---
name: debate-coach
description: |
  Expert debate preparation and coaching covering argument construction (claim-evidence-warrant), major debate formats (Lincoln-Douglas, Parliamentary, Policy), rebuttal strategies, cross-examination techniques, logical fallacy identification, research methodology, flowing (note-taking), and judging criteria. Use when the user asks about debate coach or needs help with related topics. Do NOT use for unrelated domains or when a more specialized skill exists.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "writing guide teaching"
  category: "writing"
  subcategory: "business-writing"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "advanced"
---

# Debate Coach

## When to Use


## Process

1. **Gather requirements.** Ask the user clarifying questions about their specific context, goals, constraints, and experience level.

2. **Analyze the situation.** Review the information provided and identify key factors, challenges, and opportunities relevant to debate coach.

3. **Develop the framework.** Create a structured approach tailored to the user's needs, incorporating best practices and domain-specific considerations.

4. **Deliver actionable output.** Present specific, implementable recommendations with clear rationale, timelines, and success criteria.

5. **Address edge cases.** Proactively identify potential issues, alternative approaches, and contingency plans.

**Use this skill when:**
- User needs guidance on debate coach
- User asks about debate coach best practices or techniques
- User wants a structured approach to debate coach

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- A more specialized skill exists for the specific subtopic
- The request is outside the scope of debate coach

## Questions to Ask First

Before coaching any debate preparation, clarify these essentials:

1. **What debate format are you preparing for?** (Lincoln-Douglas, Parliamentary, Policy, Public Forum, World Schools, casual/informal)
2. **What is your experience level?** (First-time debater, novice competitor, experienced, coaching others)
3. **What is the specific resolution or topic?** (The exact wording matters enormously)
4. **Which side are you arguing?** (Affirmative/Proposition or Negative/Opposition, or both)
5. **When is the debate?** (Timeline determines preparation depth)
6. **What is the judging context?** (Tournament with trained judges, classroom, public audience, online)
7. **What are your specific weaknesses?** (Argument construction, delivery, cross-ex, rebuttals, nervousness)

## Core Argument Construction: The Toulmin Model

Every strong argument follows the Claim-Evidence-Warrant structure:

### The Three Essential Components

```
CLAIM: The assertion you want the audience to accept
  "Universal basic income would reduce poverty rates"

EVIDENCE: The data, facts, or examples supporting the claim
  "Finland's 2017-2018 UBI pilot showed participants had
   better financial well-being and mental health (Kangas et al., 2020)"

WARRANT: The logical bridge explaining WHY the evidence supports the claim
  "When people have guaranteed income floors, they can meet basic needs
   without the stress and instability that perpetuates poverty cycles"
```

### Extended Toulmin Components

```
BACKING: Support for the warrant itself
  "Maslow's hierarchy demonstrates that basic needs must be met
   before higher-level functioning is possible"

QUALIFIER: Acknowledges limits of the claim
  "In economies with existing social safety nets..."

REBUTTAL/RESERVATION: Anticipates counterarguments
  "While some argue UBI reduces work incentive, the Finland study
   showed no significant decrease in employment"
```

### Argument Quality Checklist

- [ ] Claim is clear, specific, and debatable (not a truism)
- [ ] Evidence is recent, relevant, and from credible sources
- [ ] Warrant explicitly connects evidence to claim (never assume the link is obvious)
- [ ] You can defend the warrant under questioning
- [ ] You have anticipated at least 2 counterarguments
- [ ] The argument stands even if your strongest evidence is challenged

## Major Debate Formats

### Lincoln-Douglas (LD) Debate

**Focus:** Values-based argumentation, philosophical frameworks
**Structure:**
```
Affirmative Constructive (AC):     6 minutes
Cross-Examination (by Neg):        3 minutes
Negative Constructive (NC):        7 minutes
Cross-Examination (by Aff):        3 minutes
First Affirmative Rebuttal (1AR):  4 minutes
Negative Rebuttal (NR):            6 minutes
Second Affirmative Rebuttal (2AR): 3 minutes

Prep Time: 4 minutes per side (varies by tournament)
```

**Key Strategy:**
- Build your case around a value (justice, liberty, equality) and a value criterion (how we measure that value)
- The framework debate often determines the round -- win the criterion, win the debate
- 1AR is the hardest speech: must respond to the entire NC in 4 minutes

### Parliamentary Debate

**Focus:** Persuasion, real-world policy, limited preparation
**Structure (British Parliamentary - BP):**
```
4 teams of 2: Opening Government, Opening Opposition,
              Closing Government, Closing Opposition

Each speaker: 7 minutes
POIs (Points of Information): permitted minutes 1-6
15-minute preparation (no internet in most formats)
```

**Key Strategy:**
- Opening teams define the debate; closing teams must extend with new arguments
- Points of Information are critical -- both asking and answering
- Characterization matters: frame the debate in terms favorable to your side

### Policy Debate

**Focus:** Evidence-heavy, technical, policy analysis
**Structure:**
```
1AC (First Affirmative Constructive):  8 minutes
Cross-Ex of 1AC by 2NC:               3 minutes
1NC (First Negative Constructive):     8 minutes
Cross-Ex of 1NC by 1AC:               3 minutes
2AC (Second Affirmative Constructive): 8 minutes
Cross-Ex of 2AC by 1NC:               3 minutes
2NC (Second Negative Constructive):    8 minutes
Cross-Ex of 2NC by 2AC:               3 minutes
1NR (First Negative Rebuttal):        5 minutes
1AR (First Affirmative Rebuttal):     5 minutes
2NR (Second Negative Rebuttal):       5 minutes
2AR (Second Affirmative Rebuttal):    5 minutes

Prep Time: 8 minutes per side
```

**Key Strategy:**
- The Affirmative must present a plan with inherency, harms, solvency, and significance
- Negative strategies: disadvantages, counterplans, kritiks, topicality
- Spread (speed reading) is common in competitive circuits -- but clarity still matters
- Evidence quality and quantity are paramount

## Rebuttal Strategy

### The Four-Step Rebuttal (A-R-E-A)

```
1. ASSERT:    State what your opponent claimed
   "My opponent argues that renewable energy is too expensive"

2. RESPOND:   Directly counter the claim
   "This is outdated -- solar is now the cheapest energy source in history"

3. EVIDENCE:  Provide specific support
   "The IEA's 2023 World Energy Outlook shows solar LCOE at $20-60/MWh,
    below coal and gas in most markets"

4. ADVANTAGE: Explain why this matters for the round
   "This means the cost objection to the affirmative plan is eliminated,
    and our solvency stands unchallenged"
```

### Rebuttal Prioritization Framework

Not all arguments deserve equal attention. Prioritize by:

```
TIER 1 - Must Address:
  - Arguments that, if true, would win the round for your opponent
  - Framework/criterion challenges
  - Turns (arguments that flip your evidence against you)

TIER 2 - Should Address:
  - Arguments that weaken your case significantly
  - New evidence that contradicts your sources

TIER 3 - Can Minimize:
  - Peripheral arguments that don't impact the core debate
  - Arguments your existing case already implicitly answers
  - Emotional appeals without substantive backing
```

### Common Rebuttal Techniques

- **Mitigation:** "Even if their evidence is true, the impact is smaller than claimed"
- **Turning:** "Their argument actually supports our side because..."
- **Outweighing:** "Even granting their point, our harms are larger in scope, magnitude, and probability"
- **Taking out the warrant:** "They gave evidence but no logical reason it connects to their claim"
- **Indicting evidence:** "That study has been debunked / uses flawed methodology / is from a biased source"

## Cross-Examination Techniques

### Purposes of Cross-Ex

1. **Clarification:** Understand what your opponent actually argued
2. **Concessions:** Get them to admit points helpful to your case
3. **Contradiction:** Reveal inconsistencies in their position
4. **Setup:** Lay groundwork for arguments you will make later

### Questioning Techniques

```
FUNNEL QUESTIONING: Broad to narrow
  "Do you believe individual rights are important?"
  "Do you believe property rights are individual rights?"
  "Then how does your plan, which restricts property use, uphold rights?"

LEADING QUESTIONS: Control the narrative
  "Isn't it true that your source was published before the 2023 data?"
  (Forces yes/no answers that benefit your position)

DILEMMA QUESTIONS: Either answer helps you
  "Is your plan voluntary or mandatory?"
  (If voluntary: solvency problem. If mandatory: liberty objection)
```

### Cross-Ex Rules for the Questioner

- Ask questions, don't make speeches
- Know where every question leads before you ask it
- Control speakers who try to filibuster: "I appreciate that, but my question was specifically..."
- Never ask a question you don't know the answer to
- End on a strong point

### Cross-Ex Rules for the Respondent

- Answer directly -- evasion looks worse than an honest concession
- Qualify your answers: "In the context of my case, yes, but..."
- Don't volunteer extra information
- If the question is genuinely unclear, ask for clarification
- Maintain composure -- cross-ex tests your poise

## Logical Fallacies Identification

### Most Common Debate Fallacies

```
STRAW MAN: Misrepresenting opponent's argument to attack a weaker version
  Detection: "Is that actually what they said? Let me check my flow."

AD HOMINEM: Attacking the person rather than the argument
  Detection: "Does this address the argument or the person making it?"

APPEAL TO AUTHORITY: "Expert X says so, therefore it's true"
  Detection: "Is the authority relevant? Do other experts disagree?"

SLIPPERY SLOPE: "If A happens, then B, C, D will inevitably follow"
  Detection: "Is each step in the causal chain actually inevitable?"

FALSE DICHOTOMY: Presenting only two options when more exist
  Detection: "Are these really the only possibilities?"

POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC: "A happened before B, so A caused B"
  Detection: "Is there a demonstrated causal mechanism?"

APPEAL TO EMOTION: Using fear, pity, or outrage instead of evidence
  Detection: "Remove the emotional framing -- is there a logical argument?"

CIRCULAR REASONING: The conclusion is assumed in the premise
  Detection: "Is the claim being used to support itself?"

HASTY GENERALIZATION: Drawing broad conclusions from limited evidence
  Detection: "Is the sample size and scope sufficient for this claim?"

RED HERRING: Introducing irrelevant topics to distract
  Detection: "Does this actually relate to the resolution?"
```

### Calling Out Fallacies Effectively

Never just label a fallacy -- explain why it matters:

```
WEAK:  "That's a straw man fallacy."
STRONG: "My opponent has mischaracterized my argument. I never claimed X.
         What I actually said was Y. Their entire rebuttal attacks a
         position I don't hold, so my argument stands unrefuted."
```

## Research Methodology

### Source Hierarchy for Debate Evidence

```
TIER 1 (Strongest):
  - Peer-reviewed academic journals
  - Government statistics and official reports
  - Meta-analyses and systematic reviews

TIER 2 (Strong):
  - Major think tank publications (Brookings, RAND, Pew)
  - Established news investigative journalism
  - Expert testimony and published interviews

TIER 3 (Moderate):
  - Quality journalism from respected outlets
  - Published books by credentialed authors
  - Conference proceedings

TIER 4 (Use with caution):
  - Opinion editorials (even from experts)
  - Advocacy organization reports (note bias)
  - Older sources (context may have changed)

AVOID:
  - Wikipedia as a final source (use it for finding real sources)
  - Blog posts without credentials
  - Social media posts
  - Sources you cannot verify
```

### Evidence Cutting (Creating Cards)

```
Format for a debate evidence card:

TAG:        One-sentence summary of what the evidence proves
            "Solar energy costs have dropped 89% since 2010"

CITATION:   Author credentials, publication, date
            "Dr. Sarah Chen, MIT Energy Initiative, Nature Energy,
             March 2024"

BODY:       The relevant quoted text, with key phrases underlined
            "The levelized cost of solar photovoltaic energy has
             DECREASED BY 89% over the past decade, making it
             THE CHEAPEST SOURCE of new electricity generation
             in most world markets."
```

## Flowing (Note-Taking System)

### Flow Sheet Setup

```
Divide paper into columns, one per speech:

| 1AC/AC  | 1NC/NC  | 1AR   | NR/2NR | 2AR   |
|---------|---------|-------|--------|-------|
| Cont 1  | Resp 1  | Ext 1 | Resp   | Final |
| Cont 2  | Resp 2  | Ext 2 | Resp   | Final |
|         | NC Arg1 | Resp  | Ext    | Resp  |
|         | NC Arg2 | Resp  | Ext    | Resp  |
```

### Flowing Best Practices

- Use abbreviations consistently (T = topicality, DA = disadvantage, CP = counterplan)
- Draw arrows connecting arguments across columns
- Star or circle arguments that are dropped (unanswered)
- Use different colors for your side vs. opponent
- Flow what is actually said, not what you think they meant
- Leave space for arguments you anticipate

## Judging Criteria

### What Judges Evaluate

```
CONTENT (typically 40-50% of evaluation):
  - Quality of arguments and evidence
  - Clash: direct engagement with opponent's arguments
  - Framework establishment and adherence
  - Weighing: why your arguments matter more

STRATEGY (typically 25-30%):
  - Argument selection and prioritization
  - Time allocation across arguments
  - Cross-examination effectiveness
  - Dropped argument exploitation

DELIVERY (typically 20-25%):
  - Clarity and organization
  - Persuasive presence
  - Eye contact and engagement
  - Appropriate speed and volume
  - Professional demeanor
```

### What Wins Close Rounds

1. **Weighing:** The debater who explains WHY their arguments matter more
2. **Clash:** Direct engagement beats ships-passing-in-the-night
3. **Crystallization:** Clear summary of the key voting issues in final speeches
4. **Dropped arguments:** Pointing out what your opponent never answered

## Practice Exercises

### Exercise 1: Argument Construction Drill
Take any news headline. In 5 minutes, construct a full Toulmin argument (claim, evidence, warrant, backing, qualifier, reservation) both for and against.

### Exercise 2: Fallacy Spotting
Watch a political debate or opinion segment. Identify every logical fallacy. Write a one-sentence rebuttal for each.

### Exercise 3: Speed Rebuttal
Record yourself giving a 2-minute argument. Then give yourself 1 minute to prepare and 2 minutes to deliver a full rebuttal. Repeat until responses are sharp.

### Exercise 4: Cross-Ex Preparation
For your next debate topic, write 10 questions for cross-examination. For each, write the best and worst possible answer your opponent could give, and your follow-up for each.

### Exercise 5: Flowing Practice
Watch a recorded debate round at 1.5x speed. Flow it completely. Then compare your flow to the actual arguments made. Repeat until you capture 90%+ of arguments.

## Quick Reference: Pre-Round Checklist

- [ ] Research complete with evidence cards organized
- [ ] Constructive speech written and timed
- [ ] Flow paper prepared with columns labeled
- [ ] Anticipated opponent arguments listed with pre-written responses
- [ ] Cross-ex questions prepared (10+ per side)
- [ ] Value/criterion or plan text memorized
- [ ] Timer tested and ready
- [ ] Water bottle accessible
- [ ] Deep breaths taken -- confidence prepared


## Output Format

Deliver the response as a structured document with clear headings and actionable content. Use tables for comparisons, numbered lists for sequential steps, and bullet points for options. Include specific examples where applicable.

```
[Debate Coach deliverable]
1. Context and objectives
2. Analysis or framework
3. Specific recommendations with rationale
4. Action items with timeline
```


## Example

**Input:** "Help me with debate coach for a mid-size project."

**Output:** A complete debate coach framework tailored to the specific context, with actionable steps, relevant considerations, and measurable outcomes.


## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding rather than making assumptions
- **Conflicting requirements:** Identify trade-offs explicitly and present options with pros and cons
- **Scale mismatch:** Adapt recommendations to match the user's context (individual vs. team vs. organization)
- **Domain crossover:** When the request overlaps with other skill domains, address what falls within scope and reference specialized skills for the rest
