---
name: board-governance
description: |
  Guide to nonprofit board governance including roles and responsibilities, meeting facilitation, fiduciary duties, committee structure, board recruitment, evaluation, and succession planning. Use when the user asks about board governance or needs help with related topics. Do NOT use for unrelated domains or when a more specialized skill exists.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "strategy planning guide"
  category: "business-strategy"
  subcategory: "strategy-planning"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---

# Board Governance

## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- The user needs to structure or improve nonprofit board governance, roles, and fiduciary duties
- The user wants help with board meeting facilitation, committee structures, or succession planning
- The user is recruiting, evaluating, or onboarding new board members
- The user needs guidance on board policies, conflict of interest procedures, or governance best practices

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- The user is starting a nonprofit from scratch (use nonprofit-starter instead)
- The user needs corporate board governance for a for-profit company
- The user wants fundraising strategy rather than board oversight (use fundraising-strategist instead)

## Process

1. **Gather requirements.** Ask the user clarifying questions about their specific context, goals, constraints, and experience level.

2. **Analyze the situation.** Review the information provided and identify key factors, challenges, and opportunities relevant to board governance.

3. **Develop the framework.** Create a structured approach tailored to the user's needs, incorporating best practices and domain-specific considerations.

4. **Deliver actionable output.** Present specific, implementable recommendations with clear rationale, timelines, and success criteria.

5. **Address edge cases.** Proactively identify potential issues, alternative approaches, and contingency plans.

**Use this skill when:**
- User needs guidance on board governance
- User asks about board governance best practices or techniques
- User wants a structured approach to board governance

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- A more specialized skill exists for the specific subtopic
- The request is outside the scope of board governance

## Questions to Ask First

Before advising on board governance:

1. What type of organization is this? (501(c)(3), 501(c)(6), other)
2. How long has the organization existed?
3. How many board members do you currently have?
4. Do you have current, adopted bylaws? When were they last updated?
5. What is the average tenure of current board members?
6. Does your board have term limits?
7. What committees currently exist and are they active?
8. How often does the full board meet?
9. What is the biggest governance challenge you face right now?
10. Is there paid executive staff, or is the board also running operations?

## Board Roles and Responsibilities

### The Board's Core Functions
1. **Set strategic direction**: Approve mission, vision, strategic plan
2. **Hire, support, and evaluate the ED/CEO**: The board's single most important employee decision
3. **Ensure financial health**: Approve budget, monitor finances, ensure adequate resources
4. **Ensure legal and ethical compliance**: Fiduciary oversight, regulatory compliance
5. **Serve as ambassadors**: Represent the organization publicly, advocate, open doors
6. **Fundraise**: Give personally and help raise funds

### What the Board Does NOT Do
- Manage day-to-day operations (that is staff's job)
- Supervise employees other than the ED/CEO
- Make unilateral decisions outside of board meetings
- Direct programs without board authorization
- Speak for the organization without authorization

### Officer Roles

**Board Chair / President**
- Presides over board meetings
- Sets agenda in consultation with ED
- Serves as primary liaison between board and ED
- Represents the board publicly
- Ensures board fulfills its governance responsibilities
- Manages board member performance issues

**Vice Chair / Vice President**
- Presides in Chair's absence
- Often chairs a major committee
- Typically the Chair-elect (succession pipeline)
- Takes on special projects as assigned

**Secretary**
- Ensures accurate meeting minutes are recorded
- Maintains official records (articles, bylaws, policies, minutes)
- Manages correspondence on behalf of the board
- Ensures proper notice for meetings
- Maintains board member contact information

**Treasurer**
- Oversees financial reporting to the board
- Chairs Finance Committee
- Ensures proper financial controls exist
- Presents financial statements at board meetings
- Works with staff to prepare annual budget
- Oversees audit or financial review process

### Individual Board Member Responsibilities
- Attend meetings regularly (set minimum attendance policy, e.g., 75%)
- Prepare for meetings by reading materials in advance
- Participate actively in discussions and decisions
- Serve on at least one committee
- Make a personally meaningful annual financial contribution
- Participate in fundraising activities
- Maintain confidentiality of board deliberations
- Disclose conflicts of interest
- Stay informed about the organization and its issue area
- Speak with one voice (support board decisions publicly even if you disagreed)

## Meeting Facilitation

### Meeting Preparation
1. **Set the agenda**: Chair and ED collaborate, 1-2 weeks before meeting
2. **Distribute board packet**: Agenda, minutes, financial statements, committee reports, action items - at least 5 days before meeting
3. **Include consent agenda**: Routine items (minutes approval, standard reports) bundled for single vote
4. **Identify discussion items**: Distinguish between items for information, discussion, and decision
5. **Assign time blocks**: Keep meetings to 90-120 minutes maximum

### Sample Board Meeting Agenda
```
1. Call to Order and Welcome (5 min)
2. Consent Agenda (5 min)
   - Approval of previous minutes
   - Committee reports (written)
   - Staff report (written)
3. Treasurer's Report and Financial Review (15 min)
4. Executive Director Report and Q&A (15 min)
5. Strategic Discussion Item (30 min)
   - [Specific topic with background reading provided]
6. Committee Reports Requiring Action (20 min)
7. Old Business (10 min)
8. New Business (10 min)
9. Executive Session (if needed) (10 min)
10. Adjournment
```

### Robert's Rules of Order (Simplified)
Most nonprofit boards use simplified Robert's Rules:

**Making a Decision**:
1. A member makes a motion: "I move that we approve the 2027 budget as presented."
2. Another member seconds the motion: "I second."
3. Chair opens discussion: "Is there discussion on the motion?"
4. Members discuss
5. Chair calls the vote: "All in favor say aye. All opposed say nay."
6. Chair announces result: "The motion carries / fails."

**Key Parliamentary Terms**:
- **Quorum**: Minimum number of members needed to conduct business (defined in bylaws, typically majority)
- **Motion**: Formal proposal for board action
- **Second**: Another member supporting the motion (brings it to discussion)
- **Amend**: Modify a motion before voting
- **Table**: Postpone a motion to a future meeting
- **Call the question**: Request to end discussion and vote immediately

### Virtual Meeting Best Practices
- Use video when possible (camera on builds connection)
- Mute when not speaking
- Use chat for procedural comments (seconds, quick clarifications)
- Chair calls on speakers by name
- Roll call votes for important decisions (ensures accurate record)
- Record attendance in minutes
- Check state law on virtual meeting requirements

### Executive Session
- Portion of meeting without staff present
- Used for: ED evaluation, compensation, legal matters, personnel issues
- Minutes should be kept (by Secretary) but may be sealed/confidential
- Actions taken must be ratified in regular session
- Do not use executive session to discuss disagreements with ED behind their back

## Fiduciary Duties

### Duty of Care
- Exercise the same care a reasonably prudent person would in managing their own affairs
- Attend meetings and stay informed
- Read financial statements and ask questions
- Make informed decisions (do not rubber-stamp)
- If you do not understand something, ask before voting

### Duty of Loyalty
- Put the organization's interests above personal interests
- Disclose any conflicts of interest (financial or personal)
- Recuse yourself from discussions and votes where you have a conflict
- Do not use board position for personal benefit
- Maintain confidentiality of board deliberations

### Duty of Obedience
- Ensure the organization follows its mission
- Ensure compliance with laws, regulations, bylaws, and policies
- Do not authorize activities outside the organization's mission
- Ensure proper use of charitable funds (donor intent)

### Conflict of Interest Policy
Every board should have a written conflict of interest policy that includes:
1. Definition of conflict (financial interest, family relationships, business dealings)
2. Annual disclosure requirement (board members complete disclosure form yearly)
3. Procedure when conflict arises during a meeting
4. Recusal requirement (leave room during discussion and vote)
5. Documentation in minutes
6. Review and enforcement

## Committee Structure

### Standing Committees

**Executive Committee**
- Officers + at most 1-2 additional members
- Acts on behalf of full board between meetings (limited authority per bylaws)
- Should not replace full board deliberation on major decisions

**Finance Committee**
- Reviews financial statements monthly
- Develops annual budget recommendation
- Monitors cash flow and reserves
- Oversees audit/review process
- Investment policy oversight

**Governance / Nominating Committee**
- Board recruitment and nomination
- Board orientation and ongoing education
- Annual board self-evaluation
- Bylaws review and amendments
- Board composition analysis (skills, diversity, gaps)

**Development / Fundraising Committee**
- Supports fundraising strategy
- Identifies prospective donors
- Plans fundraising events
- Sets give/get policies for board
- Thanks donors and stewarding relationships

**Program Committee** (optional)
- Reviews program effectiveness
- Makes recommendations on program direction
- Connects board to community needs
- Not managing programs (that is staff's role)

### Ad Hoc Committees (Temporary)
- Created for specific purposes: Strategic planning, ED search, capital campaign, special event
- Defined scope and timeline
- Disbanded when task is complete
- Can include non-board members

### Committee Best Practices
- Every committee has written terms of reference (purpose, authority, membership, meeting schedule)
- Committee chairs report to the full board
- Committees recommend, the board decides (committees do not have independent authority unless bylaws specify)
- Keep committees small (3-5 members) for effectiveness
- Non-board members can serve on committees (good recruitment pipeline)
- Committee meetings have agendas and minutes

## Board Recruitment

### Board Matrix
Create a grid mapping current board composition against needs:

| Member | Finance | Legal | Marketing | Fundraising | Program Expertise | Community Connection | Diversity |
|--------|---------|-------|-----------|-------------|-------------------|---------------------|-----------|
| Current members mapped here |

Identify gaps and recruit to fill them.

### Recruitment Process
1. Governance committee identifies skill and diversity gaps
2. Board members nominate potential candidates from their networks
3. Staff can suggest candidates (community leaders, engaged volunteers)
4. Initial outreach: Informal conversation about the organization
5. Prospective member attends board meeting as observer
6. Formal interview with Governance committee chair and ED
7. Discuss expectations clearly: Meeting attendance, financial commitment, committee work, time
8. Governance committee recommends to full board
9. Board votes on nomination
10. Formal orientation for new member

### What to Look For
- Passion for the mission (not just resume building)
- Willingness to give/get financially
- Availability to attend meetings and participate
- Specific skills the board needs
- Connections and networks
- Diversity of thought, background, and perspective
- Collaborative temperament
- Willingness to learn (no board experience required if they bring other strengths)

### Orientation for New Board Members
- Organization mission, history, and programs (with site visit)
- Bylaws, policies, and board manual
- Financial overview (current budget, financial position)
- Strategic plan
- Board member expectations document
- Introduction to staff and other board members
- Assign a board mentor/buddy for first year
- Calendar of meetings and events

## Board Evaluation

### Annual Board Self-Assessment
Survey all board members on:
- Meeting effectiveness and preparation
- Understanding of mission and strategy
- Quality of financial oversight
- Fundraising participation
- Committee effectiveness
- Board-ED relationship
- Board composition and diversity
- Individual member engagement

### Individual Member Assessment
- Self-evaluation against expectations (attendance, giving, committee work)
- Peer feedback (optional, handled sensitively)
- Chair conversation with each member annually
- Opportunity to address concerns and reset expectations

### Using Evaluation Results
- Discuss aggregate results at a board meeting or retreat
- Identify 2-3 areas for improvement
- Create action plan with specific steps
- Follow through (evaluation without action is worse than no evaluation)
- Use results to improve recruitment, orientation, and ongoing engagement

## Succession Planning

### ED/CEO Succession
- **Emergency succession plan**: Who acts if the ED is suddenly unavailable? (Board should have this documented NOW)
- **Planned succession**: 6-12 month process when ED departure is known
- **Transition types**: Interim, internal promotion, external search

### ED Search Process
1. Board forms search committee (3-5 members, may include non-board stakeholders)
2. Hire search firm or conduct search internally
3. Develop position profile based on organizational needs
4. Post widely, actively recruit diverse candidates
5. Initial screening (resume review, phone interviews)
6. In-person interviews with finalists (2-4 candidates)
7. Reference checks (thorough, not perfunctory)
8. Board votes to extend offer
9. Negotiate compensation and start date
10. Announce and plan transition

### Board Leadership Succession
- Vice Chair should be prepared to step into Chair role
- Governance committee maintains a pipeline of future officers
- Staggered terms prevent entire board turning over at once
- Document institutional knowledge (board manual, onboarding materials)
- Term limits create natural succession points (recommended: 2-3 terms of 3 years each)

## Common Governance Challenges

### Founder Syndrome
- Founder treats organization as personal property
- Board members are friends/family unable to provide oversight
- Solution: Strengthen governance, diversify board, clearly define ED and board roles

### Disengaged Board
- Members attend but do not participate or contribute
- Solution: Clear expectations, annual evaluation, meaningful meeting discussions, term limits

### Micromanagement
- Board members directing staff or programs
- Solution: Define "noses in, fingers out" - board monitors but does not manage
- Strong ED empowered by clear delegation of authority

### Board-ED Conflict
- Disagreement about direction, authority, or performance
- Solution: Clear role definitions, regular check-ins, annual ED evaluation, mediation if needed

## Progression Path

1. **Phase 1**: Establish bylaws, recruit founding board, hold first official meeting
2. **Phase 2**: Create committee structure, develop conflict of interest policy, financial oversight
3. **Phase 3**: Board manual, orientation program, annual evaluation process
4. **Phase 4**: Strategic board recruitment for diversity and skills, succession planning
5. **Phase 5**: Board development program, external governance assessment
6. **Phase 6**: Model governance, mentor other boards, governance innovation

## Resources

- **BoardSource** (boardsource.org): The leading resource for nonprofit governance
- **Books**: "Governance as Leadership" by Chait, Ryan, and Taylor
- **Books**: "The Board Book" by Susan Shultz
- **National Council of Nonprofits**: Governance toolkits and state-specific resources
- **CompassPoint**: Nonprofit management and governance training
- **Blue Avocado**: Online magazine for nonprofit governance


## Output Format

Deliver the response as a structured document with clear headings and actionable content. Use tables for comparisons, numbered lists for sequential steps, and bullet points for options. Include specific examples where applicable.

```
[Board Governance deliverable]
1. Context and objectives
2. Analysis or framework
3. Specific recommendations with rationale
4. Action items with timeline
```


## Example

**Input:** "Help me with board governance for a mid-size project."

**Output:** A complete board governance framework tailored to the specific context, with actionable steps, relevant considerations, and measurable outcomes.


## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding rather than making assumptions
- **Conflicting requirements:** Identify trade-offs explicitly and present options with pros and cons
- **Scale mismatch:** Adapt recommendations to match the user's context (individual vs. team vs. organization)
- **Domain crossover:** When the request overlaps with other skill domains, address what falls within scope and reference specialized skills for the rest
