasonal produce: can reduce ingredient costs by 15-25%
- Dessert station (one cake, brownies, cookies) vs. individually plated desserts: saves $5-$15 per person
- Eliminate one passed appetizer course: saves $3-$8 per person

### Step 5: Design the Event Day Timeline

A catering timeline works backward from the moment guests arrive. Build it with hour-by-hour precision.

**Timeline construction rules:**
- Identify the guest arrival time first -- this is the anchor point for all backward planning.
- Add 15-minute buffer between courses for plated service.
- All hot food must be on serving stations or at the pass within 15 minutes of service time.
- Venue access time must be at least 3-4 hours before guests arrive for a full dinner service; 2 hours minimum for a buffet-only event.
- Staff briefing must happen 45-60 minutes before guests arrive -- never during service.
- Kitchen breakdown begins during dessert, not after the event ends.

**Standard timeline template for an evening dinner (6:30 PM guest arrival):**

```
9:00 AM   Confirm final headcount with all vendors
10:00 AM  Venue access -- catering team arrives
10:30 AM  Equipment setup: chafing dishes, stations, bar cart
11:30 AM  Deliveries arrive -- verify against order sheet, check temperatures
12:00 PM  Prep begins: chopping, portioning, marinating, cold prep
1:00 PM   Tables set -- linens, flatware, glassware, centerpieces
2:30 PM   Bar stocked and staged; non-alcoholic beverages iced
3:00 PM   Hot items begin cooking (items with long cook times)
4:30 PM   Passed appetizer trays prepped, covered, and refrigerated
5:00 PM   Full walk-through: table settings, station layout, bar setup
5:30 PM   Final prep on mains; all cold items plated and covered
5:45 PM   Staff briefing: roles, course timing, dietary flags, allergy alerts
6:15 PM   Appetizer trays ready at kitchen pass; servers in position
6:30 PM   GUESTS ARRIVE -- cocktail hour begins, apps passed
7:30 PM   Guests seated; bread and water served within 5 minutes of seating
7:45 PM   First course (salad or soup) served
8:10 PM   First course cleared; mains plated and held at 140°F+
8:15 PM   Mains served -- all plates at each table within 3 minutes
9:00 PM   Mains cleared; dessert station open or plated dessert served
9:00 PM   Kitchen begins breakdown and dishwashing
9:45 PM   Coffee service
10:30 PM  Event ends; final bus and breakdown
10:30 PM - 12:00 AM  Full cleanup, equipment breakdown, venue restore
```

**Prep day activities (the day before):**
- Complete grocery shopping and cross-check against master quantity list
- Prepare all hold-well items: stocks, sauces, marinades, dressings, rubs
- Bake all pastries, bread, and dessert components
- Portion proteins (vacuum-seal if possible) and refrigerate
- Inventory all equipment, rentals, and serving ware -- flag any gaps
- Confirm all delivery and staff arrival times in writing

### Step 6: Manage Vendor Coordination

If the user is hiring a caterer, provide this structured framework for finding, evaluating, and contracting the right vendor.

**Evaluation criteria (rank in this order):**
1. Direct tasting of their food -- non-negotiable for events over $2,000 total food cost
2. Experience with events of similar type, size, and service style
3. Active health department license and general liability insurance certificate (request copies)
4. Staff-to-guest ratio they commit to in writing
5. References from at least two events in the last 12 months of similar scale
6. Menu flexibility -- can they accommodate your specific dietary needs?
7. Equipment included in quoted price vs. billed separately
8. Clearly defined setup and cleanup responsibilities
9. Alcohol license if serving alcohol through the caterer
10. Cancellation and force majeure policy

**Questions to ask before booking:**
- What is included in the per-person price? (Food, labor, setup, cleanup, rentals, service charge, gratuity, or are these separate?)
- What is your policy if a key ingredient becomes unavailable? (Substitution approval process)
- What is the deadline for final headcount, and how do changes affect pricing?
- What equipment do you provide vs. what do I need to rent separately?
- What is your policy on leftover food -- does it stay with us or do you take it?
- Who is the day-of point of contact and will you personally be on-site?
- What are your payment terms? (Typical: 25-50% deposit at booking, balance due 7-14 days before event)
- What happens if you need to cancel? (Force majeure clause, backup vendor relationships)

**Contract must include:**
- Detailed menu with specific dishes, portion sizes, and dietary designations
- Itemized pricing: food cost per head, bar cost per head, staffing cost, rental cost, service charge percentage, tax
- Exact number of staff committed for the event duration
- Setup start time and cleanup completion time
- List of all equipment provided by caterer vs. rented separately
- Final headcount deadline (typically 5-10 business days before event)
- Cancellation policy with specific refund schedule
- Certificate of insurance on file with the venue
- Signature and date from the catering company principal or authorized representative

### Step 7: Plan Food Presentation and Display

**Buffet setup protocol:**
- **Flow sequencing (left to right):** Plates first -- Salads and cold dishes -- Starches and sides -- Proteins -- Bread and condiments -- Utensils and napkins at the end (not the beginning, where they create bottlenecks)
- **Beverage station:** Always a separate station from the food line, positioned away from the main traffic flow
- **Dessert station:** Keep covered and out of view until after dinner service -- opening it prematurely causes guests to skip main courses
- **Two-sided rule:** For 75+ guests, set buffet as a two-sided pass-through so two lines form simultaneously, cutting wait times in half. For 150+ guests, use two completely separate buffet stations in different parts of the room.
- **Height variation:** Use risers, upturned mixing bowls under tablecloths, or tiered display shelves to create visual levels. A flat buffet looks unplanned. Aim for at least three height levels.
- **Temperature maintenance:** Chafing dishes with Sterno (or electric with power access) for hot items -- minimum 140°F at all times. Ice-filled hotel pans for cold items -- maximum 40°F. Check temperatures every 30 minutes during service with a probe thermometer. Food in the danger zone (40-140°F) for more than 2 cumulative hours must be discarded.
- **Labeling:** Every single item gets a tent card with: dish name, description of key ingredients, and dietary symbols (V, VG, GF, DF, N). Never assume guests can identify dishes by sight.

**Plated service standards:**
- Standard plate clock: protein at 6 o'clock (closest to guest), starch at 2 o'clock, vegetable at 10 o'clock
- Sauce applied as a drizzle or smear -- not pooled over protein -- to preserve visual clarity
- Garnish placed on top or at the leading edge of the plate -- never underneath protein
- Wipe plate rims with a clean damp cloth before every plate leaves the kitchen
- All plates for a single table go out simultaneously -- a table of 10 should receive all 10 plates within 2-3 minutes. Use a tray system and coordinate with a table captain.
- Serve from the guest's left, clear from the guest's right -- remove all dishes from a table before plating the next course

**Food station design:**
- Each station needs: a designated attendant, a sign with station name, labels for each item, all serving utensils, napkins, appropriate plates or vessels, and a trash receptacle within 5 feet
- Popular stations to consider: carving station (prime rib, whole roasted salmon), pasta bar (two sauce options, toppings), taco/burrito bar (proteins, toppings, tortillas), build-your-own salad, charcuterie and cheese, dessert station
- Space stations at least 8-10 feet apart to prevent guest clustering and bottlenecks

### Step 8: Plan Cleanup and Leftover Logistics

Cleanup is the most underplanned phase of catering events. Define it explicitly before the event.

**During-event busing protocol:**
- Assign at least one staff member per 40 guests solely to table busing during dinner service
- Clear all appetizer debris before main course arrives at the table
- Bus side plates and bread baskets after salad course
- In buffet setup, assign one person to monitor station fullness, consolidate depleted dishes, and remove empty vessels

**Post-event cleanup checklist:**
1. Clear and wipe all guest tables; collect linens for return/laundry
2. Pack all leftover food immediately -- hot food must drop below 70°F within 2 hours of cooking and below 40°F within 4 hours total (use ice baths to accelerate cooling)
3. Label all leftover containers with item name, quantity, and date/time packed
4. Break down all stations, transport equipment to kitchen or loading area
5. Wash all cooking equipment, sheet pans, hotel pans, and utensils
6. Clean and return all rental items per rental company requirements
7. Wipe all cooking surfaces, counters, and the inside of any shared ovens
8. Sweep and mop kitchen floor
9. Remove all trash and recycling -- do not leave bags for venue staff unless explicitly agreed
10. Restore venue to pre-event condition -- furniture back to original placement, nothing left behind
11. Conduct final walk-through with venue manager or event coordinator and get written sign-off

**Leftover food decision tree:**
- **Guest takeaway:** Prepare labeled takeaway containers before the event. Works well for family-style dinners and casual events.
- **Staff meals:** Let kitchen and service staff eat well -- they've earned it and it prevents food waste.
- **Food bank donation:** Many cities have food rescue organizations (local food banks, community fridges) that accept hot food within 2 hours of cooking. Identify the nearest location and contact before the event.
- **Compost:** For food that cannot be safely donated, compost vegetable matter rather than sending to landfill.
- **Discard rule:** Any food held in the danger zone (40-140°F) for more than 2 cumulative hours must be discarded -- no exceptions, no donations. This is non-negotiable for food safety.

---

## Output Format

When delivering a catering plan to a user, structure the output as follows. Adjust sections based on what the user needs (a vendor evaluation doesn't need a prep timeline; a self-catered event doesn't need a contract review template).

```
# Catering Plan: [Event Name or Type]
## Event Overview
- Event Type:
- Guest Count:
- Date and Time:
- Duration:
- Venue and Kitchen Access:
- Service Style:
- Caterer (hired) or Self-catered:
- Budget Target (total and per-head):

## Menu
### Cocktail Hour / Reception (if applicable)
- [Item 1] -- [Dietary codes] -- [Description]
- [Item 2] -- [Dietary codes]
[...]

### First Course
- [Dish name] -- [Dietary codes] -- [Key ingredients]

### Main Course
- [Primary protein] -- [Dietary codes]
- [Alternative protein/vegetarian option] -- [Dietary codes]
- [Side 1] -- [Dietary codes]
- [Side 2] -- [Dietary codes]
- [Bread/accompaniment]

### Dessert
- [Primary dessert]
- [Alternative (GF/vegan if applicable)]
- [Coffee/tea service]

### Beverages
- [Non-alcoholic options]
- [Alcohol plan: style, quantity, service]

## Quantity Calculations
| Item | Per Person | Guest Count | Buffer (8%) | Total to Order |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Protein 1 raw purchase weight] | [X oz] | [N] | [+8%] | [Total lbs] |
| [Side 1] | [X oz] | [N] | [+8%] | [Total lbs] |
[...complete table for all menu items...]

| Beverage | Per Person | Guest Count | Buffer | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 1 L | [N] | +10% | [Total liters] |
| Wine | 1 bottle / 2.5 guests | [N] | +10% | [Total bottles] |
[...]

## Budget Breakdown
| Category | Per Head | Total |
|---|---|---|
| Food (all courses) | $XX | $XXXX |
| Non-alcoholic beverage | $XX | $XXXX |
| Alcohol | $XX | $XXXX |
| Labor / Staffing | $XX | $XXXX |
| Rentals | $XX | $XXXX |
| Subtotal | $XX | $XXXX |
| Service charge (18-22%) | $XX | $XXXX |
| Tax (local rate) | $XX | $XXXX |
| **TOTAL** | **$XX** | **$XXXX** |

## Dietary Accommodation Summary
| Dietary Need | # Guests | Dishes Available to Them | Any Special Handling Required? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetarian | [N] | [List dishes] | [Yes/No -- details] |
| Vegan | [N] | [List dishes] | [Yes/No] |
| Gluten-free | [N] | [List dishes] | [Yes/No -- cross-contamination protocols] |
| Severe allergy ([type]) | [N] | [Pre-plated, covered, labeled to seat] | Yes -- verbal brief, designated prep, no cross-contact |

## Event Day Timeline
[Hour-by-hour, from venue access through cleanup completion]

## Staffing Plan
| Role | Qty | Arrival Time | Responsibilities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Head chef / Kitchen lead | 1 | [Time] | Menu execution, quality check, staff direction |
| Kitchen assistant(s) | [N] | [Time] | Prep, cooking support, dishwashing |
| Service staff / Servers | [N] | [Time] | Food service, table busing, guest interaction |
| Bartender(s) | [N] | [Time] | Bar setup, drinks service, responsible service |
| Station attendants | [N] | [Time] | Carving, pasta bar, dessert station, etc. |

## Setup and Display Plan
[Buffet flow, station layout, plating standards, labeling plan]

## Cleanup and Leftover Plan
[Post-event checklist, leftover handling decision, waste plan, venue restore timeline]
```

---

## Rules

1. **Never provide quantity estimates without knowing guest count and service style.** Buffet quantities are consistently 25-30% higher per person than plated portions. Applying plated quantities to a buffet event will cause you to run out of food.

2. **Food safety is non-negotiable.** Always state the 2-hour rule for the danger zone (40-140°F) and the discard threshold explicitly. Never suggest that food held too long can be reheated to safety and served -- bacterial toxins from Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus are heat-stable and cannot be destroyed by reheating.

3. **Always include service charge and tax in budget calculations.** A caterer quoting $50 per person becomes $62-$68 per person after an 18-22% service charge and 6-10% sales tax. Presenting a budget without these is misleading and leads to shock invoices.

4. **Dietary accommodations must be collected at RSVP -- not at the event.** If the user has not yet sent RSVPs, include a dietary restriction field in the RSVP instructions. Last-minute verbal dietary requests at an event cannot be safely accommodated for allergies.

5. **Severe allergy (anaphylaxis-risk) guests require a separate, dedicated protocol.** These guests must not rely on buffet labels alone. Prepare their food in a dedicated clean vessel with dedicated utensils, plate it before service, cover it, label it with their name, and deliver it directly to their seat. Brief kitchen and service staff both verbally and in writing. This is a life-or-death matter.

6. **For 75 or more guests at a single buffet line, always specify a two-sided setup.** A single-sided buffet for 100 people creates 20-30 minute waits that destroy the guest experience and cause hot food to cool before consumption.

7. **Never recommend skipping a food tasting with a hired caterer for events over $1,500 in food cost.** Menu descriptions and tasting menus diverge constantly. Tasting is the only way to verify quality, seasoning, portion size, and dietary accommodation accuracy before the event.

8. **Always request the caterer's health department license and certificate of liability insurance.** Events with unlicensed food handlers expose the host to liability if a guest becomes ill. Venues frequently require proof of caterer insurance -- confirm venue requirements early.

9. **Build the prep timeline backward from service time, not forward from the morning.** Every item should have a finish time, not just a start time. "Roasted vegetables finish at 5:45 PM, held in chafing dish by 6:00 PM" is actionable. "Roast vegetables in the afternoon" is not.

10. **Catering budget conversations must address all five cost categories before any estimate is presented.** Food, alcohol, labor, rentals, and service charge/tax all vary independently. A user who has only thought about food cost will be consistently surprised by the final bill. Introduce the full framework immediately.

---

## Edge Cases

### 1. Guest Count Changes Late in Planning
Final headcount often shifts 10-20% in the week before an event. Build this into the plan from the start.
- **Upward shift:** The 8-10% food buffer and 10-15% beverage buffer should absorb increases up to 10%. For increases above 10%, identify which dishes scale most easily (sides, salads, bread) and which require advance ordering (proteins, seafood).
- **Downward shift:** Most caterers require final headcount 5-10 business days before the event. After that cutoff, the client typically pays for the contracted count regardless. Make this clear to users early so they don't wait until the last moment to confirm.
- **Contracted caterer:** Confirm the caterer's headcount change policy in writing before signing. Some allow changes up to 5% with no charge; others lock in the original count.

### 2. Outdoor Events Without Power or Kitchen Access
This scenario eliminates electric warming equipment and requires a transport-first mindset.
- Use insulated cambro containers (heavy-duty insulated food transport boxes) to hold hot food at temperature during transport. A properly loaded cambro holds food above 140°F for 2-3 hours.
- Use Sterno-fueled chafing dishes for buffet service -- each full can burns approximately 2 hours. Bring 50% more Sterno than calculated minimum.
- Cold items must be packed in ice-filled coolers at 40°F or below and moved to serving vessels only at service time.
- For events over 3 hours outdoors in summer, factor in ambient temperature: food cools 30-40% faster in 85°F+ heat. Shorten acceptable hold times accordingly and plan to replenish from coolers more frequently.
- Generator-powered electric equipment is an alternative for large events -- specify this in vendor contracts if required.

### 3. Conflicting or Overlapping Dietary Restrictions
It is common for a guest list to include, simultaneously, someone who is vegan, someone who is gluten-free, and someone with a tree nut allergy.
- Build the base menu around what these three constraints share: naturally gluten-free grains (rice, quinoa, polenta), vegetable-forward dishes, and protein options that exclude both animal products and nuts.
- Watch hidden allergens: soy sauce contains gluten (use tamari); many vegan cheese alternatives contain cashews; oat-based items may be cross-contaminated with wheat. Review every ingredient label when severe allergies are present.
- Create a matrix: rows = menu items, columns = dietary categories. Mark each cell safe/unsafe/contains. This prevents serving staff from having to remember individual dish compositions on the fly.
- When restrictions are extreme (e.g., nut-free event because a child has anaphylaxis), eliminate all nut-containing items from the entire menu rather than trying to manage cross-contamination at service.

### 4. Very Small Events (Under 20 Guests)
Small events have different economics and logistics than large ones.
- Caterers often have minimums of $500-$1,500 for delivery or on-site service -- at small guest counts this creates very high per-head costs. Self-catering is frequently the better choice under 20 guests.
- Buffet setups for under 20 guests often feel institutional. Consider family-style service (large platters passed at the table) -- it is warmer, more personal, and uses less equipment.
- Quantity over-calculation is more likely at small scale: buffet waste percentages are higher with fewer guests because you still need to fill serving vessels. Over-prepare the most important dishes and scale back on secondary items.
- Plated service at under 20 people can be executed by a single skilled cook plus one or two assistants -- no professional catering team required for casual events.

### 5. Very Large Events (250+ Guests)
Scale creates logistics challenges that do not exist at moderate event sizes.
- **Multiple cooking locations:** No single standard kitchen can produce and hold food for 250+ people simultaneously. Plan for either a large commercial kitchen off-site with transport, or renting on-site cooking equipment (convection ovens, large commercial burners, hot boxes).
- **Staggered seating:** For very large events, consider staggered seating by table rather than simultaneous service. This allows kitchen to plate in waves of 40-50 covers rather than all 250 at once.
- **Staffing ratios at scale:** At 300 guests, 1 server per 20 guests (plated) = 15 servers plus a lead per section of 60. Add 2-3 runners, 2 buspersons per section, and a floor manager. Never rely on a single lead to manage a room of 300.
- **Permit requirements:** Events over certain thresholds (varies by jurisdiction, often 150-300 guests) may require a temporary food service permit and/or a licensed caterer specifically. Advise the user to check local health department regulations.
- **Logistics sequence:** For 250+ guests at a buffet, plan 3-4 separate buffet stations positioned around the room. Allow 1 station per 60-80 guests. Opening all stations simultaneously at a timed signal prevents any one station from being overwhelmed.

### 6. Religious or Cultural Dietary Observance (Kosher, Halal, Hindu Vegetarian)
These requirements go beyond ingredient exclusions and involve preparation protocols.
- **Kosher:** Requires separation of meat and dairy at the equipment, preparation surface, and serving levels. A fully kosher event requires a certified kosher caterer with mashgiach (kosher supervisor) supervision. Do not attempt to make an existing menu "kosher-ish" by simply avoiding pork and shellfish -- that does not constitute a kosher event and misrepresents the accommodation to observant guests.
- **Halal:** Requires halal-certified meat (slaughtered according to Islamic law) and the absence of alcohol in cooking as well as serving. Verify the caterer's halal certification and sourcing. For large events, request the halal certificate from the meat supplier.
- **Hindu vegetarian:** Typically excludes beef, pork, and often all meat. Many observant Hindu vegetarians also avoid onion, garlic, and leek (especially in Jain practice). Clarify with the guest or host exactly which restrictions apply.
- **For any religious dietary observance:** Contact the specific guests directly (or ask the host to do so) rather than assuming. These accommodations are personal and the exact requirements vary significantly between individuals and observance levels.

### 7. Hired Caterer Cancels Close to the Event
This is rare but devastating without a contingency plan.
- At the planning stage, ask users: "What is the caterer's cancellation policy, and do you know of at least one backup caterer in the area?"
- If a cancellation happens within 2 weeks of the event: contact 3-5 caterers immediately with a clear brief (date, guest count, menu needs, budget). Many caterers maintain waitlists and can mobilize for last-minute events.
- If cancellation happens within 72 hours: pivot to a combination approach -- identify high-quality restaurant catering (most large restaurants offer catering trays with 24-48 hours notice), specialty food shops for prepared items, and self-executed sides and desserts.
- If the original caterer was paid a deposit and cancels without providing services: review the contract cancellation clause. Most require full or partial refund if the canceler is the vendor. Document all communications and losses for potential small claims action.

### 8. Self-Catering a Plated Dinner for 40+ Guests
This is the highest-complexity scenario for a non-professional host.
- The bottleneck is always plating speed: at 40 covers, you need 3-4 people plating simultaneously to get all plates out within a 3-4 minute window. Assign roles before service: one person plates protein, one plates sides, one garnishes, one runs plates to the table.
- Prep in advance aggressively: anything that can be portioned, sauced, or partially cooked the day before should be. On event day, the only kitchen activity should be final heating and plating.
- Rent or borrow a sufficient number of covered sheet pans and hotel pans to hold pre-plated dishes in the oven at 175-200°F for up to 20 minutes while other tables are being plated.
- Never attempt more than two proteins and two sides for a self-plated event at this scale. Simplicity in execution preserves quality.
- Designate one person as "kitchen manager" who does not leave the kitchen during service and is not responsible for greeting or managing guests.

---

## Example

**User input:** "I'm planning my sister's baby shower for 45 women, brunch style, at a rented venue with a commercial kitchen. Budget is about $1,800 total. We're self-catering. At least 5 guests are vegetarian, one has celiac disease, and my sister is pregnant so we need to be careful with food safety. I want it to feel elegant but not fussy."

---

**Output:**

# Catering Plan: Baby Shower Brunch
**Event Type:** Baby Shower Brunch -- Self-Catered
**Guest Count:** 45
**Service Style:** Buffet with light passed welcome drink
**Duration:** 2.5 hours (11:00 AM -- 1:30 PM)
**Venue:** Rented venue with commercial kitchen
**Budget Target:** $1,800 total / approximately $40 per person
**Special Notes:** 5 vegetarian guests, 1 celiac (gluten-free required, strict cross-contamination protocol), host's sister (guest of honor) is pregnant -- all food must be fully cooked and safely handled

---

## Menu

### Arrival Welcome
- Sparkling rosé punch (prosecco + raspberry sorbet + fresh mint) -- alcohol -- V, VG, GF
- Sparkling elderflower lemonade -- non-alcoholic -- V, VG, GF *(unlimited refill throughout)*

### Buffet -- Savory

| Dish | Dietary Codes | Key Ingredients / Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Smoked salmon cucumber rounds | GF, DF | Cream cheese piped onto GF cucumber round, capers, dill. Salmon fully cured/smoked -- safe for pregnant guest. |
| Mini vegetable frittatas (individual ramekins) | V, GF | Egg, roasted red pepper, spinach, goat cheese. Baked to 165°F internal. |
| Avocado and heirloom tomato bruschetta | VG | Served on GF crostini for celiac guest (separate labeled tray) and standard baguette slices |
| Herb-roasted asparagus with lemon zest | V, VG, GF, DF | Seasonal, simple, elegant |
| Smashed baby potatoes with crème fraîche and chives | V, GF | Crowd-pleaser; filling base for the buffet |
| Fresh seasonal fruit platter with honey-yogurt dip | V, GF | Strawberries, melon, grapes, mandarin. Yogurt dip labeled separately (not vegan) |

**Note on celiac accommodation:** The bruschetta GF crostini are prepared using a dedicated GF baking sheet and tong set not used for any wheat products. They are stored in a sealed container and plated to a separate labeled tray that reads: **"GLUTEN-FREE BRUSCHETTA -- prepared separately, no wheat contact."** The celiac guest is contacted in advance and shown the setup at arrival.

### Buffet -- Sweet

| Dish | Dietary Codes | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Mini lemon ricotta pancakes with berry compote | V | Passed warm at opening; 3 per person, plated on display after opening |
| Almond-olive oil cake (individual slices) | V, DF | Naturally dense, moist, fragrant -- naturally dairy-free |
| Coconut macaroon bites | V, VG, GF, DF | Simple, crowd-pleasing, meets all dietary needs |
| Baby shower themed cake (one tier) | V | Served at event close; custom from local bakery; 45 portions |

---

## Quantity Calculations

| Item | Per Person | 45 Guests | Buffer (10%) | Total to Prepare |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoked salmon rounds | 3 pieces | 135 | +14 | 149 pieces (~5 lbs smoked salmon, 8 cucumbers) |
| Mini frittatas | 2 pieces | 90 | +9 | 99 (10 dozen eggs, 2 ramekin pans minimum) |
| Bruschetta (standard) | 3 pieces | 135 | +14 | 149 standard crostini |
| Bruschetta GF | Dedicated tray | 1 celiac guest + 4 buffer | -- | 15 GF crostini (separate tray) |
| Asparagus | 4 oz | 180 oz = 11.25 lbs raw | +10% | 12.5 lbs raw |
| Smashed potatoes | 5 oz | 225 oz = 14 lbs raw | +10% | 15.5 lbs raw baby potatoes |
| Fruit platter | 4 oz | 180 oz = 11.25 lbs | +10% | 12.5 lbs mixed seasonal fruit |
| Mini pancakes | 3 | 135 | +14 | 150 pancakes |
| Almond cake slices | 1 | 45 | +5 | 50 slices (bake 2 x 9-inch cakes = ~50 slices) |
| Coconut macaroons | 2 | 90 | +9 | 99 pieces |
| Shower cake | 1 slice | 45 | +3 | 48 portions (order 48-slice cake) |

| Beverage | Per Person | 45 Guests | Buffer | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prosecco (for punch) | 3 oz poured = ~1/3 bottle | 45 | +10% | 20 bottles |
| Elderflower lemonade (non-alc) | 16 oz | 720 oz | +15% | ~7 gallons (56 x 16 oz bottles or 7 x 1-gallon batches) |
| Still water (infused cucumber/mint) | 16 oz | 720 oz | +15% | 7 gallons |
| Coffee | 1.5 cups | 67 cups | +10% | 74 cups; 2 lbs ground (1 lb caffeinated, 0.5 lb decaf, 0.5 lb herbal tea assortment) |

---

## Budget Breakdown

| Category | Per Head | Subtotal |
|---|---|---|
| Food (all buffet items, baking supplies) | $18.50 | $832 |
| Custom shower cake (from bakery) | $3.00 | $135 |
| Beverage (prosecco, elderflower, water, coffee) | $7.50 | $337 |
| Disposable or rented servingware, chafing dishes | $4.00 | $180 |
| Linens, decorative elements (platters, labels) | $2.00 | $90 |
| Staff / help (2 friends assisting = gift, not paid) | $0 | $0 |
| Miscellaneous (ice, foil, extra ingredients) | $2.00 | $90 |
| **Subtotal** | **$37.00** | **$1,664** |
| Buffer reserve | $3.00 | $136 |
| **TOTAL** | **$40.00** | **$1,800** |

*Self-catered events save the service charge (18-22%) and labor cost that a hired caterer would charge. This plan stays on budget specifically because it is self-catered with volunteer help.*

---

## Dietary Accommodation Summary

| Need | # Guests | Safe Dishes Available | Special Handling |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetarian | 5 | All dishes except smoked salmon rounds | Clearly labeled; servers informed |
| Vegan | 0 confirmed, design buffer | Asparagus, bruschetta, fruit platter, macaroons, elderflower lemonade, water | Labels still benefit guests who don't announce |
| Gluten-free (celiac -- strict) | 1 | Frittatas, asparagus, potatoes, fruit, macaroons, GF bruschetta tray | Dedicated GF crostini tray, separate prep equipment, contact guest in advance |
| Pregnant (food safety) | 1 (guest of honor) | All dishes on this menu are fully cooked or pasteurized/cured. No soft-ripened cheese, no raw fish, no deli meat | Confirm smoked salmon is commercially cured (not raw); avoid brie or camembert if added to board |

---

## Event Day Timeline

```
7:30 AM   Arrive at venue; verify kitchen equipment and oven preheat to 375°F
8:00 AM   Unpack all ingredients; verify against quantity list
8:15 AM   Begin roasting asparagus (375°F, 15 min); smash and season potatoes
8:30 AM   Begin baking mini frittatas (375°F, 18 min per batch -- 2 batches)
9:00 AM   Cool frittatas on rack; begin assembling smoked salmon rounds
9:15 AM   Prepare GF crostini (dedicated baking sheet); toast standard crostini
9:30 AM   Assemble bruschetta avocado topping (keep separate until service)
9:45 AM   Plate fruit platter; prep honey-yogurt dip; refrigerate
10:00 AM  Set up buffet table: linens, risers, labels, serving utensils, chafing dishes
10:15 AM  Fill chafing dishes with hot water; load Sterno; preheat
10:20 AM  Mix prosecco punch in large beverage dispenser (chilled); prepare elderflower batch
10:30 AM  Transfer hot items to chafing dishes; check temperature (all 140°F+)
10:40 AM  Plate cold items (salmon rounds, fruit, bruschetta) on display with labels
10:45 AM  Set dessert table (pancakes covered, cakes plated, macaroons displayed)
10:50 AM  Briefing with 2 assistants: dietary flags, GF tray location, celiac guest name
10:55 AM  Light candles; set welcome drink station; final walk
