---
name: backpacking-planner
description: |
  Guide to backpacking including gear selection, trip planning, navigation, meal planning, water treatment, Leave No Trace, bear country protocols, and fitness preparation.
  Use when the user asks about backpacking planner, related techniques, best practices, or needs guidance in this domain.
  Do NOT use when the request is outside the scope of backpacking planner or requires a different specialized skill.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "guide hiking budgeting beginner-friendly cloud testing research planning"
  category: "hobbies-crafts"
  subcategory: "outdoor-recreation"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---

# Backpacking Planner Guide


## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- User asks about backpacking planner techniques or best practices
- User needs guidance on backpacking planner concepts
- User wants to implement or improve their approach to backpacking planner

**Do NOT use when:**
- The request falls outside the scope of backpacking planner
- User needs a different specialized skill for their specific situation
- The topic requires professional consultation beyond general guidance

## Questions to Ask First

Before planning a backpacking trip:

1. What is your backpacking experience? (Never / Day hiker wanting to go overnight / Some backpacking / Experienced)
2. What is your fitness level? (Sedentary / Moderately active / Very active / Athletic)
3. Where do you want to go? (Specific trail or general region)
4. How many nights? (1 night / 2-3 nights / Week+ / Thru-hike)
5. Who is going? (Solo, partner, group, family)
6. What season? (Summer / Shoulder season / Winter)
7. What is your budget for gear? ($200-500 / $500-1,000 / $1,000-2,000 / $2,000+)
8. Do you own any gear already? What?
9. Any medical conditions or dietary needs?
10. What terrain and climate will you encounter? (Mountains, desert, forest, coastal)

## The Big 3: Pack, Shelter, Sleep System

These three items make up 50-70% of your base weight. Invest here first.

### Backpack

**Sizing**:
- Weekend (1-3 nights): 40-55 liters
- Multi-day (3-7 nights): 55-70 liters
- Extended / Thru-hike: 50-65 liters (ultralight gear fits in smaller packs)

**Fit**:
- Measure torso length (C7 vertebra to top of hip bones)
- Match to pack size (S/M/L)
- Try on loaded at an outdoor store (REI will load a pack for you)
- Hip belt should carry 80% of weight, shoulder straps guide the load

**Recommendations**:
- Budget: Osprey Atmos AG 65 (~$280) - most comfortable for the price
- Mid-range: Gregory Baltoro/Deva 65 (~$300) - excellent load carrying
- Ultralight: Gossamer Gear Mariposa 60 (~$280) - under 2 lbs
- Premium UL: ULA Circuit (~$275) - 39 oz, cult following

### Shelter

**Options**:
- **Freestanding tent**: Easiest setup, works on any surface, heaviest
  - MSR Hubba Hubba 2P (~$450, 3 lb 8 oz) - gold standard
  - Big Agnes Copper Spur HV UL2 (~$450, 3 lb 2 oz) - lightest freestanding
  - Naturehike Cloud-Up 2 (~$100, 4 lb 6 oz) - excellent budget option
- **Trekking pole tent/tarp tent**: Uses hiking poles for structure, lighter
  - Durston X-Mid 2P (~$250, 2 lb 4 oz) - best value UL shelter
  - Six Moon Designs Lunar Solo (~$250, 1 lb 10 oz) - single person
- **Hammock**: Comfortable, requires trees, cold underneath (needs underquilt in cold)
  - Hennessy Hammock or Warbonnet Blackbird + tarp + underquilt

**Considerations**:
- Weight: Target under 3 lbs for 2-person, under 2 lbs for solo
- Rainfly coverage: Full coverage for wet climates, partial ok for dry areas
- Vestibule space: Keeps gear dry outside the tent body
- Single vs double wall: Double wall reduces condensation but weighs more

### Sleep System

**Sleeping Bag/Quilt**:
- Temperature rating: Choose 10-15F below expected low temperatures
- Down vs synthetic: Down is lighter and compresses smaller; synthetic works when wet
- Fill power: Higher = warmer per weight (650 fill budget, 800-950 fill premium)
- Quilt vs bag: Quilts are lighter (no material under you where it compresses anyway) but less versatile in cold
- Recommendations:
  - Budget: Kelty Cosmic 20 (~$100) or Hammock Gear Econ Quilt (~$150)
  - Mid-range: REI Magma 15 (~$300) or Enlightened Equipment Revelation (~$265)
  - Premium: Western Mountaineering UltraLite (~$475)

**Sleeping Pad**:
- R-value: Insulation from cold ground (summer: R2-3, 3-season: R3-5, winter: R5+)
- Types:
  - Air pad: Lightest, most comfortable, vulnerable to puncture
  - Self-inflating: Comfortable, moderate weight, durable
  - Foam: Cheapest, lightest, indestructible, least comfortable
- Recommendations:
  - Therm-a-Rest NeoAir XLite NXT (~$200, R4.5, 12 oz) - best all-around
  - Nemo Tensor (~$170, R4.2, 15 oz) - quieter alternative
  - Therm-a-Rest Z Lite Sol (~$45, R2.0, 14 oz) - bombproof foam pad

## Trip Planning

### Route Selection
1. **Choose a trail matching your experience and fitness**
2. **Research**: AllTrails, Guthook/FarOut app, guidebooks, trip reports
3. **Daily mileage targets**: Beginners 5-8 miles/day, moderate 8-12, experienced 12-20+
4. **Elevation gain**: 1,000 ft of gain ≈ 1 extra mile of effort
5. **Naismith's Rule**: Allow 1 hour per 3 miles + 1 hour per 2,000 ft elevation gain
6. **Camp locations**: Identify potential campsites, water sources along route
7. **Permits**: Many popular trails require permits (plan months ahead)
8. **Shuttle logistics**: Point-to-point trails need car shuttle or ride sharing

### Permit and Reservation Systems
- **Recreation.gov**: Federal lands permits and reservations
- **National Park backcountry permits**: Some available in advance, some day-of
- **National Forest**: Often no permits needed, some popular areas require them
- **BLM land**: Generally open camping, minimal permits
- **Long trails**: AT, PCT, JMT have specific permit systems - research well in advance

### Leave an Itinerary
- Give someone your planned route, campsites, and expected return date
- Include: Emergency contact numbers, car location, gear color/description
- Agree on check-in protocol (text when you have signal)
- Agree on when to call for help if you do not return on time

## Navigation

### Map and Compass (Primary)
- **Topographic map**: Shows terrain, elevation, water, trails (USGS 7.5-minute quads or print from CalTopo)
- **Compass**: Baseplate compass (Suunto A-10 ~$20 or Silva Ranger ~$40)
- **Skills to learn**: Orient map with compass, take bearings, triangulate position, contour reading
- Practice in familiar areas before relying on it in the backcountry

### GPS and Apps (Supplement, Not Replacement)
- **Gaia GPS** ($40/year): Downloadable offline topo maps, track recording
- **AllTrails+** ($30/year): Trail maps, reviews, offline maps
- **FarOut (Guthook)**: Trail-specific guide with water sources, campsites, elevation profiles
- **CalTopo**: Route planning, printing custom maps
- **Satellite communicator**: Garmin inReach Mini ($300 + subscription) - SOS, messaging, GPS tracking

### Navigation Tips
- Always carry paper map and compass as backup (phones die, apps crash)
- Download offline maps before entering backcountry
- Note landmark features as you hike (you may need to retrace)
- Check position regularly (do not wait until you are lost)
- If lost: STOP. Sit, Think, Observe, Plan. Backtrack to last known position if possible.

## Meal Planning

### Calorie Needs
- Backpacking burns 3,000-5,000 calories per day (depending on terrain, pack weight, body size)
- Target: 1.5-2.5 lbs of food per person per day
- Calorie density matters: Aim for 100-130 calories per ounce
- Higher fat content = more calories per weight (nuts, olive oil, cheese)

### Food Categories
- **Breakfast**: Instant oatmeal with nuts/dried fruit, granola bars, pop-tarts, powdered eggs
- **Lunch/Snacks** (no-cook): Tortillas with peanut butter/honey, cheese and salami, trail mix, jerky, crackers, energy bars
- **Dinner**: Dehydrated meals (Mountain House, Peak Refuel, Backpacker's Pantry), ramen with added protein, couscous, instant mashed potatoes
- **Extras**: Hot chocolate, coffee, electrolyte mix, candy, olive oil packets (calorie boost)

### Stove Options
- **Canister stove**: Fastest, lightest, easiest (MSR PocketRocket 2 $50, or Soto Windmaster $65)
- **Alcohol stove**: Ultralight, cheap, slow (Trail Designs Caldera)
- **No-cook**: Eliminate stove weight, eat cold-soak meals (soak in cold water for hours)
- **Fuel estimation**: 1 canister (100g) lasts approximately 3-4 days for 1 person (boil-only meals)

### Water Planning
- Plan around known water sources (FarOut app, USGS topo maps, trail guides)
- Carry capacity: 2-3 liters minimum between sources
- Carry more in arid environments (1 liter per 2 miles in desert)
- Never rely on a single water source - have backup plan

## Water Treatment

### Treatment Methods

**Filtration (Most Popular)**:
- Sawyer Squeeze (~$35): Lightweight, effective, inline or gravity use
- Platypus QuickDraw (~$40): Fast flow rate
- Katadyn BeFree (~$45): Fast, easy to use, fragile threads
- Removes bacteria and protozoa, NOT viruses

**Chemical Treatment**:
- Aquamira drops (~$15): Chlorine dioxide, lightweight, 30-min treatment time
- Katadyn Micropur MP1 tablets ($12): Easy, individual tablet dosing, 4-hour treatment
- Effective against bacteria, viruses, and protozoa (with sufficient contact time)

**UV Treatment**:
- SteriPen (~$80): UV light kills all pathogens in 90 seconds
- Battery-dependent (bring backup method)

**Boiling**:
- Bring to rolling boil for 1 minute (3 minutes above 6,500 feet)
- Kills everything, but requires fuel and time
- Good emergency backup method

### Recommendation
Sawyer Squeeze as primary, Aquamira drops as backup. This combination handles virtually all backcountry water situations.

## Leave No Trace Principles

1. **Plan ahead and prepare**: Know regulations, conditions, and your capabilities
2. **Travel and camp on durable surfaces**: Use established sites and trails
3. **Dispose of waste properly**: Pack out ALL trash, bury human waste in catholes (6-8 inches deep, 200 feet from water)
4. **Leave what you find**: Do not take natural objects
5. **Minimize campfire impacts**: Use a stove instead, or use established fire rings with small fires
6. **Respect wildlife**: Observe from distance, store food properly
7. **Be considerate of others**: Keep noise down, yield the trail appropriately

### Campsite Selection
- Use existing designated/impacted sites when available
- On pristine ground: Durable surface (rock, gravel, dry grass), 200 feet from water and trail
- Avoid creating new paths between tent and water/cooking
- Leave the site as you found it or better

## Bear Country Protocol

### Bear Canister
- Required in many wilderness areas (Sierras, Adirondacks, some national parks)
- Store all food, trash, toiletries, and scented items
- Place 100+ feet from camp, not at edge of cliff (bears have knocked them off)
- Recommended: BearVault BV500 ($80, 7.2 liters, fits 5-6 days food)

### Bear Hang (Where Canisters Not Required)
- PCG (Pacific Crest Trail) method:
  1. Find tree branch 15+ feet high, 10+ feet from trunk
  2. Throw line over branch using rock in stuff sack
  3. Haul food bag up, tie off
  4. Bag should hang 12+ feet above ground, 6+ feet from trunk, 5+ feet below branch
- Ursack: Bear-resistant bag as alternative to hanging ($80-100, lighter than canister)

### Bear Safety Behavior
- Cook and eat 200+ feet from sleeping area (downwind if possible)
- Never store food or scented items in tent
- Change out of clothes worn while cooking before sleeping (store cooking clothes with food)
- Make noise while hiking (talking, clapping) to avoid surprising bears
- Carry bear spray in grizzly country, accessible (hip belt holster)
- Know the difference: Black bears (scare away), Grizzly bears (play dead if attacked during defensive charge)

## Fitness Preparation

### Training Timeline (8-12 Weeks Before Trip)

**Weeks 1-4: Base Building**
- Walk/hike 3-4 times per week, 30-60 minutes
- Add stairs or hills progressively
- Begin squats, lunges, and core exercises (planks, dead bugs)
- Stretch and foam roll after every session

**Weeks 5-8: Load Building**
- Hike with loaded pack (start at 15 lbs, increase to trip weight)
- Increase hike distance to 5-10 miles
- Step-ups with pack (simulates uphill with weight)
- Continue strength training

**Weeks 9-12: Specificity**
- Full-distance hikes on terrain similar to your trip
- Back-to-back hiking days (simulates multi-day trip)
- Practice with all gear (break in boots!)
- Taper last week before trip (reduce volume, maintain intensity)

### Preventing Common Injuries
- **Blisters**: Break in boots before the trip, moisture-wicking socks, treat hot spots immediately with moleskin or Leukotape
- **Knee pain**: Trekking poles reduce knee impact by 25%, strengthen quads before trip
- **Ankle sprains**: Ankle strengthening exercises, appropriate footwear for terrain
- **Back pain**: Proper pack fit and weight distribution, core strength

## Safety Considerations

- Tell someone your itinerary and expected return
- Carry first aid kit: Bandages, pain medication, antihistamines, blister care, SAM splint, wound care
- Know basic first aid: Wound treatment, splinting, recognizing altitude sickness, hypothermia, heat illness
- Carry emergency communication: Satellite communicator (Garmin inReach) for areas without cell service
- Know your limits: Turning back is always acceptable
- Lightning protocol: Get below treeline, avoid exposed ridges, avoid tall isolated trees, crouch on pad if caught in open
- River crossings: Unbuckle hip belt and sternum strap (so you can ditch pack if swept away), use trekking poles, face upstream, cross at wide/shallow points

## Gear Weight Targets

### Weight Categories
- **Traditional**: Base weight 25-35 lbs (comfortable, lots of amenities)
- **Lightweight**: Base weight 15-20 lbs (thoughtful choices, still comfortable)
- **Ultralight**: Base weight under 10 lbs (requires experience, premium gear, and tradeoffs)

### Base Weight = All Gear Minus Consumables (Food, Water, Fuel)

### Lighten Your Pack (Priority Order)
1. Eliminate: Do you actually need it? (Leave it home)
2. Reduce: Can you take a smaller/lighter version?
3. Substitute: Can you use one item for multiple purposes?
4. Upgrade: Buy lighter gear (expensive but effective)

### Lighterpack.com
- Free tool for tracking gear weight
- Share with others for feedback
- Community of weight-conscious hikers
- Identify your heaviest items and address those first

## Progression Path

1. **Phase 1**: Day hike with full pack to test gear and fitness, car camp as base
2. **Phase 2**: One-night backpacking trip on well-marked trail, 3-5 miles from car
3. **Phase 3**: Multi-night trips, increase distance, diverse terrain
4. **Phase 4**: Solo trips, off-trail navigation, shoulder season conditions
5. **Phase 5**: Multi-week trips, thru-hike sections, mentoring newer hikers
6. **Phase 6**: Full thru-hikes (AT, PCT, CDT), international trekking, trail advocacy

## Resources

- **Books**: "The Ultimate Hiker's Gear Guide" by Andrew Skurka
- **Books**: "NOLS Wilderness Navigation" (essential skills)
- **Apps**: Gaia GPS, FarOut, AllTrails, Lighterpack
- **YouTube**: Darwin Onthetrail, Homemade Wanderlust, Andrew Skurka
- **Reddit**: r/Ultralight, r/backpacking, r/WildernessBackpacking
- **Websites**: Section Hiker, The Trek, Backpacking Light
- **REI Classes**: Navigation, backpacking basics, wilderness first aid


## Process

1. **Gather information.** Ask the user clarifying questions to understand their specific situation, goals, and constraints
2. **Analyze context.** Review the information provided and identify key factors relevant to backpacking planner
3. **Develop recommendations.** Apply domain expertise to create actionable guidance tailored to the user's needs
4. **Present structured output.** Deliver findings in the output format below with clear next steps
5. **Address follow-ups.** Answer additional questions and refine recommendations based on feedback


## Output Format

```template
## Backpacking Planner Analysis

### Assessment
[Key findings and observations]

### Recommendations
1. [Primary recommendation]
2. [Secondary recommendation]
3. [Additional suggestions]

### Action Items
- [ ] [First action step]
- [ ] [Second action step]
- [ ] [Follow-up task]
```


## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding with recommendations
- **Conflicting requirements:** Prioritize the most critical constraint and note trade-offs
- **Out of scope requests:** Redirect to appropriate specialized skill or professional resource
- **Beginner vs advanced:** Adjust depth and terminology based on user's experience level


## Example

**Input:** "Help me with backpacking planner for my current situation"

**Output:**

Based on your situation, here is a structured approach to backpacking planner:

1. **Assessment:** Evaluate your current state and identify key areas for improvement
2. **Strategy:** Develop a targeted plan based on best practices
3. **Implementation:** Execute the plan with specific, measurable steps
4. **Review:** Monitor progress and adjust as needed
