---
name: classroom-activity
description: |
  Designs engaging classroom activities with clear objectives, step-by-step procedures, timing, materials lists, and debrief questions for educators. Produces a complete activity guide that a teacher can implement directly -- not a list of activity ideas.
  Use when an educator asks to design a classroom activity, create an engaging exercise, build a hands-on learning experience, or plan an interactive lesson component.
  Do NOT use for full lesson plans (use `lesson-plan-design`), for discussion-only activities (use `discussion-questions`), or for online course modules (use `online-course-design`).
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "teaching lesson-plan step-by-step guide"
  category: "education"
  subcategory: "teaching"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---
# Classroom Activity

## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- An educator asks you to design a single, self-contained classroom activity for a specific topic, concept, or skill -- with procedures, timing, and a debrief ready to implement
- A teacher wants to move students from passive note-taking into active engagement with a concept (e.g., "I want them to actually experience supply and demand, not just read about it")
- An instructor needs a structured exercise to introduce a concept through discovery before direct instruction (anticipatory activity), or to consolidate understanding after direct instruction (practice/synthesis activity)
- A teacher describes a learning objective that maps to a specific cognitive level -- applying, analyzing, evaluating, or creating -- and needs an activity that pushes students past recall
- A curriculum coordinator or instructional coach needs a model activity to demonstrate a pedagogical structure (jigsaw, gallery walk, simulation) to teachers in professional development
- A teacher is designing a single component of a class period -- not the full lesson -- and needs just the activity portion with all operational details
- An educator identifies a specific student misconception and needs an activity designed to surface, confront, and correct it through direct student experience

**Do NOT use when:**
- The user wants a complete lesson plan with multiple instructional segments -- opening, instruction, activity, closure, and assessment (use `lesson-plan-design` instead)
- The user wants a curated set of discussion questions without procedural scaffolding (use `discussion-questions` instead)
- The user is building an asynchronous online module with self-paced navigation, multimedia embeds, and platform-specific features (use `online-course-design` instead)
- The user is asking for a homework assignment, project rubric, or multi-day project arc rather than a single in-class activity (use `project-based-learning` or `assessment-design` instead)
- The user wants a full unit plan spanning multiple lessons (use `unit-plan-design` instead)
- The topic requires only a short (under 5 minute) warm-up or exit ticket -- those are discrete instructional micro-routines, not full activities (use `warm-up-design` or `exit-ticket-design` instead)
- The request is for a performance task that will be graded as a summative assessment (use `performance-task-design` instead)

---

## Process

### Step 1: Gather Essential Context Before Designing

Never design an activity without first establishing these parameters. If any are missing, ask explicitly -- activities designed without this information will require complete revision and may be unusable.

**Required information to collect:**
- **Subject and specific topic:** Not "science" but "exothermic vs. endothermic reactions" -- the narrower, the better
- **Learning objective with cognitive level:** Ask the teacher what students should be able to DO after the activity, not just "understand." Map to Bloom's taxonomy level (remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create) -- activities must match the cognitive demand of the objective
- **Grade level and course type:** Middle school general education and AP/IB classes on the same topic require entirely different activity structures, vocabulary scaffolding, and time allocations
- **Class size and physical space:** 18 students in a lab versus 32 students in a lecture hall changes every procedural decision
- **Available time in minutes (activity only):** Ask for the full class period length AND the portion allocated to this activity -- never assume
- **Materials available or budget:** Distinguish between "standard classroom" (paper, markers, scissors, whiteboard), "computer lab or devices available," "science lab with equipment," or "no materials beyond what students carry"
- **Activity function in the lesson:** Is this the hook (activating prior knowledge, creating curiosity), the exploration (discovering a concept before instruction), the practice (applying what was taught), or the synthesis (connecting concepts across a unit)?
- **Any student needs to design for:** ELL students, IEP/504 accommodations, gifted/advanced students, physical limitations -- these affect grouping, role assignments, and scaffolding decisions

**If the teacher provides insufficient context:**
Say: "Before I design the activity, I need a few details: What should students be able to DO after this activity (not just know)? How many students and how long do you have? What materials are available?"

---

### Step 2: Select the Activity Type Based on the Learning Objective

Matching activity type to learning objective is the single most important design decision. The wrong format makes an activity feel busy without producing learning. Use the following decision framework:

**Match cognitive level to format:**

| Bloom's Level | Learning Goal | Best Activity Formats |
|---|---|---|
| Remember / Understand | Recall, recognize, explain | Game-based review (quiz bowl, card sort, flashcard race), gallery walk with annotations |
| Apply | Use a concept in a new context | Structured problem-solving, case study rotation, lab procedure |
| Analyze | Break apart, compare, distinguish | Jigsaw, concept mapping, sorting/categorization with justification, fishbowl discussion |
| Evaluate | Judge, critique, defend a position | Socratic seminar structure, debate, devil's advocate rotation, human barometer |
| Create | Produce, design, construct | Design challenge, simulation with open-ended outputs, product creation stations |

**Match activity type to social/structural need:**

- **Jigsaw:** Use when content has 3-5 distinct sub-topics that benefit from distributed expertise. Requires at least 20 minutes. Each student becomes a genuine "expert" on one piece. Works best in groups of 3-5.
- **Station rotation:** Use when students need to practice multiple discrete skills or encounter multiple examples of the same concept. Requires clear transition signals, self-contained station instructions, and a minimum of 5 minutes per station.
- **Simulation/role play:** Use when the concept involves a process, system, or human decision-making. Requires clearly defined roles, constraints, and rules. Students must understand the rules before the simulation begins -- failure to establish rules clearly collapses the activity.
- **Gallery walk:** Use when students need to encounter multiple examples, artifacts, or perspectives and respond in writing. Post 5-8 items at least 3 feet apart. Students circulate with sticky notes or response sheets.
- **Problem-based learning (PBL) activity:** Use when the objective is applying knowledge to an authentic, ill-structured scenario. Provide the scenario in writing. Requires at least 20 minutes and structured group roles.
- **Hands-on construction/experiment:** Use when tactile engagement or observable phenomena will produce the cognitive encounter with the concept. Requires exact materials, safety notes (if relevant), and precise observation prompts -- open exploration without prompts produces minimal learning.
- **Card sort / ranking activity:** Underused but extremely effective for analysis objectives. Students sort physical or virtual cards into categories or rank them by criteria. Forces explicit reasoning, requires no special materials, works for 5-30 minutes.
- **Think-Pair-Share (extended):** Not just a warm-up -- when structured with a complex prompt, individual writing time, and structured pair protocols, this is a full 15-20 minute activity. Use when time is short or materials are unavailable.

---

### Step 3: Design the Procedure with Precision

Vague procedures produce chaotic classrooms. Every phase must be specific enough that a substitute teacher could run the activity from the written guide alone.

**Design each phase in this order:**

- **Phase 1 -- Launch (2-5 min):** How does the teacher introduce the activity? Write the exact framing sentence the teacher delivers. What problem, question, or challenge is placed before students? Include the exact language for explaining student roles and success criteria.
- **Phase 2 -- Setup / grouping (1-3 min):** How are students grouped? Random, strategic, self-selected? What is the grouping mechanism (count off, color-coded cards, teacher-assigned list posted on board)? What does each student have in hand before the activity begins?
- **Phase 3 -- Core activity (the largest time block):** Break into sub-phases with individual time stamps. If the activity has rounds or rotations, label each round. Write what students do AND what the teacher does simultaneously. The teacher's job during student work time is not "facilitate" -- specify whether the teacher circulates to troubleshoot, listens for target vocabulary, selects work samples to feature in debrief, records observations, or conferences with specific groups.
- **Phase 4 -- Transition / collection (1-3 min):** How do students end the activity? What do they do with their work product? How does the teacher signal the end of the activity and redirect attention?
- **Phase 5 -- Debrief (never less than 5 min for any activity over 15 min):** See Step 4.

**Precision requirements for procedures:**
- Assign specific time values to every sub-phase -- never use "approximately" without a number
- Write student-facing instructions in second person ("Read the scenario. Identify the three factors. With your partner, rank them by importance and write one sentence explaining your top choice") -- these can be posted or read aloud
- Specify the physical mechanics: Do students stay seated? Move to new locations? Write on shared paper? Speak to partners or to the whole group?
- Name the observable student behavior that signals they are on track at each phase (e.g., "By minute 5, every group should have their cards sorted into at least two categories and be discussing the hardest case")

---

### Step 4: Design the Debrief with Intentional Question Architecture

The debrief is not optional and not a summary. It is where learning is consolidated, misconceptions are corrected, and transfer is initiated. Most teachers debrief poorly because their questions are too close to recall. Design debrief questions in a three-level sequence:

**Level 1 -- Describe (1-2 questions):** What happened? What did you observe, decide, or produce? These are concrete and create shared reference points for the class. Example: "What did your group decide was the most important factor, and why?"

**Level 2 -- Analyze/Interpret (1-2 questions):** What does it mean? Why did that happen? Where did different groups get different results, and why? These questions require students to engage with the concept itself, not just recall the activity. Example: "Two groups reached opposite conclusions -- Group A said price is the main driver, Group B said availability is. What could explain that difference?"

**Level 3 -- Connect/Transfer (1 question):** How does this connect to real life, prior learning, or what we will study next? This question is the bridge from the activity to the curriculum. Example: "We saw supply and demand interact in our simulation. Where have you personally experienced this in your own life in the past week?"

**Debrief delivery mechanics:**
- For activities with group products, have groups share before the teacher synthesizes -- never let the teacher's synthesis replace student-to-student exchange
- Use a class-visible capture mechanism: whiteboard chart, class document on projector, sticky note gallery -- the act of recording answers signals that the thinking matters
- Budget at least 5 minutes for a 20-minute activity debrief, 7-10 minutes for a 30-45 minute activity debrief
- End the debrief with a brief explicit connection to the learning objective: "The goal today was to see why checks and balances slow legislation down. Who can now explain that in one sentence?"

---

### Step 5: Build the Materials List and Room Setup

Incomplete materials lists create last-minute scrambles. Ambiguous room setup instructions produce wasted instructional minutes.

**Materials list rules:**
- Every item requires a quantity -- not "index cards" but "72 index cards (3 per student, 24 students)"
- Identify items that require advance preparation (pre-cut cards, pre-written prompts, printed handouts) separately from off-the-shelf items
- Flag any item that has a lead time (items requiring printing, laminating, or ordering)
- Always include a low-tech substitute for any digital tool (if a timer app fails, use a visible countdown clock; if a slideshow fails, have a whiteboard version)
- List items in order of use, not alphabetically

**Room setup precision:**
- State the exact furniture arrangement: "Move desks into groups of 4, facing each other, with a 3-foot aisle between groups for teacher circulation" -- not "arrange desks for group work"
- Note whether the room setup changes during the activity (e.g., desks start in groups, reconvene in whole-class circle for debrief)
- Specify where materials are staged: "Place one envelope per group face-down in the center of each group's desks before students enter"
- Note any safety considerations for science, cooking, building, or outdoor activities

---

### Step 6: Build Differentiation Supports into the Core Design

Differentiation is not an add-on -- it must be built into the activity structure. Design for the full range of learners in a typical mixed classroom.

**Scaffolding for students who need support:**
- Sentence starters for discussion ("I noticed that ___," "I think this happened because ___," "This connects to ___ because ___")
- Graphic organizers that mirror the activity's cognitive work (a T-chart for comparison activities, a flowchart for sequence activities)
- Assign roles within groups that allow access points at different cognitive levels (a recorder role lets a student participate meaningfully without having to generate all the reasoning independently)
- Pre-teach 2-3 key vocabulary terms before the activity if they are non-negotiable for participation

**Extensions for advanced students:**
- Design a "challenge card" that introduces a constraint, exception, or complicating variable after the main task is completed
- Assign the "connector" role: this student's job is to explicitly link what the group is doing to a prior unit concept or a real-world application
- Add a written synthesis requirement: a 3-sentence argument summarizing what the group found and why it matters

**Language support for ELL students:**
- Pair written instructions with visual icons or diagrams
- Allow bilingual pair work where students can discuss in their home language before reporting to the group in English
- Provide a bilingual vocabulary card for 5-8 key terms if the activity language is content-heavy

---

### Step 7: Write Contingency Plans for the Four Most Common Activity Failures

Every classroom activity can fail in predictable ways. Plan for these four:

1. **Technology failure:** Any activity using digital tools needs a zero-technology version. Write it out. "If the projector fails, post the scenario on the whiteboard and have students copy the key facts onto their paper before proceeding."
2. **Timing failure -- activity finishes early:** Prepare an extension prompt that deepens the same cognitive work without requiring new materials. "If groups finish before time, have them predict: What would change if we altered [one variable]? Write your prediction and reasoning."
3. **Timing failure -- activity runs over time:** Identify the minimum viable version of the activity -- which step can be compressed or cut without destroying the learning objective. Never cut the debrief -- compress the activity if needed.
4. **Engagement failure -- students are confused or off-task:** Prepare a pause-and-redirect protocol. "If the class appears confused after 3 minutes of work, pause all groups, model one complete example with a student volunteer, then restart the timer."

---

### Step 8: Assemble and Format the Final Activity Guide

With all components designed, compile the final guide in the output format below. Before delivering, verify against this checklist:

- [ ] Learning objective states what students will DO, not just "understand"
- [ ] Every time phase has a specific minute count
- [ ] Student-facing instructions are written out in second person
- [ ] Teacher actions during the activity are specific (not just "circulate")
- [ ] At least one checkpoint mid-activity is specified
- [ ] Debrief has all three levels (describe, analyze, connect)
- [ ] Materials list has quantities for every item
- [ ] Room setup is specific enough to execute without clarification
- [ ] Differentiation includes both scaffolds and extensions
- [ ] At least two contingency plans are included

---

## Output Format

```
## Classroom Activity: [Descriptive Activity Title -- not just the topic]

**Subject:** [Specific subject and course name if relevant]
**Grade/Level:** [Grade level + course type, e.g., "8th Grade / Honors" or "11th Grade / General"]
**Topic:** [Precise topic, not the broad subject]
**Learning Objective:** Students will [cognitive verb from Bloom's] [specific content] by [doing what in the activity], demonstrating [observable evidence of learning].
**Bloom's Level:** [Remember / Understand / Apply / Analyze / Evaluate / Create]
**Duration:** [Total minutes] ([X] min setup + [X] min activity + [X] min debrief)
**Grouping:** [Individual / Pairs / Groups of X (Y groups total)]
**Activity Type:** [Choose from: Jigsaw / Station Rotation / Simulation-Role Play / Gallery Walk / Hands-On Construction / Problem-Based / Card Sort / Game-Based / Extended Think-Pair-Share]
**Activity Function:** [Hook / Exploration / Practice / Synthesis / Review]

---

### Materials

**Pre-prepared by teacher:**
- [Item] (quantity: [X]) -- [prep note if applicable]
- [Item] (quantity: [X]) -- [prep note: print, cut, laminate, etc.]

**Standard classroom supplies needed:**
- [Item] (quantity: [X per student/group])
- [Item] (quantity: [X per student/group])

**Technology (if any):**
- [Device/tool] -- backup: [low-tech substitute]

---

### Room Setup
[Exact furniture arrangement in 2-4 sentences. Include measurement references where helpful (e.g., "at least 3 feet between stations"). State what is pre-placed on desks before students arrive.]

### Preparation Checklist ([X] minutes before class)
- [ ] [Prep step 1 -- specific action + time estimate]
- [ ] [Prep step 2 -- specific action + time estimate]
- [ ] [Prep step 3 -- arrange room, post signs, etc.]
- [ ] [Prep step 4 -- review contingency plan]

---

### Activity Procedure

#### Phase 1: Launch ([X] min)

**Teacher says:** "[Exact framing language -- the hook or challenge question that frames the activity]"

**Directions given to students:**
"[Complete, second-person instructions that could be posted on the board or read aloud. Include: what students will do, how they will be grouped, what success looks like, and how much time they have.]"

**Students:** [Observable behavior -- what on-task students look like at the end of this phase]

---

#### Phase 2: Setup and Grouping ([X] min)

**Grouping method:** [Exactly how groups are formed]
**What each student receives:** [What is in their hands before work begins]
**Roles assigned (if applicable):**
- [Role 1 -- e.g., Recorder]: [Specific responsibility]
- [Role 2 -- e.g., Reporter]: [Specific responsibility]
- [Role 3 -- e.g., Timekeeper]: [Specific responsibility]
- [Role 4 -- e.g., Materials Manager]: [Specific responsibility]

---

#### Phase 3: Core Activity ([X] min)

**[Sub-phase or Round label] (Minutes [X]-[X]):**
- Students: [Specific action -- e.g., "Read the scenario card, underline the three variables, and write each one on a separate sticky note"]
- Teacher: [Specific action -- e.g., "Circulate to groups on the left side of the room, listening for correct identification of the independent variable; make note of any group conflating correlation with causation to address in debrief"]

**[Sub-phase or Round label] (Minutes [X]-[X]):**
- Students: [Next specific action]
- Teacher: [Corresponding teacher action]

---

*Checkpoint at Minute [X]:* [What the teacher checks and how -- e.g., "Ask each group: What have you decided so far? Groups should be able to name their top two ranked factors. If a group is stuck, point them to the criteria column on their card."]

---

**[Sub-phase or Round label] (Minutes [X]-[X]):**
- Students: [Specific action]
- Teacher: [Specific action]

*On-track indicator:* [Observable behavior that signals the class is progressing correctly -- e.g., "By minute 18, every group should have a completed ranking with at least one written justification per item."]

---

#### Phase 4: Transition ([X] min)

**Teacher signals:** [Exactly how attention is redirected -- e.g., "Clap pattern, countdown from 5, or verbal: 'Pencils down, eyes on me in 10 seconds'"]
**Students:** [Where they go, what they leave out, what they put away]
**Work products:** [What happens to group outputs -- displayed, collected, left on desk for reference during debrief]

---

#### Phase 5: Debrief ([X] min)

**Setup:** [How students are positioned for debrief -- whole class facing board, remaining in groups, etc.]

**Debrief Question 1 -- Describe (2 min):**
"[Question that asks students to narrate what happened in the activity]"
*Capture method:* [How responses are recorded -- teacher charts on whiteboard, group reporters share, etc.]

**Debrief Question 2 -- Analyze (2-3 min):**
"[Question that asks why something happened or what a difference in outcomes means]"
*Anticipated student responses:* [1-2 likely student answers and how the teacher can build on them]

**Debrief Question 3 -- Connect (2 min):**
"[Question that bridges the activity to the real world, prior learning, or upcoming content]"

**Closing synthesis (1 min):**
Teacher says: "[1-2 sentence statement explicitly naming the connection between the activity experience and the learning objective]"

---

### Differentiation

**Scaffolds (for students who need support):**
- [Specific scaffold 1 -- e.g., "Provide a sentence frame handout: 'I think [X] is most important because ___. Evidence from the activity: ___.'" ]
- [Specific scaffold 2 -- e.g., "Pre-teach the following 3 vocabulary terms before the activity begins: [term 1], [term 2], [term 3]. Write definitions on the board and leave posted during the activity."]
- [Role assignment strategy -- which role allows access without full independent performance]

**Extensions (for advanced students):**
- [Specific extension 1 -- challenge card prompt or complicating variable]
- [Specific extension 2 -- synthesis writing requirement]

**ELL support:**
- [Specific support -- bilingual vocabulary card, visual diagram, partner language strategy]

---

### Contingency Plans

- **If technology fails:** [Specific no-tech alternative]
- **If activity finishes early:** [Extension prompt or bonus round -- no new materials needed]
- **If activity runs long:** [Exactly which step to compress or cut; confirm debrief is protected]
- **If students are confused or disengaged after 3 minutes:** [Pause-and-redirect protocol with a specific modeling move]
```

---

## Rules

1. **The learning objective must contain a cognitive verb and an observable evidence clause.** "Students will understand photosynthesis" is not an objective. "Students will analyze the relationship between light intensity and glucose production by building and interpreting a data model" is. Every activity design decision flows from this objective -- if it is vague, the activity will be unfocused.

2. **Activity type selection must match the cognitive level of the objective.** A jigsaw or gallery walk generates analysis-level thinking. A card sort forces compare-and-contrast. A recall-level objective does not need a 30-minute simulation -- that mismatch wastes instructional time and frustrates students. Match the format to the cognitive demand before designing procedures.

3. **Every time phase must have a specific minute value.** "Allow time for discussion" is not acceptable in a procedure. "Discussion: 4 minutes (signal rotation at the 4-minute mark)" is acceptable. Timing specificity is what makes an activity executable under real classroom pressure.

4. **Student-facing instructions must be executable without teacher explanation after the initial launch.** Test this by asking: Could a student who was absent for the launch re-read the instructions and know exactly what to do? If not, the instructions need more specificity. This is the standard for independent work time in all grades.

5. **Teacher actions during the activity must be specific behaviors, not roles.** "Facilitate" is not a behavior. "Circulate to groups 2 and 4 first, ask each group to read their top-ranked item aloud and explain why -- note whether they are using the vocabulary from today's lesson" is a behavior. The teacher's work during student activity time is observational and diagnostic -- it should feed directly into the debrief.

6. **The debrief must never be cut, even when time is short.** If an activity runs over time, compress a round in the core activity -- never cut the debrief. The consolidation of learning in the debrief is the pedagogical payoff. An activity without debrief is an experience without learning -- entertaining but not instructionally productive.

7. **Never design an activity that requires materials the educator has not confirmed are available.** If materials are uncertain, design the core activity for zero materials and offer a materials-enhanced version as an option. The zero-materials version must be fully functional -- it is not a lesser alternative.

8. **Group sizes should not exceed 4 for most activities.** Groups of 5 or larger reliably produce social loafing and unequal participation. The exception is fishbowl discussions (one inner group of 6-8 performs while others observe) or structured role-play simulations where specific roles require more than 4 players. In those cases, assign individual accountability mechanisms (individual recording sheets, speaking obligations) to counteract diffusion of responsibility.

9. **Every activity must include at least one mid-activity checkpoint.** The checkpoint is a specific, named moment where the teacher assesses whether the class is on track. It should have a diagnostic question ("What should groups have produced by minute 10?") and a redirect action ("If groups are still on Step 1, model one example with a student volunteer and restart"). Checkpoints prevent the activity from proceeding on faulty foundations.

10. **Differentiation must be embedded in the design, not appended as afterthoughts.** Scaffolds should be pre-built into materials (graphic organizers, sentence starters, annotated vocabulary) so they are available without singling out students. Extensions should be ready before class as "challenge cards" or additional prompts -- advanced students should not have to wait for teacher attention to access deeper work. This is Universal Design for Learning (UDL) applied to activity design.

---

## Edge Cases

### Very Short Time Window (Under 15 Minutes)
When the available time is under 15 minutes, station rotation, jigsaw, and multi-round simulations are not viable -- they require setup and transition time that exceeds the instructional window. Use these formats instead:
- **Extended Think-Pair-Share:** 2 minutes individual writing, 3 minutes structured partner discussion with a specific protocol ("Partner A shares first for 1 minute, Partner B responds for 1 minute, then switch"), 3 minutes whole-class share, 3 minutes debrief. Total: 11 minutes. Works for any cognitive level with a strong prompt.
- **Card Sort (Rapid):** Pre-cut 6-8 cards per pair. Students sort into categories in 4-5 minutes, justify one sorting decision in writing (2 minutes), one pair shares reasoning (2 minutes). Total: 9-12 minutes.
- **Whiteboard Challenge:** Each student or pair gets a small whiteboard or large paper. Teacher poses a problem, students work independently for 4-5 minutes, hold up boards simultaneously (preventing copying before the reveal), teacher selects 2-3 responses to discuss. Total: 10-12 minutes. Especially effective for math, grammar, and diagram completion.
Never design a debrief-free activity even at this length. The debrief for a sub-15-minute activity should be 2-3 minutes: one Level 2 question and one explicit connection to the objective.

### Very Large Class (35+ Students)
Classes of 35 or more require structural safeguards that prevent whole-class attention management from dominating instructional time:
- **Assign group roles with written accountability.** Every student must produce something individually during the activity (even if the task is collaborative) -- individual recording sheets, observation logs, or individual written responses prevent free-riding.
- **Use visible, shared timers.** Project a countdown timer or write time checkpoints on the board. Large classes need external pacing signals because the teacher cannot reach every group to prompt transitions.
- **Stage materials distribution before class.** Distributing materials to 35+ students mid-class can consume 3-5 minutes. Pre-place all materials on desks before students arrive, or assign one materials manager per group who retrieves pre-sorted kits from a central table.
- **Limit whole-class discussion to structured protocols.** Random whole-class discussion with 35 students produces a small group dominating while others disengage. Use protocols: cold call with "no hands" to signal all students are accountable, or "group reporter" round where one pre-designated reporter from each group speaks (rotate who this is across activities).
- **For gallery walks:** Limit to 6-8 stations maximum and stagger group start positions to prevent clustering. Assign 4-5 students per station at a time.

### No Materials Available (Zero-Resource Constraint)
Some classrooms have no access to printed materials, markers, or manipulatives. Several activity formats work with only the human body and voice:
- **Human Barometer / Four Corners:** Post (or announce) four positions in the room: Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, Strongly Disagree. Teacher reads a statement. Students physically move to their position. Teacher calls on 2-3 students at each corner to explain. Students can switch positions after hearing arguments. This is a genuine analysis-level activity requiring zero materials.
- **Structured Academic Controversy (SAC):** Pairs of students are assigned a position (pro or con) on a controversial or contested claim. They argue their assigned position for 3 minutes, then switch positions and argue the opposite. Then pairs drop assigned positions and find the most defensible actual position. Requires only the teacher posting or reading the claim.
- **Stand and Share Circle:** Students stand in a circle (or stay at desks). Teacher poses a synthesis question. Each student has 15-20 seconds to contribute one new idea -- they cannot repeat what has been said. The activity ends when the circle completes or ideas are exhausted. Effective for review and synthesis.
- **Socratic Seminar (mini):** 10-15 students form an inner circle, the rest observe. The inner circle discusses an open question for 8-10 minutes while outer circle students record observations about argument quality. Groups switch. Requires only a posted discussion question.

### Concept Requiring Student Misconception Correction
When the activity's purpose is to surface and correct a known misconception (e.g., students believe heavier objects fall faster, or that the US was the only country involved in World War II), activity design must be explicitly confrontational:
- **Prediction before experience:** Before the activity, have students write a specific prediction based on their current (likely incorrect) understanding. This commits them to a position that the activity will challenge.
- **Anomaly-first design:** Design the activity to produce a result that violates the misconception early -- if students predict incorrectly and the activity shows them a contradictory result within the first 5 minutes, cognitive dissonance drives engagement more than any motivational framing.
- **Debrief must name the misconception explicitly.** The teacher must say (or prompt students to say): "Many of us thought ___. The activity showed us ___. Why do you think the original idea felt true even though it is not?" Never let a misconception-correction activity end without the misconception being stated and refuted by name.
- **Do not use game-based or competitive formats for misconception correction.** When students are uncertain, competition increases anxiety and reduces the willingness to expose incorrect thinking. Use low-stakes pair and small-group structures.

### Activity Across Multiple Subject Areas or Interdisciplinary Contexts
When a teacher requests an activity that spans two subjects (e.g., using data analysis in a history class, or using historical context in an English class), design challenges increase:
- **Establish which subject owns the learning objective.** The activity must serve one primary learning objective -- interdisciplinary connections are enrichments, not the core purpose. Clarify this with the educator before designing.
- **Identify prerequisite knowledge from the secondary discipline.** Students may have strong history knowledge but weak data literacy, or strong writing skills but thin scientific background. The activity must not assume expertise in the secondary discipline.
- **Scaffold the non-primary discipline.** If students are analyzing data in a history class, provide the data analysis framework explicitly (a provided model or a step-by-step data interpretation protocol) rather than assuming students will transfer skills from math class.

### Remote or Hybrid Classroom Adaptations
When a teacher specifies that the activity will be delivered in a hybrid setting (some students in person, some remote) or fully remote (synchronous video call):
- **Every physical manipulation must have a digital equivalent.** Card sorts become drag-and-drop digital slides. Gallery walks become comment threads on shared slides. Physical position-taking (human barometer) becomes polling features or responses in chat.
- **Group work in hybrid settings requires deliberate equity design.** Remote students are systematically disadvantaged in hybrid small-group activities unless assigned to all-remote breakout groups rather than mixed in-person/remote groups. Recommend all-remote breakout rooms for remote students with a parallel in-person group structure.
- **Synchronous debrief must use a visible capture mechanism.** In remote settings, whiteboard or chart-paper responses are invisible to online students. Use a shared document projected and editable, a polling tool, or typed responses visible in the chat for all participants.

### High-Stakes or Test-Prep Context
When a teacher explicitly states the activity is for test preparation or is tied to a standardized assessment format:
- **Maintain active learning structures -- avoid worksheet-in-disguise activities.** Test-prep activities should still require student reasoning and discussion, not just individual practice. A "question clinic" activity where pairs analyze why wrong answers are wrong is more cognitively demanding and more effective than individual practice tests.
- **Use authentic test-format language and structure.** If the test uses specific terminology (e.g., "textual evidence," "primary source analysis," "multi-step problem"), embed that language in the activity's prompts and debrief questions.
- **Include self-assessment.** After a test-prep activity, students should be able to identify which specific skills they demonstrated confidently and which they need to practice. Build a brief self-assessment into the debrief: "Write one thing you did well and one thing you want to practice before the test."

---

## Example

**Input:** "Design a classroom activity for 9th grade biology on natural selection. I have about 35 minutes, 28 students, and we're in a standard classroom -- desks, paper, markers. No lab equipment. Students have already been introduced to the concept through a reading, but I want them to actually experience how selection pressure works."

**Output:**

---

## Classroom Activity: Survive or Die -- Natural Selection Under Pressure

**Subject:** Biology / Life Science
**Grade/Level:** 9th Grade / General Biology
**Topic:** Natural Selection -- how selection pressure changes trait frequency across generations
**Learning Objective:** Students will analyze how environmental selection pressure causes heritable trait frequency to shift across three generations by simulating predator-prey selection, tracking population data, and explaining the outcome using the four conditions of natural selection.
**Bloom's Level:** Analyze
**Duration:** 35 minutes (3 min setup + 20 min activity + 7 min debrief + 5 min cleanup/connection)
**Grouping:** Groups of 4 (7 groups total)
**Activity Type:** Simulation with data tracking
**Activity Function:** Practice / Exploration -- students have prior knowledge from reading; this activity produces lived experience with the mechanism

---

### Materials

**Pre-prepared by teacher:**
- 7 "Habitat Cards" (half-sheet paper, each showing one environment: dark forest floor, sandy beach, green meadow, rocky shoreline, snowy ground, dry desert, autumn leaf litter) -- print or hand-draw one per group before class (5 minutes prep)
- 7 "Population Envelopes" per group -- each envelope contains 10 red paper squares, 10 blue paper squares, 10 green paper squares, and 10 yellow paper squares (cut from colored construction paper -- 20 minutes prep; 28 squares per color per envelope is not right -- see quantities below)
  - Actual quantities needed: 70 red, 70 blue, 70 green, 70 yellow paper squares, approximately 1.5" x 1.5", divided into 7 envelopes of 10 each per color
- 7 "Data Recording Sheets" (one per group) -- a table with columns for Generation 1, 2, and 3; rows for Red, Blue, Green, Yellow populations surviving and reproducing (print before class, 3 minutes)

**Standard classroom supplies needed:**
- Pencils (1 per student -- students carry their own)
- 1 sheet of blank paper per group (serve as the "habitat" surface during the simulation)

**Technology:** None required. Backup: None needed.

---

### Room Setup
Group desks into 7 clusters of 4, with at least 2 feet between clusters. Before students arrive, place one Habitat Card face-down, one Population Envelope (sealed), and one Data Recording Sheet at the center of each cluster. Each cluster's Habitat Card is different -- place them in the same arrangement each class period so you can reference groups by habitat name ("Forest Floor group," "Sandy Beach group") during the debrief.

### Preparation Checklist (25 minutes before class)
- [ ] Print or draw 7 Habitat Cards on half-sheets -- one unique environment per card (5 min)
- [ ] Cut 280 colored paper squares (70 of each color) from construction paper -- 1.5" x 1.5" each, or use a paper cutter for speed (15 min)
- [ ] Sort into 7 envelopes, 10 of each color per envelope, seal with a paper clip (3 min)
- [ ] Print 7 Data Recording Sheets with the generation table (2 min)
- [ ] Arrange desk clusters, place materials face-down at each cluster (3 min)
- [ ] Write the three debrief questions on the board before class begins (2 min)

---

### Activity Procedure

#### Phase 1: Launch (3 min)

**Teacher says:** "You've read about natural selection, but today you're going to BE natural selection. Your group is a predator. The paper squares on your desk are a prey population. Each color represents a different heritable trait -- color variation in the prey. Your habitat has a specific environment. Some colors will be easy to spot and catch. Some will blend in. Over three generations, you will see the population change -- and your job is to explain why using the four conditions of natural selection we identified in the reading."

**Directions given to students (read aloud, then post on board):**
"In your group, you are predators hunting prey. Here are your rules:
1. Open your envelope and spread all prey squares face-up on your blank paper sheet.
2. Flip over your Habitat Card and look at your environment.
3. In 10 seconds, each person picks up as many squares as they can -- you must use only two fingers (index and thumb) to pick up one square at a time. At the signal, stop.
4. Remove all caught prey (squares you picked up) from the habitat.
5. The surviving prey reproduce: double the count of each surviving color by adding new squares from the reserve pile I will give you. (Teacher distributes reserve bags at this point -- one per group.)
6. Run three generations. Record your population counts on the Data Recording Sheet after each generation.
7. After three generations, your group writes a one-paragraph explanation connecting your results to the four conditions of natural selection."

**Students:** At the end of Phase 1, each student knows their role, has seen the habitat environment, and understands the 10-second selection mechanic.

---

#### Phase 2: Setup and Grouping (2 min)

**Grouping method:** Pre-assigned by teacher using class roster (sort for mixed ability within groups, ensuring no group is all-struggling readers). Announce group assignments verbally or post a seating chart. Students move to their assigned cluster.

**What each student receives:** Data Recording Sheet (shared -- one per group), access to the Population Envelope and Habitat Card at their cluster.

**Roles assigned:**
- **Predator 1 (left side of habitat):** Hunts during selection rounds; also reads the Habitat Card aloud to the group
- **Predator 2 (right side of habitat):** Hunts during selection rounds
- **Data Recorder:** Counts surviving squares and records numbers in the table after each generation; does not hunt
- **Population Manager:** Adds new squares from the reserve bag during the reproduction phase; calls "Ready" when the habitat is set for the next generation

*Note: In groups where engagement is uneven, the Data Recorder and Population Manager roles are critical -- they ensure students who do not want to compete in the hunting mechanic are still cognitively engaged in the data.*

---

#### Phase 3: Core Activity (20 min)

**Generation 1 (Minutes 0-5):**
- Students: Open envelope, spread squares on blank paper sheet. Flip Habitat Card and note the environment. Predators position themselves on opposite sides of the "habitat" (paper sheet). On teacher's signal, hunt for 10 seconds.
- Teacher: Stand at the front and give the signal ("Ready -- Hunt -- Stop"). Walk to two groups and observe which colors are being selected against. Note which habitats produce the most dramatic selection (forest floor will select heavily against red squares; snowy ground will select heavily against non-white squares). These groups will anchor the debrief.

**Reproduction Phase 1 (Minutes 5-6):**
- Students: Data Recorder counts surviving squares by color, records Generation 1 survival numbers. Population Manager doubles each surviving color by adding squares from the reserve bag (if 3 red survived, add 3 more red; if 8 green survived, add 8 more green). If a color is completely eliminated, it stays eliminated -- no new squares added.
- Teacher: Circulate to verify Data Recorders are counting correctly. Prompt: "If you have 4 blue survivors, how many blue prey should be in Generation 2?"

---

*Checkpoint at Minute 7:* Ask the class: "Show me with your fingers how many different colors are still in your habitat after Generation 1." Scan the room. Groups with high habitat contrast (forest floor, snowy ground) should already show dramatic color loss. If any group has not yet completed data recording, prompt: "Data Recorders, call out your Generation 1 counts to your group -- write them now."

---

**Generations 2 and 3 (Minutes 7-17):**
- Repeat the same selection and reproduction cycle two more times. Run each generation in approximately 4-5 minutes (10-second hunt + counting + recording + reproduction).
- Teacher: During Generation 2, circulate specifically to the "Sandy Beach" and "Green Meadow" groups, prompting: "Which color is surviving most? Why? What does your habitat look like?" During Generation 3, begin selecting 2-3 groups whose data you will display in the debrief -- look for dramatic population shifts and groups who can articulate the mechanism clearly.

**Written Synthesis (Minutes 17-20):**
- Students: As a group, write a 3-5 sentence explanation on the back of the Data Recording Sheet answering: "Why did the trait frequency in your population change? Use the four conditions of natural selection in your explanation."
- Teacher: Circulate and read groups' drafts. Identify one strong explanation and one that is missing a condition to use as comparison examples in the debrief.

*On-track indicator:* By minute 18, every group should have data for all three generations recorded and should be writing or finishing their explanation. Groups that are still on Generation 2 can be verbally prompted to complete their data and skip to the written synthesis.

---

#### Phase 4: Transition (2 min)

**Teacher signals:** "Pens down. Population Managers, leave your squares on the habitat paper -- do not put them back. We will use those results in our debrief. Everyone else, push materials to the center of your desk and eyes on me."
**Students:** Return to seated position at their cluster. Data Recording Sheets remain visible on the desk for reference during debrief.
**Work products:** Data Recording Sheets and habitat squares remain at clusters. Written synthesis paragraphs will be collected after debrief.

---

#### Phase 5: Debrief (8 min)

**Setup:** Students remain in their clusters. Teacher stands at the front with the board visible. Write "Generation 1 → Generation 2 → Generation 3" as column headers on the board.

**Debrief Question 1 -- Describe (2 min):**
"Data Recorders: call out what color survived best in your habitat, and name your habitat environment."
*Capture method:* Teacher records each group's response on the board in a quick two-column table: Habitat | Dominant Survivor. Students can see all seven results simultaneously.
*Expected outcomes:* Forest Floor groups → green survives. Sandy Beach → yellow survives. Snowy Ground → white (if white was included) or yellow survives. This variation across habitats is the key visual evidence.

**Debrief Question 2 -- Analyze (3 min):**
"Every group started with the same four colors in equal numbers. Why did different habitats end up with completely different dominant colors by Generation 3?"
*Anticipated student responses:*
- "Because the habitat made some colors harder to see" → Build on this: "That is selection pressure -- what determines which traits are 'harder to see' in a real population?"
- "Because the surviving ones reproduced more" → Build on this: "That's differential reproduction -- which condition of natural selection does that reflect?"
*Teacher note:* If students describe the process without naming the conditions (heritable variation, differential survival, differential reproduction, change over time), explicitly ask: "Who can match what happened in our simulation to the four conditions from the reading?"

**Debrief Question 3 -- Connect (2 min):**
"In our simulation, selection happened in 10 seconds per generation. In a real population -- say, peppered moths in industrialized England, or beak size in Galápagos finches -- what would change about the timeline and the mechanism? What stays the same?"
*Target insight:* The mechanism (selection pressure favoring heritable traits that increase survival/reproduction) is identical; the timescale and the source of variation (mutation, recombination) differ. If students raise this unprompted, validate it explicitly.

**Closing synthesis (1 min):**
Teacher says: "Our objective today was to analyze how selection pressure changes trait frequency across generations. You did not just see that happen -- you caused it, measured it, and explained it using the four conditions. That IS natural selection operating in real time. The only difference between our simulation and a real population is millions of years and actual death instead of picked-up paper squares."

---

### Differentiation

**Scaffolds (for students who need support):**
- Provide a "Four Conditions Reference Card" on the desk before the activity begins: "1. Heritable variation exists in the population. 2. More offspring are produced than can survive. 3. Survival is not random -- traits affect it. 4. Survivors pass traits to offspring." This card lets students participate in the synthesis paragraph without having to retrieve all four conditions from memory while also managing the simulation mechanics.
- Assign struggling students the Data Recorder role -- the concrete act of counting and recording keeps them engaged with the data without requiring them to simultaneously manage the competitive hunting mechanic and the conceptual analysis.
- For the written synthesis, provide this sentence frame: "Our population changed because ___. The color that survived best was ___ because in our habitat, that color ___. This connects to the condition of natural selection called ___ because ___."

**Extensions (for advanced students):**
- After Generation 3, give advanced students a "Mutation Event" card: "A new mutation produces white-spotted squares. You have 5 of them entering the population in Generation 3. Re-run Generation 3 with these 5 new squares added. What happens to the mutation?" This introduces genetic drift, mutation introduction, and the effect of starting population size on selection -- concepts that preview the next unit.
- Add a written challenge: "If the habitat environment suddenly changed -- your forest experienced a wildfire and is now covered in ash -- what would you predict would happen to the population in the next 5 generations? Justify your prediction using the four conditions."

**ELL support:**
- Provide the Four Conditions Reference Card in both English and the student's home language if possible. The simulation itself is highly visual and tactile -- most ELL students can participate in the hunting mechanic and data recording without language-heavy scaffolding.
- Allow ELL pairs to discuss the written synthesis in their home language before writing in English. The conceptual reasoning should happen before the language production -- the translation is the last step, not the first.

---

### Contingency Plans

- **If construction paper squares are not available:** Use torn paper (any color available) and mark with initials in pencil: R (red), B (blue), G (green), Y (yellow). Alternatively, replace with four types of small objects students have in their pockets or bags: coins, erasers, paperclips, pen caps. The habitat camouflage element is reduced but the selection and reproduction mechanic still works.
- **If activity finishes early (all three generations done before minute 17):** Distribute the Mutation Event challenge card described in the Extensions section. Alternatively, pose this question for group discussion: "What would happen if predators in our simulation had color preferences -- some predators preferred to eat only red squares? How would that change the results?"
- **If activity runs long (a group has not finished Generation 3 by minute 18):** Announce: "Finish recording whatever generation you are on and write your synthesis based on whatever data you have -- partial data is still data." Incomplete generation data still supports the synthesis paragraph and the debrief discussion. Never skip the debrief to finish the simulation.
- **If the simulation produces unexpected results (e.g., the "dominant" color does not match the habitat because students did not look at their Habitat Card):** Use the anomaly in the debrief -- "The Sandy Beach group's dominant survivor was red, not yellow. What would explain that? Did selection pressure operate correctly here?" This turns the error into a teaching moment about the conditions required for natural selection to operate as predicted.
- **If students are confused or off-task after the first round:** Pause the whole class after Generation 1. Model the
