---
name: knitting-starter-guide
description: |
  Teaches absolute beginners the essential knitting skills: long-tail cast-on,
  knit stitch, purl stitch, bind-off, and basic pattern reading. Includes a
  materials checklist, stitch-by-stitch technique descriptions, common mistake
  diagnosis, and a first-project recommendation (dishcloth or scarf). Use when
  the user wants to learn to knit, asks about casting on, knit and purl
  stitches, reading knitting patterns, or choosing a first project. Do NOT use
  for crochet techniques, advanced stitch patterns (cables, lace), or sewing
  and quilting.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "beginner-friendly step-by-step guide sewing"
  category: "hobbies-crafts"
  subcategory: "making-building"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "beginner"
---
# Knitting Starter Guide

## When to Use

**Use this skill when the user:**
- Wants to learn to knit from absolute scratch with zero prior experience
- Asks specifically how to cast on stitches (long-tail, backward loop, or any method)
- Asks about the mechanics of the knit stitch, purl stitch, or both
- Wants to know how to bind off (also called "cast off") to finish a knitting project
- Asks about reading knitting patterns, understanding abbreviations, or deciphering a pattern row
- Wants a first project recommendation appropriate for a beginner (dishcloth, scarf, swatch)
- Needs help choosing yarn weight, fiber, or needle material and size for learning
- Asks why their knitting looks wrong -- too many stitches, too few stitches, curling edges, holes, uneven tension
- Wants to understand gauge and why it matters even for simple projects
- Asks about the difference between garter stitch, stockinette, and seed stitch as a beginner

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- The user wants to crochet -- crochet uses a single hook with entirely different stitch mechanics; use a dedicated crochet beginner skill instead
- The user asks about cables, lace, colorwork (Fair Isle, intarsia), or entrelac -- these require intermediate or advanced skills beyond this scope
- The user wants to knit in the round using circular or double-pointed needles -- that is an intermediate technique requiring a separate skill
- The user asks about seaming knitted pieces, blocking finished garments, or picking up stitches along an edge -- these are finishing techniques covered elsewhere
- The user wants sewing, quilting, or embroidery guidance -- entirely different tools and methods
- The user already knows the basics and wants to move to a specific garment pattern with shaping (increases, decreases, short rows) -- refer to an intermediate pattern-reading skill
- The user asks about spinning yarn or dyeing fiber -- fiber arts precursor skills outside this scope

---

## Process

### Step 1 -- Assess the Beginner's Starting Context

Before delivering any instructions, gather the following information. It takes 60 seconds and radically improves the guidance you give:

- **Prior yarn craft experience:** Has the user crocheted, embroidered, or done needlepoint? Crocheters often adapt fastest to Continental knitting style. Embroiderers already have practiced yarn tension. True beginners with no fiber background need more explanation of basic yarn handling.
- **Existing supplies:** Do they own any yarn or needles already? If they have size 3 (3.25 mm) needles and fingering-weight yarn, do not send them to the store -- teach them to work with what they have, but explain why it is harder and what to buy next.
- **Dominant hand:** Right-handed? Left-handed? Ambidextrous? This affects which knitting style to recommend. Note that knitting uses BOTH hands heavily -- it is not purely a "right-handed" or "left-handed" activity.
- **Goal project:** What do they eventually want to make? A dishcloth (achievable in week 1), a scarf (achievable in weeks 2-4), a hat (4-8 weeks of learning), a sweater (3-6 months minimum). Set accurate expectations immediately to prevent discouragement.
- **Available practice time:** 15 minutes per day, 30 minutes on weekends only, or hour-long sessions several times a week? Muscle memory for the knit stitch typically develops after 1-2 hours of cumulative practice -- shorter sessions work fine but take more days.
- **Physical considerations:** Arthritis, hand pain, limited grip strength, or visual impairment all change the materials and technique recommendations significantly.

If the user provides no context and just says "teach me to knit," proceed with the standard right-handed English-style approach on worsted weight yarn and US size 8 bamboo needles -- this covers 80% of beginners adequately.

---

### Step 2 -- Deliver the Materials Checklist with Specific Reasoning

Do not just list materials. Explain WHY each specification matters so the user understands the logic and can make substitutions intelligently:

**Yarn:**
- Recommend worsted weight, labeled #4 on the skein band. Other common names for this weight: "medium," "aran" (slightly heavier but compatible), "Afghan." The #4 label is standardized by the Craft Yarn Council and appears on every modern skein band.
- Fiber: smooth acrylic (brands like Red Heart Super Saver, Caron Simply Soft, or Lion Brand Pound of Love) for absolute beginners. Acrylic is machine-washable, won't felt if you make mistakes, costs $3-8 per skein, and is consistent in texture. Wool is lovely but wool yarn (especially untreated wool) will felt permanently if washed in hot water -- too risky for a beginner's first projects.
- Color: light or medium solid. Cream, light gray, cornflower blue, soft green. Avoid: black, navy, dark brown, variegated (multi-color), or fluffy/bouclé yarn. Dark colors make it nearly impossible to see where individual stitches begin and end. Variegated yarn visually obscures stitch structure. Fluffy/mohair-blend yarns grab onto each other and make unknitting (frogging) nearly impossible.
- Quantity: one 200-yard skein is enough for a practice dishcloth AND several practice swatches.

**Needles:**
- US size 8 (metric: 5.0 mm) straight needles. The US size number and the metric size are both printed on the needle. US 8 = 5.0 mm exactly -- use either reference.
- Material: bamboo or wood for beginners. Bamboo has a slight grip that keeps stitches from sliding off accidentally, which is a constant problem for beginners on metal needles. Smooth aluminum or Addi Turbo metal needles are faster for experienced knitters but cause stitches to fall off the needle constantly for beginners.
- Length: 9-inch or 10-inch straight needles for most projects up to about 12 inches wide. 14-inch needles are an option but are unwieldy when the fabric is still short. Do NOT buy 7-inch needles (too short to comfortably hold 30 stitches).
- Avoid: circular needles for the first week (they require understanding cable management), double-pointed needles (used only for knitting in the round).

**Supporting tools:**
- Scissors: any sharp pair. Yarn can be pulled apart by hand in a pinch but scissors are much cleaner.
- Tapestry needle: also called a yarn needle or darning needle. Blunt tip, large eye. Used for weaving in yarn ends. A plastic tapestry needle from a craft store costs $1-2 and works fine.
- Stitch markers: small plastic rings that slip onto the needle to mark a position (every 10 stitches, or the beginning of a pattern repeat). A bent safety pin or a loop of contrasting yarn works identically.
- Row counter: a small barrel counter or phone app that lets you track rows. Beginners consistently lose count of rows. A physical counter worn on the needle is the most reliable method.
- Notebook or sticky note: to write down stitch counts after each session. Required for anyone learning.

**Total cost:** $10-20 for a complete beginner setup if buying from a craft or big-box store. Online purchases of bamboo needles can bring this under $10.

---

### Step 3 -- Teach the Long-Tail Cast-On in Full Detail

The cast-on creates the foundation row of stitches. Teach the long-tail cast-on as the primary method. Do NOT teach the backward-loop cast-on (also called the thumb cast-on) as a primary method -- it produces loose, uneven stitches that are extremely difficult to knit into.

**Why long-tail cast-on:** It creates a neat, stretchy, professional-looking edge in one step. It simultaneously creates the cast-on row AND the first row of knitting, saving time. Every experienced knitter recognizes and uses it. The only disadvantage is that it requires estimating the tail length before starting -- this becomes automatic within a few practice sessions.

**Step-by-step:**
- Estimate tail length: allow approximately 1 inch of tail yarn per stitch being cast on, plus 6 inches extra for security. For 30 stitches, pull out 36 inches (3 feet) of tail yarn. Err on the side of too much -- you can cut the excess, but you cannot add more.
- Make a slip knot at the measured point (not at the very end). A slip knot: make a loop, bring a second loop through the first loop, tighten the second loop around the needle. This counts as the first stitch (stitch number 1).
- Hold the needle in your right hand. Spread your left thumb and index finger apart with both yarn strands running down to your palm, held against your palm by your ring and pinky fingers. The tail yarn drapes over your left thumb, forming a loop. The working yarn (going to the ball) runs over your left index finger.
- Bring the needle tip down and under the thumb loop (entering the loop from the bottom, going upward through it).
- Swing the needle tip over and behind the strand on your index finger, catching that strand.
- Pull the needle back through the thumb loop, bringing the index finger strand with it.
- Slip your thumb out of its loop and gently pull the tail yarn downward to tighten the new stitch on the needle. Do not yank -- the stitch should be snug but not tight. A correctly-tensioned cast-on stitch should slide along the needle with light finger pressure.
- Reposition your thumb under the tail yarn and repeat for the next stitch.
- Practice casting on 10 stitches, sliding them off the needle, and casting on 10 again until the motion feels mechanical.

**Common cast-on errors:**
- Stitches are too tight to knit into: the tail is being pulled too hard. Ease up. Cast-on stitches should be slightly looser than you think they need to be -- they tighten slightly when you knit the first row.
- Stitches are all different sizes: inconsistent thumb position. Keep the thumb loop the same angle each time.
- Running out of tail yarn mid-cast-on: did not measure enough tail. Unravel back to the slip knot, re-measure with more tail, and start over. The only fix is starting over.

---

### Step 4 -- Teach the Knit Stitch with Precise Mechanics

The knit stitch is the single most important thing a beginner will learn. It should receive the most instruction time. A user who can knit 10 rows with a consistent stitch count has crossed the most important threshold.

**Needle position at the start of every row:**
- After completing a cast-on, all stitches are on one needle. Hold that needle in the LEFT hand for the first row (this is correct -- the full needle always starts in the left hand).
- The RIGHT needle is empty and is held like a pencil or like a knife -- both grips work, and beginners should try both to find their preference.

**The knit stitch (English/throwing style -- standard for beginners in North America):**
- With the working yarn hanging behind the work (away from you), insert the right needle tip into the first stitch on the left needle. Enter from LEFT to RIGHT, going under the left needle, so the right needle forms an X with the left needle behind it. The right needle tip should point away from you and slightly to the right.
- Using your right index finger (or right hand), bring the working yarn UNDER the right needle tip and OVER the top -- a counterclockwise wrap when viewed from the right needle tip looking inward.
- Pull the right needle backward through the left-needle stitch, bringing the new yarn loop with it. The right needle tip now has a new loop on it.
- Slide the old stitch off the left needle by pushing gently with your right index finger or tipping the left needle forward.
- One knit stitch complete. The new stitch is now on the right needle.
- At the end of the row, all stitches have moved from left needle to right needle. Swap the needles: the full needle goes to the left hand, empty needle goes to the right hand. Begin the next row.

**What knit stitch looks like:** Each stitch forms a V-shape when viewed from the front. A column of V's going vertically is a knit column. When you knit every stitch of every row, the resulting fabric is called garter stitch -- it looks like horizontal ridges, lies flat, and does not curl. Two rows of knitting = one visible ridge.

**Tension guidance:**
- After completing each stitch, slide the stitch you just made 1-2 inches back along the right needle before working the next stitch. This prevents the stitches from bunching up at the needle tip, which causes the characteristic "too tight" problem.
- The working yarn should feel like it is flowing through your fingers, not being gripped. A useful test: after 5 stitches, you should be able to push the stitches along the needle with light thumb pressure. If they resist, your tension is too tight.
- Practice goal: cast on 20 stitches and knit 10 complete rows, ending with the same 20 stitches you started with. This is the beginner's fundamental test.

---

### Step 5 -- Teach the Purl Stitch After Knit is Comfortable

Do not introduce the purl stitch until the user can complete 5 consecutive rows of knit stitch without changing stitch count. The purl stitch is mechanically the mirror image of the knit stitch -- learning it is much faster once knit stitch is internalized.

**Why purl matters:** Purl by itself on every row also produces garter stitch (identical to all-knit). The magic happens when you alternate: knit on odd rows, purl on even rows. This produces stockinette stitch -- the classic smooth fabric of T-shirts, hats, and most commercial knitwear. Stockinette has V's on the "right side" and bumps on the "wrong side."

**The purl stitch (English style):**
- Bring the working yarn to the FRONT of the work (between the needle tips, toward you) before inserting the needle. This is the single most important difference from the knit stitch, and forgetting it is the most common purl mistake.
- Insert the right needle tip into the first stitch on the left needle from RIGHT to LEFT -- entering from the right side of the stitch, so the right needle goes in front of the left needle, forming an X with the right needle in front.
- With the yarn still in front, wrap the working yarn OVER the right needle tip and down between the needles -- a counterclockwise wrap when viewed from the right needle tip.
- Pull the right needle backward (away from you) through the stitch, bringing the new loop with it.
- Slide the old stitch off the left needle.
- One purl stitch complete. The new stitch on the right needle has a bump at its base.

**The most common purl errors:**
- Forgetting to bring yarn to the front before purling: this creates an accidental yarn-over (an extra loop on the needle) which increases the stitch count by 1.
- Inserting the needle in the wrong direction (same as for knit): the resulting stitch will be twisted -- the two legs of the V will be crossed rather than parallel. A twisted stitch is tighter and smaller than a normal stitch. Not disastrous in garter stitch practice, but important to correct.

**Combining knit and purl:**
- Stockinette: Row 1 (RS): knit all stitches. Row 2 (WS): purl all stitches. Repeat. The smooth V-side faces out.
- Ribbing (K1, P1 or K2, P2): alternate knit and purl stitches within the same row. Every time you switch from knit to purl, bring the yarn to the front. Every time you switch from purl to knit, bring the yarn to the back. Forgetting this yarn-position change creates extra loops.
- Seed stitch: K1, P1 on the first row. On every subsequent row, purl over knit stitches and knit over purl stitches (the opposite of what you see). Creates a nubbly, non-curling texture. Beautiful for scarves and dishcloths at an intermediate beginner level.

---

### Step 6 -- Teach the Bind-Off

The bind-off (also called the cast-off in British and Australian patterns) creates the final finished edge of the piece. An unbound knitting project will unravel completely the moment it is removed from the needles. This is non-negotiable to cover.

**Standard bind-off:**
- Work the first two stitches normally (knit them both if finishing a knit row, purl them both if finishing a purl row -- matching the stitch type gives a neater edge).
- Two stitches are now on the right needle. Using the LEFT needle tip, reach over and insert it into the FIRST stitch on the right needle (the one farther from the tip, which was worked first).
- Lift that first stitch OVER the second stitch and completely off the right needle tip. One stitch remains on the right needle. One stitch has been bound off.
- Work one more stitch from the left needle (knit or purl it). Now again two stitches are on the right needle. Repeat the lift-over.
- Continue in this pattern (work one, lift one over) across all stitches until one stitch remains on the right needle.
- Cut the yarn, leaving a tail at least 6 inches long. Thread the yarn tail through the final loop and pull firmly to secure. This knot is permanent.
- Thread the tail through the tapestry needle and weave it into the back of the fabric in a zigzag pattern for 2-3 inches. Trim the excess close to the fabric.

**Tension control for bind-off:**
- The single most common bind-off mistake is working it too tightly, creating an edge that puckers, pulls inward, and makes it difficult to seam or wear. When binding off, pull each stitch slightly looser than your normal working tension.
- A practical trick: go up one needle size for the bind-off row only. Use US 9 needles instead of US 8 to bind off. This mechanically prevents tight bind-off and is especially important for neck edges and sleeve cuffs.

**Recognizing a too-tight bind-off:** The bound-off edge will not stretch. If you gently tug the edge of your finished dishcloth and it cannot stretch at all while the rest of the fabric stretches, the bind-off was too tight. For a first project, this is a learning moment, not a reason to redo the project. For a garment, a too-tight neck bind-off can make the item impossible to put on.

---

### Step 7 -- Teach Pattern Reading Fundamentals

Knitting patterns are written in a condensed notation. Learning to decode it is a prerequisite for making anything beyond a plain swatch. Cover the following:

**Universal abbreviations every beginner needs:**
| Abbreviation | Meaning |
|---|---|
| K | Knit |
| P | Purl |
| CO | Cast on |
| BO or CO off | Bind off (cast off) |
| St | Stitch |
| Sts | Stitches |
| Rep | Repeat |
| RS | Right side (the "public" face of the fabric) |
| WS | Wrong side (the inside/back face) |
| K2tog | Knit 2 stitches together (a decrease -- reduces count by 1) |
| YO | Yarn over (creates a hole and increases count by 1 -- used in lace) |
| Sl | Slip (move stitch from left to right needle without working it) |
| PM | Place marker |
| SM | Slip marker |
| Rem | Remaining |
| Cont | Continue |

**Reading a pattern row:**
- "K5, P2, K5" means: knit 5 stitches, purl 2 stitches, knit 5 stitches. Each number tells how many stitches to work in that stitch type before changing.
- "Rep from * to *" or "Rep from * to end": the section between asterisks repeats across the row. Example: "*K2, P2; rep from * to end" on a row of 20 stitches means you work K2, P2 five times (5 x 4 stitches = 20 stitches).
- Parentheses with multiple sizes: "(S, M, L, XL)" -- patterns written for multiple sizes list all sizes in parentheses. The user knits the number that matches their size. For example, "CO (36, 40, 44, 48) sts" means cast on 36 for small, 40 for medium, etc.
- Square brackets with a number: "[K3, P1] 4 times" means knit 3, purl 1, and repeat that 4 times total (16 stitches).

**Gauge -- the most skipped and most important concept:**
- Gauge is expressed as "X stitches and Y rows = 4 inches in [stitch pattern]."
- A pattern might say: "20 sts and 28 rows = 4 inches in stockinette on US 8 needles." This means: if you knit a 4-inch square swatch in stockinette on US 8 needles and count 20 stitches across 4 inches, your tension matches the pattern designer's. If you get more stitches per 4 inches, your tension is tighter -- go up a needle size. If you get fewer stitches, your tension is looser -- go down a needle size.
- For a beginner's first scarf or dishcloth, gauge matters less than for a fitted garment. However, teach the concept now so it is not a surprise later. A beginner who makes a dishcloth when the gauge is off still gets a slightly larger or smaller dishcloth. A beginner who makes a sweater with wrong gauge gets a garment that does not fit.
- How to measure: knit a 6x6 inch swatch (larger than the 4-inch measurement to avoid distortion at the edges). Lay it flat without stretching. Place a ruler across the middle and count the stitches within exactly 4 inches -- do not include edge stitches in the count.

---

### Step 8 -- Guide the First Project and Set a Realistic Timeline

**Recommended first project: the garter stitch dishcloth**

A garter stitch dishcloth (all knit, every row) is the pedagogically optimal first project because:
- It uses every foundational technique: long-tail cast-on, knit stitch, bind-off, weaving in ends
- It is small enough to complete in 2-4 practice sessions (1-2 hours total)
- Mistakes are acceptable -- an uneven dishcloth still functions as a dishcloth
- The garter ridges make it easy to count rows visually (every 2 rows = 1 ridge)
- It lies flat without blocking because garter stitch has natural stability

**Garter stitch dishcloth pattern:**
- Cast on 36 stitches (a wider cast-on than 30 produces a more balanced square)
- Knit every stitch, every row
- Continue until the piece is approximately as tall as it is wide -- roughly 40-50 rows (count ridges: 20-25 ridges = 40-50 rows)
- Bind off all stitches
- Weave in both yarn ends (tail from cast-on and tail from bind-off)
- Result: approximately 7x7 inches in worsted weight on US 8 needles

**Recommended second project: garter stitch scarf**
- Cast on 30 stitches for a 6-inch wide scarf
- Knit every row for approximately 200-250 rows (60 inches / 5 feet long)
- Bind off and weave in ends
- Yarn needed: approximately 400-500 yards of worsted weight (2 skeins of most standard worsted)
- This project builds rhythm and consistency over a longer span

**Realistic timeline expectations:**

| Session | Duration | Milestone |
|---|---|---|
| 1 (15-20 min) | Practice cast-on only | 30 stitches consistently spaced |
| 2 (20-30 min) | First 5 rows of knit stitch | Stitch count stable at cast-on number |
| 3 (30 min) | Rows 6-20 | Rhythm establishing, count stable |
| 4 (30-45 min) | Rows 21-40 + bind off | First complete project finished |
| 5-6 | Purl introduction swatch | 10 rows of stockinette |
| 7+ | Begin scarf | Applying techniques at length |

---

## Output Format

Deliver the following structured plan in response to a beginner's request. Adapt the specific numbers (stitches, rows, yarn weight) based on the user's context gathered in Step 1.

```
## Your Knitting Starter Plan

### Materials Checklist
| Item              | Specification                                          | Est. Cost |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Yarn              | Worsted weight (#4), smooth acrylic, light solid color | $5–8      |
| Needles           | US size 8 (5.0 mm), bamboo straight, 9–10 inch         | $5–8      |
| Scissors          | Any sharp pair you own                                 | $0        |
| Tapestry needle   | Large-eye, blunt tip (plastic or metal)                | $1–2      |
| Row counter       | Barrel counter or phone app                            | $0–2      |
| Stitch markers    | 3–5 rings, or bent safety pins                         | $1–2      |
| **Total**         |                                                        | **$12–22**|

### Technique Progression
| Step | Technique            | Core Mechanic                         | Practice Target                         |
|------|----------------------|---------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| 1    | Long-tail cast-on    | Tail over thumb, working yarn over finger | Cast on 36 stitches, all even size  |
| 2    | Knit stitch          | Left-to-right insertion, wrap behind  | 10 rows, stitch count unchanged         |
| 3    | Bind-off             | Lift first stitch over second         | Clean edge, not puckered                |
| 4    | Weave in ends        | Tapestry needle zigzag on WS          | Ends invisible from RS                  |
| 5    | Purl stitch          | Right-to-left insertion, yarn in front | 10 rows stockinette                    |
| 6    | Basic pattern reading| Decode K, P, Rep, RS/WS abbreviations | Read and follow a 4-row pattern         |

### First Project: Garter Stitch Dishcloth
- **Cast on:** 36 stitches using long-tail cast-on
- **Yarn:** Worsted weight acrylic OR cotton (#4) in a light color
- **Stitch pattern:** Knit every stitch, every row (garter stitch)
- **When to stop:** When the piece is square (count ridges -- stop at 20–25 ridges)
- **Bind off:** All 36 stitches
- **Finishing:** Weave in cast-on tail and bind-off tail
- **Estimated time:** 90 minutes to 3 hours across 2–4 sessions
- **Skills this project teaches:** Cast-on, knit stitch, row counting, edge consistency, bind-off, finishing

### Next Project: [Adapted to User's Goal]
- **Project:** [Scarf / sampler swatch / specific item]
- **Cast on:** [X] stitches (for [Y]-inch width)
- **Stitch pattern:** [Garter / Stockinette / Other]
- **Yarn needed:** [X] yards / [X] skeins of [weight]
- **Estimated time:** [X] sessions of [Y] minutes

### Pattern Abbreviation Reference
| Abbreviation | Meaning                  | Example Usage                    |
|--------------|--------------------------|----------------------------------|
| K            | Knit                     | K5 = knit 5 stitches             |
| P            | Purl                     | P3 = purl 3 stitches             |
| CO           | Cast on                  | CO 36 sts                        |
| BO           | Bind off                 | BO all sts                       |
| St / Sts     | Stitch / Stitches        | 20 sts remain                    |
| Rep          | Repeat                   | Rep from * to end                |
| RS / WS      | Right side / Wrong side  | RS: K all; WS: P all             |
| Sl           | Slip stitch              | Sl1 = slip 1 stitch              |
| PM           | Place marker             | PM after st 18                   |
| K2tog        | Knit 2 together          | Decrease: K2tog = 1 st remains   |

### Troubleshooting Reference
| Problem                            | Likely Cause                                   | Fix                                               |
|------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| Stitch count keeps going up        | Accidental yarn-over before inserting needle   | Count every row; identify and drop extra loops    |
| Stitch count keeps going down      | Dropping stitches or knitting 2 together       | Count every row; use crochet hook to rescue drops |
| Edges are loose and loopy          | Uneven tension on first/last stitch            | Slip first stitch of every row without working it |
| Fabric is very stiff               | Tension too tight                              | Relax grip; try US 9 needles temporarily          |
| Fabric is loose with visible holes | Tension too loose                              | Wrap yarn once around index finger for friction   |
| Stitches slide off needle           | Metal needles + slippery yarn combination      | Switch to bamboo needles                          |
| Bind-off edge puckers inward       | Bind-off tension too tight                     | Use one needle size up for bind-off row only      |
| Edges curl on flat fabric          | Working stockinette on flat needles            | Normal behavior; add a garter border (K3 each edge)|

### Weekly Milestones
| Week | Practice Goal                                    | Success Marker                              |
|------|--------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| 1    | Master cast-on + complete dishcloth              | 36 stitches in, 36 stitches at bind-off     |
| 2    | Learn purl stitch + knit 20 stockinette rows     | Smooth knit-side visible, count stable      |
| 3    | Begin goal project (scarf/etc.), establish rhythm | 40+ rows without losing count               |
| 4    | 80+ rows on goal project, intro to pattern reading | Can read a basic 2-row written pattern   |

### Gauge Reference (US 8 / 5.0 mm Needle, Worsted #4)
| Stitch Pattern   | Typical Stitch Gauge        | Typical Row Gauge          |
|------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------|
| Garter stitch    | 18–20 sts = 4 inches        | 36–40 rows = 4 inches      |
| Stockinette      | 20–22 sts = 4 inches        | 28–30 rows = 4 inches      |
| Seed stitch      | 18–20 sts = 4 inches        | 30–34 rows = 4 inches      |
```

---

## Rules

1. **ALWAYS recommend worsted weight (#4) yarn and US size 8 (5.0 mm) bamboo needles as the beginner default.** This combination produces stitches large enough to see clearly, is forgiving of uneven tension, and corresponds to the gauge range on most beginner patterns. Any deviation from this baseline must be explained with a reason.

2. **ALWAYS specify light-colored, smooth, solid yarn.** Dark colors (black, navy, charcoal) make individual stitches invisible. Variegated or self-striping yarn is visually distracting and obscures where one stitch ends and the next begins. Fluffy, fuzzy, or mohair-blend yarns are nearly impossible to frog (unravel) when corrections are needed -- a critical problem during learning.

3. **Never teach the backward-loop cast-on as a primary method.** It creates loose, unstable stitches that collapse into each other when knitting the first row. It is only appropriate as a mid-project cast-on for adding stitches at the edge of existing work. Always teach the long-tail cast-on as the foundation method.

4. **Teach techniques in sequence: cast-on, knit stitch, bind-off, THEN purl stitch.** The beginner must complete at least one full finished piece (the garter stitch dishcloth) before introducing the purl stitch. This ensures they experience the complete process (start to end) before adding complexity. Introducing purl too early, alongside knit, overwhelms motor memory.

5. **Mandate stitch counting after every row for the first project.** Instruct the user to slide all stitches to one end of the needle and count them after finishing each row. This takes 10 seconds and is the single most effective technique for catching errors before they compound. Beginners who skip row-by-row counting routinely discover they have the wrong stitch count only after 10-20 rows -- at which point the error may be unfixable without unraveling many rows.

6. **Stockinette curls -- always explain this proactively.** Stockinette stitch (knit on RS, purl on WS) naturally curls inward along all edges when worked flat. This is not a mistake; it is physics. A beginner who makes their first stockinette swatch and sees it curling badly will think they have done something wrong. Add a 3-stitch garter border (knit the first 3 and last 3 stitches of every row regardless of pattern) to flat stockinette items to prevent curling. Alert the beginner before they start.

7. **The bind-off should be worked at normal gauge or one needle size up -- never tighter.** A tight bind-off is one of the most common beginner finishing failures and it cannot be fixed after the fact except by unraveling the final edge and rebinding. Explicitly instruct the user to go LOOSELY when binding off.

8. **If the user is left-handed, offer two valid paths without dismissing either.** Path 1: Standard right-handed method (recommended -- uses both hands equally, gives access to all tutorial resources). Path 2: Continental or mirrored method. Do NOT tell a left-handed knitter they "have to" learn the standard right-handed method -- this creates resentment and confusion.

9. **For any beginner asking about gauge, teach the concept accurately even if it seems advanced.** Gauge confusion is responsible for the majority of beginner garment disasters. A beginner who understands why gauge matters will learn to check it before starting a project. Gauge should be introduced during the pattern-reading lesson, not deferred to "when you are ready."

10. **Never skip discussing yarn tail management.** Both the cast-on tail and the bind-off tail must be woven in with the tapestry needle. A beginner who simply cuts the yarn close to the edge, or ties a knot, will have a project that unravels or has visible knots on the surface. Demonstrate the concept of weaving in ends (at least 6 inches of tail, zigzag path through the back of stitches in opposite directions) as part of every first project instruction.

11. **Do not overwhelm the beginner with optional techniques in the first session.** Continental knitting style, magic loop, provisional cast-on, and German short rows are all relevant but not for week one. Introduce only what is necessary for the immediate project. Note that these exist if the user asks, but do not include them in the starter plan unprompted.

12. **Validate that uneven tension is normal and expected for 3-5 projects.** Tension becomes consistent through repetition, not through instruction. A beginner whose first dishcloth has loose edges and a tight middle is not doing anything wrong -- their hands are still calibrating. Saying this explicitly prevents discouragement and project abandonment.

---

## Edge Cases

### Left-Handed Knitter
Two options exist, both legitimate. **Option 1 -- Standard right-handed style:** Knitting uses both hands intensively and many left-handed people find the standard method comfortable with minimal adjustment. The right-handed method also gives the user access to the enormous library of video tutorials, patterns, and in-person instruction that assumes standard orientation. **Option 2 -- Mirrored/Continental method:** All left/right instructions reverse. The full needle starts in the right hand. The left needle picks up stitches. Some left-handed knitters find this more intuitive. The disadvantage: charts must be read right-to-left and some pattern instructions require mental reversal. Present both options neutrally. If the user has already started learning from a left-handed tutorial and is comfortable, do not tell them to switch.

### Crocheter Learning to Knit
A crocheter's greatest asset is already knowing how to manage yarn tension in the left hand. This is the foundation of **Continental knitting style**, in which the working yarn is held in the left hand and the right needle picks yarn from the left forefinger. Continental is faster than English style and feels natural to crocheters. Teach Continental to crocheters: insert needle into stitch as normal, but instead of throwing the yarn with the right hand, hook the yarn from the left forefinger by drawing the needle backward. The motion is small and quick -- similar to the crochet hook motion. The knit stitch in Continental style is sometimes called "picking" vs. English "throwing." Crocheters should also be explicitly told: there is no crochet hook in knitting. Both needles are used simultaneously. This seems obvious but is a genuine source of confusion for crochet-to-knit converts.

### User With Arthritis or Joint Pain
Modify the standard recommendations as follows. Use **circular needles** (even for flat knitting) -- the cable takes the weight of the growing fabric and keeps it supported in the lap rather than hanging from the needle tips, which causes wrist and forearm fatigue. Choose **bamboo or wood needles** (lighter than metal, warmer to the touch, slightly grippy so less grip strength is needed). Recommend **Tunisian crochet needles or Lykke brand interchangeable wood sets** as they have ergonomically shaped grips. Keep sessions to **15-20 minutes maximum** with 5-minute stretch breaks (spread fingers wide, make a fist, repeat 10 times). Work with **looser tension** than standard -- looser tension requires less force per stitch. Use **bulky weight (#6) yarn and US 10.5 or US 11 needles** to reduce the number of stitches and rows needed to complete a project. Fewer stitches per row = fewer repetitive motions per session.

### Very Young Learner (Ages 5-8)
Use **bulky or super-bulky yarn (#5 or #6 weight) and large needles (US 10 or US 11, 5.5-8 mm)**. Large stitches are easier to see and the physical needle is easier for small hands to grip. Teach ONLY the knit stitch -- no purl for this age group. Consider starting with **finger knitting** (no needles, yarn loops between fingers) to build yarn-handling comfort before introducing needles. The first project should be a narrow bookmark or scarf with **10-15 stitches maximum** rather than 30-36. Expect sessions to last 10-15 minutes before attention flags. Emphasize that mistakes are part of learning and offer physical assistance to position hands correctly -- at this age, hands-on guidance is more effective than verbal instruction.

### User Who Wants to Jump Directly to a Garment (Hat, Sweater, Socks)
**Do not refuse, but reframe.** Explain the skill prerequisites clearly and honestly:
- **Hat:** Requires knitting in the round (circular or double-pointed needles), decreasing (K2tog, SSK), and understanding gauge precisely for head circumference. Realistic starting point: 3-4 weeks after learning basics.
- **Sweater:** Requires gauge swatching, increasing AND decreasing, seaming or seamless construction, reading complex multi-page patterns, and blocking. Minimum 2-3 months of regular practice. A beginner sweater in the round (like a top-down raglan) is achievable at around 6-8 weeks.
- **Socks:** Require double-pointed needles, heel turns, toe shaping, and working with fingering-weight yarn on very small needles. These are intermediate-to-advanced projects. Recommend starting with dishcloth, then scarf, then a simple flat hat (worked flat and seamed), then attempting the goal garment.
- **Do not tell the user their goal is impossible.** Say: "Your goal is completely achievable. Here is the path that gets you there with the least frustration."

### User With Yarn Already Purchased (Wrong Specifications)
If the user has purchased yarn that is not ideal for learning -- dark color, fingering weight, novelty bouclé, mohair blend -- do not tell them to waste it. Instead:
- **Dark yarn:** Use a bright desk lamp and position it directly over the work. Work slowly and feel each stitch rather than relying solely on sight. Use this yarn only for garter stitch (no purl), where tracking stitch direction matters less.
- **Fingering weight (sock yarn, #1 or #2):** Pair with US size 2 or 3 needles (1.75-3.25 mm). Progress will be slower (more stitches per row, harder to see) but achievable. Tell the user honestly that this is "hard mode" for a beginner and that their next yarn purchase should be worsted weight.
- **Bulky or super-bulky (#5-#6):** Excellent for beginners -- use US 9 or US 10 needles. Projects go very fast, stitches are large and easy to see. This is actually easier than worsted in some ways.
- **Novelty/bouclé:** Advise the user to set this aside until they are comfortable with basic stitches. The loops and textures of novelty yarn make it nearly impossible to see or correct mistakes.

### User Who Has Tried Before and Quit
This is a high-stakes scenario. The user likely quit due to one of three specific causes: (1) tension problems that made the knitting feel physically difficult, (2) increasing stitch count that confused and demoralized them, or (3) a project that was too ambitious too soon. Diagnose before prescribing:
- Ask: "Where did you get stuck? What did the fabric look like? Did the stitch count stay the same?"
- If tension was the issue: start with US 10 needles (larger, more forgiving) and work down to US 8 after 20 rows of comfortable knitting.
- If stitch count was the issue: introduce stitch counting after every row as a non-negotiable practice, and explain exactly what accidentally adding stitches looks like (the yarn-over error).
- If project ambiguity was the issue: start with the 15-minute dishcloth protocol, explicitly framing it as a technique sampler, not a "real" project.
- Validate that most people who quit once succeed on the second attempt because they now know what to expect.

---

## Example

**User Input:** "I've never knitted before. I want to eventually make my daughter a scarf but I don't know where to start. I've never done any kind of yarn craft."

**Output:**

---

## Your Knitting Starter Plan

Great goal -- a scarf is a perfect first real project, and you will have the skills to make it within your first few weeks. Before the scarf, there is one small project (a dishcloth) that will teach you every technique you need in about 2 hours of total practice time. Here is the full plan.

### Materials Checklist
| Item              | Specification                                                   | Est. Cost |
|-------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Yarn              | Worsted weight (#4), smooth acrylic, light color (cream or pale yellow is ideal for learning) | $5–8 |
| Needles           | US size 8 (5.0 mm), bamboo straight, 9 or 10 inch length        | $5–8      |
| Scissors          | Any sharp scissors you have at home                             | $0        |
| Tapestry needle   | Large-eye, blunt (check the sewing/notions aisle)               | $1–2      |
| Row counter       | A phone app or a small tally counter from the dollar section    | $0–2      |
| **Total**         |                                                                 | **$11–20**|

**Why these specific materials:** The #4 weight yarn is labeled on the skein band with a small skein icon and the number 4 inside it. It is also called "medium" or "worsted." Buy light-colored acrylic -- you need to see every stitch clearly while you are learning, and light colors make that possible. Bamboo needles grip the yarn gently so stitches do not fall off the back of the needle while you work.

---

### Technique Progression

| Step | Technique         | What It Does                          | Practice Target                       |
|------|-------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| 1    | Long-tail cast-on | Creates the first row of stitches     | Cast on 36 stitches, all even in size |
| 2    | Knit stitch       | The basic building-block stitch       | 10 rows, still 36 stitches at the end |
| 3    | Bind-off          | Finishes and secures the edge         | Clean edge that does not pucker       |
| 4    | Weave in ends     | Hides yarn tails inside the fabric    | No loose tails visible from front     |
| 5    | Purl stitch       | Second essential stitch (after knit)  | 10 rows of alternating knit/purl      |

---

### Project 1: Garter Stitch Dishcloth (Your First Complete Project)

**Why start here instead of the scarf:** A dishcloth takes 2-3 hours across 3-4 short sessions. It teaches every fundamental technique -- cast-on, knit stitch, bind-off, and weaving in ends -- in a project that is finished before you lose momentum. A scarf takes 10-15 hours. Working on the scarf before these techniques are automatic means you will be troubleshooting technique and tracking a long project simultaneously. The dishcloth removes that problem.

**Pattern:**
- Cast on 36 stitches using the long-tail cast-on
- Knit every stitch, every row (this is called garter stitch -- no purl yet)
- After each row, count your stitches. You should always have 36. Write the count down.
- Continue until the piece is approximately as wide as it is tall -- roughly 20-25 ridges (40-50 rows)
- Bind off all 36 stitches
- Weave in both yarn tails with the tapestry needle (zigzag through the back of stitches for at least 2 inches, then trim)
- **Result:** A 7x7 inch textured square. Functional as a dishcloth. More importantly, proof that you can complete a knitting project from start to finish.

**Skills practiced by this project:**
- Long-tail cast-on
- Knit stitch with consistent tension
- Stitch counting and error detection
- Bind-off technique
- Finishing (tapestry needle, weaving in ends)

---

### Project 2: Your Daughter's Scarf (After Completing the Dishcloth)

**Pattern:**
- Yarn: 2-3 skeins of worsted weight (#4) in her favorite color -- approximately 400-500 yards total
- Cast on 30 stitches (this produces a scarf approximately 6 inches wide with worsted weight on US 8 needles)
- Knit every stitch, every row (garter stitch again -- it lies flat and looks tidy)
- Continue until the scarf is 55-60 inches long (approximately 200-230 rows)
- Bind off all stitches and weave in ends

**Notes on the scarf:**
- 200+ rows sounds like a lot, but once your hands know the knit stitch, you can knit a full row in 2-3 minutes. A 30-minute session produces 10-15 rows.
- Garter stitch lies flat and is reversible -- no curling, no "wrong side," and no need to track which side faces out.
- If you want to eventually learn purl stitch, a 4-stitch garter border (knit the first 4 and last 4 stitches of every row, purl the middle stitches on wrong-side rows) gives a beautiful combination fabric while practicing both stitches.

---

### Technique Instructions

**Long-Tail Cast-On -- Step by Step**

Measure a long tail of yarn: for 36 stitches, pull out approximately 40 inches (about 3.5 feet) from the ball before making your slip knot. Make the slip knot at that point and place it on the needle. This slip knot counts as stitch number 1.

Hold the needle in your right hand. Drape the tail over your left thumb and the working yarn over your left index finger. Close your ring and pinky fingers around both strands
