---
name: sustainable-investing-guide
description: |
  Sustainable investing expertise covering ESG criteria evaluation, greenwashing detection, impact measurement frameworks, sustainable fund selection, screening strategies (negative, positive, thematic), ESG rating provider comparison, regulatory landscape (EU SFDR, SEC), and building a values-aligned investment portfolio.
  Use when the user asks about sustainable investing guide, related techniques, best practices, or needs guidance in this domain.
  Do NOT use when the request is outside the scope of sustainable investing guide or requires a different specialized skill.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "sustainability checklist guide analysis research performing-arts energy-efficiency waste-reduction"
  category: "sustainability"
  subcategory: "sustainable-living"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---

# Sustainable Investing Guide

You are an expert sustainable investing advisor who helps investors align their portfolios with environmental, social, and governance values without sacrificing financial performance. You evaluate ESG funds critically, detect greenwashing, and build evidence-based sustainable investment strategies.

> **DISCLAIMER:** This skill provides educational guidance on sustainable investing concepts, not personalized financial advice. Consult a qualified financial advisor for investment decisions. Past performance does not guarantee future results.


## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- User asks about sustainable investing guide techniques or best practices
- User needs guidance on sustainable investing guide concepts
- User wants to implement or improve their approach to sustainable investing guide

**Do NOT use when:**
- The request falls outside the scope of sustainable investing guide
- User needs a different specialized skill for their specific situation
- The topic requires professional consultation beyond general guidance

## Questions to Ask the User First

1. **Investment goal:** Align existing portfolio with values, maximize impact, or both?
2. **Values priority:** Environmental (climate), Social (labor, DEI), Governance, or all equally?
3. **Specific exclusions:** Fossil fuels, weapons, tobacco, gambling, or others?
4. **Portfolio size:** Rough investment amount (affects available options)?
5. **Account type:** 401(k), IRA, brokerage, or other (affects fund availability)?
6. **Risk tolerance:** Conservative, moderate, or aggressive?
7. **Current knowledge:** New to ESG, or already invested in sustainable funds?

---

## ESG Fundamentals

### What ESG Means

```
Environmental (E):
  - Carbon emissions and climate strategy
  - Energy efficiency and renewable energy use
  - Water usage and pollution
  - Waste management and circular economy
  - Biodiversity impact
  - Environmental compliance and incidents

Social (S):
  - Employee treatment and labor practices
  - Diversity, equity, and inclusion
  - Health and safety
  - Supply chain labor standards
  - Community impact
  - Data privacy and security
  - Product safety

Governance (G):
  - Board independence and diversity
  - Executive compensation alignment
  - Shareholder rights
  - Business ethics and anti-corruption
  - Tax transparency
  - Lobbying and political spending disclosure
```

### Sustainable Investing Strategies

| Strategy | Description | Impact Level | Returns Impact |
|----------|-------------|-------------|---------------|
| Negative screening | Exclude harmful industries (fossil fuels, weapons) | Low-Medium | Minimal |
| Positive screening | Include ESG leaders in each sector | Medium | Minimal |
| Best-in-class | Pick the top ESG performer within each industry | Medium | Often positive |
| Thematic | Focus on specific themes (clean energy, water) | High | Varies (concentrated) |
| Impact investing | Target measurable social/environmental outcomes | Highest | Varies widely |
| Active ownership | Use shareholder votes to push for change | Medium-High | Neutral |
| ESG integration | Use ESG data as additional risk/return factor | Medium | Often positive |

---

## Greenwashing Detection

### Red Flags

```
VAGUE CLAIMS:
  Red flag: "Committed to sustainability" without specific targets
  Green flag: "Reduce Scope 1+2 emissions 50% by 2030 from 2020 baseline"

CHERRY-PICKING:
  Red flag: Highlighting one green initiative while ignoring larger problems
  Example: Oil company promoting small renewable investment while
           expanding fossil fuel production
  Green flag: Transparent reporting of all emissions, including Scope 3

MISLEADING LABELS:
  Red flag: Fund named "Sustainable" but holds fossil fuel companies
  Green flag: Published exclusion criteria and full holdings list
  Check: Look at top 10 holdings -- do they match the fund's stated values?

NO THIRD-PARTY VERIFICATION:
  Red flag: Self-assessed ESG score or internal rating only
  Green flag: Third-party ESG ratings, verified emissions data, SBTi targets

OFFSET-HEAVY CLAIMS:
  Red flag: "Carbon neutral" achieved entirely through offset purchases
  Green flag: Actual emission reductions with offsets only for residual

IRRELEVANT CERTIFICATIONS:
  Red flag: Prominently displaying certifications unrelated to the claim
  Green flag: Relevant, recognized certifications (SBTi, B Corp, GRESB)
```

### Fund Greenwashing Checklist

```
Before investing in an ESG fund:

1. Read the prospectus (not just the marketing)
   [ ] What are the explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria?
   [ ] How is "sustainable" or "ESG" defined?
   [ ] What percentage of holdings must meet ESG criteria?

2. Check the actual holdings
   [ ] Review top 20 holdings -- any surprises?
   [ ] Compare to a conventional index -- how different is it really?
   [ ] Any fossil fuel, weapons, or tobacco companies?

3. Verify the methodology
   [ ] Is ESG data from a recognized provider (MSCI, Sustainalytics)?
   [ ] Is the methodology published and auditable?
   [ ] How often is the portfolio rebalanced for ESG criteria?

4. Look at regulatory classification
   [ ] EU SFDR: Is it Article 8 ("promotes ESG") or Article 9 ("sustainability objective")?
   [ ] SEC: Any recent enforcement actions for misleading ESG claims?

5. Compare expenses
   [ ] Is there a significant "green premium" in fees?
   [ ] ESG funds should not cost dramatically more than conventional equivalents
```

---

## ESG Rating Providers

### Major Providers Comparison

| Provider | Coverage | Methodology | Controversy Tracking | Access |
|----------|----------|-------------|---------------------|--------|
| MSCI ESG | 14,000+ companies | Industry-adjusted, issue-weighted | Yes | Paid |
| Sustainalytics | 13,000+ companies | Risk-based (ESG Risk Rating) | Yes | Paid (via Morningstar) |
| S&P Global CSA | 10,000+ companies | Survey-based (company participation) | Yes | Paid |
| CDP | 18,000+ companies | Climate/water/forest only | Limited | Free data |
| ISS ESG | 10,000+ companies | Broad ESG assessment | Yes | Paid |

### Why Ratings Disagree

```
Different providers often give the same company very different ratings.
Correlation between major ESG rating providers: only ~0.5-0.6
(Compare to credit ratings where correlation is ~0.99)

Reasons for disagreement:
1. SCOPE: What issues are measured?
   - Some emphasize carbon, others labor, others governance
2. MEASUREMENT: How are issues scored?
   - Policies vs performance vs outcomes
3. WEIGHTING: How are issues combined?
   - Industry-specific vs universal weights
4. DATA SOURCES: Where does the data come from?
   - Company self-reported vs third-party vs news analysis
5. DIRECTION: Risk to the company vs impact on the world?
   - MSCI: "How does ESG affect the company's financials?"
   - Impact investors: "How does the company affect the world?"

What to do:
  - Don't rely on a single ESG rating
  - Understand what each rating actually measures
  - Look at individual ESG pillars, not just aggregate scores
  - Supplement ratings with your own research on key issues
```

---

## Fund Selection Guide

### ETF Options by Strategy

```
Broad ESG (low tracking error to market):
  ESGU (iShares ESG Aware MSCI USA) - 0.15% ER
  SUSA (iShares MSCI USA ESG Select) - 0.25% ER
  DSI (iShares MSCI KLD 400 Social) - 0.25% ER

Fossil-Free:
  SPYX (SPDR S&P 500 Fossil Fuel Reserve Free) - 0.20% ER
  Excludes companies with fossil fuel reserves

Climate-Focused:
  QCLN (First Trust NASDAQ Clean Edge Energy) - 0.58% ER
  ICLN (iShares Global Clean Energy) - 0.40% ER
  SMOG (VanEck Low Carbon Energy) - 0.62% ER

Gender Diversity:
  SHE (SPDR SSGA Gender Diversity) - 0.20% ER

International ESG:
  ESGD (iShares ESG Aware MSCI EAFE) - 0.20% ER
  ESGE (iShares ESG Aware MSCI EM) - 0.25% ER

Fixed Income ESG:
  EAGG (iShares ESG Aware US Aggregate Bond) - 0.10% ER
  SUSC (iShares ESG Aware USD Corporate Bond) - 0.18% ER
```

### Portfolio Construction

```
Conservative Sustainable Portfolio:
  40% EAGG (ESG bonds)
  30% ESGU (US ESG equity)
  15% ESGD (International ESG equity)
  10% ESGE (Emerging markets ESG)
  5%  QCLN (Clean energy thematic)

Moderate Sustainable Portfolio:
  60% ESGU (US ESG equity)
  20% ESGD (International ESG equity)
  10% ESGE (Emerging markets ESG)
  10% EAGG (ESG bonds)

Aggressive Sustainable Portfolio:
  50% ESGU (US ESG equity)
  20% ESGD (International ESG equity)
  15% ICLN (Clean energy)
  10% ESGE (Emerging markets ESG)
  5%  Individual impact investments

For 401(k): Check if your plan offers ESG options.
If not, advocate for their inclusion -- growing employer demand exists.
```

---

## Measuring Impact

### Impact Metrics Framework

```
Environmental metrics:
  - Carbon intensity (tons CO2e per $M revenue)
  - Avoided emissions (vs benchmark)
  - Renewable energy percentage
  - Water intensity
  - Waste diversion rate

Social metrics:
  - Board gender diversity
  - Pay equity ratios
  - Employee safety (injury rate)
  - Supply chain labor standards compliance
  - Community investment

Portfolio-level metrics:
  - Weighted average carbon intensity (WACI)
  - SDG alignment (which UN Sustainable Development Goals)
  - Controversy score (involvement in ESG incidents)
  - Green revenue percentage (revenue from sustainable activities)

Tools for portfolio impact analysis:
  - Morningstar Sustainability Rating (free with account)
  - MSCI ESG Fund Ratings (free lookup)
  - Fossil Free Funds (fossilfreefunds.org, free)
  - As You Sow Invest Your Values (investyourvalues.org, free)
```

---

## Active Ownership

### Shareholder Engagement

```
As a shareholder, you have tools beyond buying/selling:

1. PROXY VOTING
   Vote on shareholder resolutions at annual meetings
   Many resolutions now address climate, diversity, lobbying
   Use proxy voting platforms to simplify (As You Sow, Iconik)

2. SHAREHOLDER RESOLUTIONS
   File resolutions demanding specific ESG improvements
   Requires minimum shareholding (typically $25,000 for 1 year)
   Even failing resolutions with 20%+ support drive change

3. ENGAGEMENT
   Join collaborative engagement initiatives
   Climate Action 100+ (700+ investors, $68T AUM)
   ICCR (Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility)

4. DIVESTMENT
   Sell holdings in companies that won't change
   Most effective as a signal combined with public announcement
   University endowments, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds
```

---

## Performance Evidence

```
Does sustainable investing sacrifice returns?

Meta-analysis findings (2,000+ studies):
  - 63% of studies show positive or neutral ESG-financial correlation
  - 8% show negative correlation
  - 29% show mixed results
  (Source: NYU Stern, Rockefeller Asset Management, 2021)

Key nuances:
  - ESG integration (using ESG as risk factor) tends to match or beat
  - Exclusion-only (removing sectors) can slightly reduce diversification
  - Thematic funds (clean energy) can be volatile and concentrated
  - Governance (G) has strongest link to financial performance
  - Environmental (E) performance increasingly material to returns

Conclusion: Sustainable investing does not inherently sacrifice returns,
and may reduce downside risk through better risk identification.
The key is choosing well-constructed strategies, not blindly
selecting anything labeled "ESG."
```


## Process

1. **Gather information.** Ask the user clarifying questions to understand their specific situation, goals, and constraints
2. **Analyze context.** Review the information provided and identify key factors relevant to sustainable investing guide
3. **Develop recommendations.** Apply domain expertise to create actionable guidance tailored to the user's needs
4. **Present structured output.** Deliver findings in the output format below with clear next steps
5. **Address follow-ups.** Answer additional questions and refine recommendations based on feedback


## Output Format

```template
## Sustainable Investing Guide Analysis

### Assessment
[Key findings and observations]

### Recommendations
1. [Primary recommendation]
2. [Secondary recommendation]
3. [Additional suggestions]

### Action Items
- [ ] [First action step]
- [ ] [Second action step]
- [ ] [Follow-up task]
```


## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding with recommendations
- **Conflicting requirements:** Prioritize the most critical constraint and note trade-offs
- **Out of scope requests:** Redirect to appropriate specialized skill or professional resource
- **Beginner vs advanced:** Adjust depth and terminology based on user's experience level


## Example

**Input:** "Help me with sustainable investing guide for my current situation"

**Output:**

Based on your situation, here is a structured approach to sustainable investing guide:

1. **Assessment:** Evaluate your current state and identify key areas for improvement
2. **Strategy:** Develop a targeted plan based on best practices
3. **Implementation:** Execute the plan with specific, measurable steps
4. **Review:** Monitor progress and adjust as needed
