---
name: workout-recovery-protocols
description: |
  Provides structured recovery frameworks covering sleep optimization for training, nutrition timing around workouts, active recovery programming, and deload scheduling. Produces a complete recovery protocol tailored to the user's training volume and recovery capacity.
  Use when the user asks about recovery between workouts, post-workout nutrition timing, deload weeks, active recovery, or how to manage training fatigue.
  Do NOT use for injury rehabilitation (consult a physical therapist), sleep disorders (consult a healthcare provider), or designing the training program itself (use strength training or running skills).
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "fitness workout-planning strategy"
  category: "health-wellness"
  subcategory: "fitness-exercise"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "not-medical-advice"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---
# Workout Recovery Protocols

> **Disclaimer:** This skill provides general wellness and health information for educational purposes only. It does NOT constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. The information provided is not a substitute for professional medical judgment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making decisions about your health, starting a new fitness program, or changing your diet. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, contact emergency services immediately.

---

## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- The user reports persistent fatigue, lingering muscle soreness, or stalled progress despite consistent training -- signals that recovery is the limiting factor, not the program itself
- The user asks specifically about post-workout nutrition timing, protein distribution, or carbohydrate replenishment strategies
- The user wants to plan deload weeks, autoregulation strategies, or periodized recovery blocks into their training year
- The user asks how to structure active recovery days without losing fitness or interfering with their next hard session
- The user wants to optimize sleep architecture for hormonal recovery (growth hormone release, testosterone maintenance, cortisol regulation)
- The user is returning from a brief planned break (vacation, illness, work travel) and wants a structured re-entry recovery protocol
- The user is managing high cumulative training stress across multiple sports or activities (concurrent training -- e.g., lifting plus running) and needs to sequence recovery across modalities
- The user asks about Heart Rate Variability (HRV), resting heart rate tracking, or other biometric-based recovery monitoring tools
- The user describes symptoms consistent with functional overreaching -- short-term performance decline with high fatigue -- and needs a structured reduction plan

**Do NOT use when:**
- The user has an acute or chronic injury requiring tissue healing, rehabilitation exercises, or return-to-sport progressions -- refer to injury rehabilitation or physical therapy consultation
- The user describes symptoms consistent with non-functional overreaching or overtraining syndrome (OTS) -- persistent performance decline lasting 2+ months, mood disturbances, hormonal disruption -- advise consulting a sports medicine physician, as OTS is a clinical diagnosis
- The user has a diagnosed sleep disorder (insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome) -- sleep hygiene tips are insufficient; refer to a healthcare provider
- The user is asking about designing the actual training program (exercise selection, set/rep schemes, progression models) -- use strength training, hypertrophy, or sport-specific programming skills
- The user asks about specific recovery supplements (creatine dosing, magnesium glycinate, ashwagandha) -- supplement guidance requires individualized assessment; do not recommend specific supplements or dosing protocols
- The user describes disordered eating patterns or restrictive food behaviors -- nutrition timing cannot be responsibly addressed in that context; refer to a registered dietitian
- The user is under 16 years old -- youth athlete recovery has different physiological parameters and requires different guidance frameworks; refer to a sports science professional specializing in youth athletes

---

## Process

### Step 1: Gather Training Context and Recovery History

Before building any protocol, establish a precise picture of training load and current recovery status. Generic protocols fail because they ignore individual differences in training age, recovery capacity, and life stress.

- **Training volume:** Ask for total weekly sets per muscle group or total weekly training hours. A useful benchmark: trained individuals accumulate 10-20 sets per muscle group per week; beginners typically recover from 5-10 sets. Above 20 sets per muscle group, recovery demand escalates sharply.
- **Training frequency and type:** Document how many days per week the user trains, whether sessions are concurrent (strength + cardio on same day), and whether training involves high-skill neuromuscular demands (Olympic lifting, sprinting) that require central nervous system recovery beyond local muscle repair.
- **Training age:** A beginner (under 1 year of consistent training) recovers from individual sessions faster than an advanced athlete but accumulates fatigue from intensity more quickly because they lack work capacity. An advanced athlete (3+ years) tolerates higher volumes but takes longer to recover from maximal effort sessions.
- **Life stress load:** Psychological and physiological stress share the same cortisol-mediated recovery pathway. Ask about sleep quantity currently, work schedule, whether the user is in a caloric deficit (fat loss phase), and any major life stressors. A 500 kcal/day caloric deficit alone increases recovery time by approximately 20-30% compared to maintenance or surplus feeding.
- **Current recovery practices:** What is the user already doing? Identify gaps versus gaps that exist because the user did not know about them. Building on existing habits increases adherence.
- **Primary complaint:** Narrow the protocol focus. Muscle soreness (DOMS) is a different mechanism than central fatigue, which is different from poor sleep quality, which is different from chronic glycogen depletion. The user's description tells you which system to prioritize.

---

### Step 2: Build the Sleep Optimization Protocol

Sleep is the single highest-leverage recovery intervention available. Growth hormone secretion peaks during slow-wave sleep (SWS), and testosterone synthesis is tightly linked to REM sleep duration. Inadequate sleep degrades both anabolic hormone profiles and cognitive performance within 48 hours.

- **Duration targets by training load:** 7-8 hours is adequate for maintenance training (3 days/week, moderate intensity). 8-9 hours is optimal for high-volume or high-intensity training (4-6 days/week). 9-10 hours is appropriate during competition preparation blocks or after very high-stress training phases. Below 6 hours for more than 3 consecutive nights, training performance drops measurably and injury risk increases.
- **Sleep consistency is more important than duration alone:** Inconsistent sleep timing (varying by more than 60 minutes between weekdays and weekends, sometimes called "social jet lag") disrupts circadian cortisol rhythms. A consistent wake time anchors the circadian clock more effectively than a consistent bedtime. Recommend setting a fixed wake time first and working backward to determine a required bedtime.
- **Sleep environment for athletic recovery:** Room temperature 65-68 F (18-20 C) is the threshold at which core body temperature can drop adequately to initiate and sustain SWS. Temperatures above 72 F (22 C) measurably reduce SWS duration. Complete darkness (blackout curtains or sleep mask) prevents melatonin suppression from ambient light. Noise below 40 decibels is ideal; white noise or a fan can mask intermittent sounds without disrupting sleep stages.
- **Pre-sleep routine -- the wind-down protocol:** Dim lights to below 10 lux 60 minutes before intended sleep. Avoid screens for 30 minutes minimum (blue light suppresses melatonin secretion by up to 50% for 90 minutes post-exposure). Light carbohydrate intake 60-90 minutes before bed (e.g., rice, banana, oats) may modestly support serotonin-melatonin synthesis without causing disruptive blood glucose fluctuations. A warm shower or bath 60-90 minutes before bed triggers compensatory core temperature drop upon exiting, which accelerates sleep onset.
- **Post-training sleep considerations:** Evening high-intensity training elevates core temperature, heart rate, and circulating adrenaline for 60-120 minutes post-session. Allow at least 90-120 minutes between the end of a hard session and bedtime. Lower-intensity evening sessions (RPE 4-5) require less buffer -- 45-60 minutes is typically sufficient. If evening training is unavoidable, prioritize cooling down actively (10-15 minute walk post-session) rather than stopping abruptly.
- **Strategic napping:** A 20-minute nap (Stage 1 and 2 sleep only) between noon and 2 PM can reduce neuromuscular fatigue and improve afternoon training performance by 5-8% in studies using simple reaction time and power output measures. Naps longer than 30 minutes risk entering SWS, causing sleep inertia upon waking. Naps after 3 PM reliably reduce nighttime sleep pressure and should be avoided.

---

### Step 3: Build the Nutrition Timing Protocol

Nutrition timing for recovery operates on two overlapping timescales: the acute post-exercise window (0-2 hours) governing immediate glycogen resynthesis and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) initiation, and the 24-hour window governing total daily protein distribution and caloric adequacy.

- **Pre-workout nutrition (1-3 hours before training):** A mixed meal providing 30-60g carbohydrates and 20-40g protein. The carbohydrate source determines how quickly muscle glycogen is topped off -- high-glycemic sources (white rice, bread, banana) fill glycogen faster; moderate-glycemic sources (oats, sweet potato) provide more sustained energy during longer sessions. Training on completely empty glycogen stores increases cortisol response to the session and reduces power output in sessions lasting more than 45 minutes.
- **Intra-workout fueling thresholds:** For sessions under 60 minutes at moderate intensity (RPE 5-7): water only is sufficient (16-24 oz per hour, or roughly 400-700 ml/hour). For sessions 60-90 minutes at high intensity: 30-45g carbohydrates per hour from a liquid or easily digestible source reduces cortisol response and maintains performance in the final third of the session. For sessions over 90 minutes (endurance training, long circuits): 45-60g carbohydrates per hour, with electrolyte replacement if sweating heavily (500-1000 mg sodium per hour lost through sweat).
- **Post-workout nutrition -- muscle protein synthesis window:** The concept of a narrow 30-minute "anabolic window" is outdated and overstated for most people who ate a pre-workout meal within 3 hours. MPS is elevated for 24-48 hours post-resistance training. However, if the user trained fasted or more than 4-5 hours after their last meal, the post-workout window narrows meaningfully -- in that scenario, eating within 60 minutes of completing the session becomes important. For all other scenarios, eating within 2 hours is sufficient. The composition target: 30-40g high-quality protein (leucine content above 2.5g is the key MPS trigger) combined with 40-80g carbohydrates to initiate glycogen resynthesis.
- **Daily protein targets and distribution:** 1.6 g/kg body weight is the minimum effective dose for muscle protein synthesis across the day. 2.0-2.2 g/kg is appropriate during fat loss phases (preserves lean mass in a deficit) or for advanced athletes with higher volume training. Protein distribution matters as much as total amount: 4-5 meals each providing 30-45g protein produces meaningfully greater daily MPS than the same total protein in 2 meals. Each meal must clear the leucine threshold (~2.5g leucine per meal) to maximally stimulate MPS -- roughly equivalent to 25-35g of animal protein or 35-45g of most plant proteins.
- **Carbohydrate periodization for recovery:** Match carbohydrate intake to training demand. High-intensity training days (strength, speed work, high-volume circuits): 3-5g carbohydrates per kg body weight. Moderate training days: 2-3g/kg. Active recovery or rest days: 1-2g/kg. This approach prevents chronic glycogen depletion without excessive caloric surplus. Users experiencing chronic fatigue and soreness are frequently in a state of cumulative glycogen depletion -- increasing carbohydrates on training days is often the single most impactful nutritional intervention.
- **Hydration as a recovery factor:** A 2% reduction in body weight from sweat loss meaningfully impairs next-session performance. Post-workout rehydration target: 125-150% of fluid lost (weigh before and after training; replace 1.25-1.5 liters for every kilogram lost). Electrolytes -- particularly sodium -- must accompany rehydration to facilitate fluid retention; drinking plain water in large volumes after intense training can dilute plasma sodium and delay full rehydration.

---

### Step 4: Build the Active Recovery Protocol

Active recovery sessions serve a specific physiological purpose: enhancing blood flow to repair tissue without generating meaningful new training stress. The key variable is intensity -- sessions that exceed the threshold add to accumulated fatigue rather than reducing it.

- **The intensity ceiling for active recovery:** RPE 3-4 out of 10 (the user can hold a full, comfortable conversation with no breathlessness). Heart rate should remain below 60-65% of estimated maximum heart rate (roughly 220 minus age). For a 30-year-old, this is below 114-122 BPM. Above this threshold, the session recruits fast-twitch fibers and generates lactate that exceeds the recovery benefit. The most common active recovery mistake is allowing intensity to drift upward -- the user feels good and pushes harder, defeating the purpose.
- **Best modalities for active recovery by training type:** For strength training or bodybuilding: walking, cycling on flat terrain, light swimming, or yoga. These are non-compressive (or minimally compressive) to muscle tissue. For endurance athletes: easy cycling or pool running at conversational pace. Running at recovery pace still generates high repetitive ground reaction forces on fatigued tissue -- cycling or swimming is preferable when legs are heavily fatigued. For combat sports or high-skill athletes: low-intensity drilling of fundamental movements at 20-30% intensity, or light swimming.
- **Duration parameters:** 20-40 minutes is the target window. Below 20 minutes, blood flow benefits are minimal. Above 45 minutes at any intensity, the session begins to contribute to overall fatigue, especially for deconditioned users or during periods of high training stress. A simple 25-minute walk is sufficient and underrated.
- **Mobility and tissue quality work within active recovery sessions:** Allocate 10-15 minutes of the active recovery session to static stretching (hold 30-60 seconds per position, 2-3 repetitions per position), foam rolling (focus on areas with persistent soreness, 60-90 seconds per tissue), or dynamic mobility flows. Dynamic stretching (leg swings, hip circles, thoracic rotations) is more appropriate early in the session; static stretching after the light activity when tissue temperature is elevated.
- **Placement in the weekly schedule:** Position active recovery days between the two highest-stress training days. In a 4-day upper/lower split (Mon, Tue, Thu, Fri), Wednesday is the natural active recovery insertion point. On Sunday, full passive rest or active recovery are both valid. Never program active recovery immediately following a max-effort session if the user is chronically fatigued -- full rest may be more appropriate in those circumstances.
- **Cold water immersion and contrast therapy:** Cold water immersion (10-15 C, 10-15 minutes) reduces acute DOMS and subjective fatigue ratings within 24-48 hours post-training, making it useful before back-to-back training days. However, when used chronically after every hypertrophy session, cold immersion blunts the inflammatory signaling cascade that drives muscle adaptation. Reserve cold immersion for high-frequency competitive periods, not daily use during a hypertrophy block.

---

### Step 5: Build the Deload Protocol

A deload is a planned reduction in training stress designed to allow accumulated systemic fatigue to dissipate, revealing the fitness that was built during the preceding weeks. It is not a sign of weakness -- it is a mechanism of the supercompensation model. Fitness built during a training block is only fully expressed after fatigue is reduced.

- **Deload frequency by training intensity and training age:** Beginners (under 1 year): every 8-12 weeks or when performance stalls over 3+ consecutive sessions. Intermediate (1-3 years): every 4-6 weeks. Advanced (3+ years, high volume): every 3-4 weeks during peak intensity phases. The less adaptive reserve remaining (i.e., the more advanced the athlete), the more frequently deloads are needed because training must be closer to maximal capacity to drive adaptation.
- **Types of deloads -- volume deload vs. intensity deload vs. frequency deload:** A volume deload (most common): keep weights at 85-90% of normal working weights but reduce total sets by 40-50%. This maintains neuromuscular skill patterns while dramatically reducing metabolic and structural stress. An intensity deload: maintain total sets but reduce loading to 50-60% of 1RM, focusing on technique and movement quality. Useful when fatigue is more neurological than muscular. A frequency deload: reduce training days from 4-5 to 2-3, maintaining normal loading and volume per session. Works well for users with life stressors that make full-session completion difficult. Most users benefit most from a volume deload as the default.
- **What to preserve during a deload:** Maintain all compound movement patterns (squat, hinge, press, pull) at reduced volume. Do not eliminate exercises or introduce new movements -- the deload week is not the time for variety. Maintain protein intake at normal levels (do not reduce calories during a deload unless specifically in a fat loss phase). Maintain sleep consistency -- using the deload week to catch up on sleep is appropriate and encouraged.
- **Signs that a deload is needed immediately (reactive deload triggers):** Performance on tracked lifts declining for 2 or more consecutive sessions without a technical explanation. Resting heart rate elevated 10+ BPM above personal baseline for 3 or more consecutive mornings. HRV trending downward more than 15% below personal baseline for 5+ days. Persistent DOMS lasting beyond 72 hours in the same muscle groups. Sleep duration decreasing despite normal bedtime habits (a sign of high sympathetic nervous system activation). Do not wait for the scheduled deload if 2 or more of these signals appear simultaneously.
- **Post-deload return to training:** The week after a deload, begin at approximately 80% of pre-deload volume and rebuild progressively. Do not attempt to immediately return to peak volume -- the restoration of training capacity during the deload week makes the athlete temporarily sensitive to volume, and jumping back to 100% immediately may trigger a new fatigue accumulation spike. A two-week ramp (Week 1 post-deload at 80% volume, Week 2 at 90-95%) is more effective for sustained progress.

---

### Step 6: Implement a Recovery Monitoring System

Structured recovery monitoring converts subjective fatigue into trackable data, allowing proactive adjustments before performance declines.

- **Subjective wellness questionnaire (Hooper Index):** Each morning before training, have the user rate 4 factors on a 1-7 scale: sleep quality, fatigue, stress, and muscle soreness. A combined score of 20+ (out of 28 maximum, where 28 is worst) signals that training stress should be reduced that day. This simple tool has strong validity in the sports science literature for detecting acute overreaching. A single elevated day is noise; a 3-day trend of elevated scores requires action.
- **Resting heart rate monitoring:** Measure RHR before getting out of bed in the morning, ideally with a heart rate monitor (more accurate) or manual pulse count (acceptable). Establish a 2-week baseline average. An elevation of 5-7 BPM above personal baseline signals moderate fatigue. An elevation of 10+ BPM above baseline is a strong signal to reduce or eliminate that day's training session.
- **HRV (Heart Rate Variability) as an advanced monitoring tool:** HRV measures the beat-to-beat variation in heart rate, which reflects parasympathetic nervous system dominance -- higher HRV indicates better recovery status and parasympathetic recovery. HRV is measured most accurately first thing in the morning, lying still, for 2-5 minutes. Users tracking HRV should establish a 2-week baseline before acting on data. A single-day drop is common and not actionable; a 5-day rolling average below baseline by 15% or more is a meaningful signal. Popular wearable-based HRV tracking (fitness watches) correlates well with validated chest strap HRV under controlled conditions.
- **Performance tracking as recovery feedback:** Track the key barbell lifts or performance benchmarks (weight lifted for a given rep scheme, time to complete a benchmark workout, peak power output on a sprint). Unexplained performance decline over 2+ sessions in exercises that were previously progressing is one of the clearest recovery failure signals available -- and it is often the first measurable sign of accumulated fatigue.

---

### Step 7: Assemble the Complete Protocol and Identify Red Flags

Compile all four protocol sections (sleep, nutrition, active recovery, deload) into a single structured output. Calibrate each section to the user's specific training schedule, training volume, and primary complaint. Then explicitly state the recovery red flags relevant to the user's situation.

- **Prioritize the primary bottleneck:** If the user is sleeping 5 hours per night, optimizing their post-workout nutrition will have minimal impact compared to addressing sleep. Address the most limiting factor first and frame the protocol accordingly. The user should know which intervention to prioritize.
- **State clear decision rules:** Tell the user exactly what to do if a red flag appears -- not just "consult a professional" but "reduce volume by 30% this week AND consult a professional if symptoms do not improve within 7 days." Actionable, staged responses reduce anxiety and improve adherence.
- **Non-functional overreaching vs. overtraining syndrome distinction:** Non-functional overreaching produces performance decline over 2-6 weeks that resolves with 2-4 weeks of reduced training. Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is clinically defined as performance decline lasting months despite adequate rest, accompanied by neuroendocrine disruption (elevated baseline cortisol, depressed testosterone), persistent mood disturbance, and immune suppression. OTS requires sports medicine evaluation and is outside the scope of this skill -- identify the boundary clearly in the output when describing red flags.
- **Build in explicit follow-up checkpoints:** Recommend that the user reassess their recovery metrics at 2 weeks and again at 4 weeks. If fatigue scores, RHR, or performance have not improved after 4 weeks of implementing the protocol, the protocol needs revision or professional input is warranted.

---

## Output Format

```
## Recovery Protocol: [Training Type and Schedule]

> **Note:** This protocol is general wellness guidance, not medical advice. Consult a
> healthcare professional for persistent fatigue, injury, or symptoms beyond normal
> training soreness.

**Training context:** [Type of training, days/week, session duration, training age]
**Life stress context:** [Caloric phase, sleep debt, concurrent stressors if shared]
**Primary recovery bottleneck:** [Sleep / Nutrition / Volume Management / All three]
**Protocol priority order:** [List interventions in order of impact for this user]

---

### Sleep Protocol

| Element                  | Current Habit           | Target                             | Priority |
|--------------------------|-------------------------|------------------------------------|----------|
| Duration                 | [X hours]               | [X hours]                          | [H/M/L]  |
| Consistency (wake time)  | [variable/consistent]   | Same time ±20 min daily            | [H/M/L]  |
| Pre-sleep routine        | [current]               | Dim lights 60 min, no screens 30 min| [H/M/L] |
| Room temperature         | [known/unknown]         | 65-68 F (18-20 C)                  | [H/M/L]  |
| Post-training buffer     | [current gap]           | 90-120 min minimum                 | [H/M/L]  |
| Napping (if applicable)  | [current practice]      | 20 min max, before 2 PM            | [H/M/L]  |

**Key action:** [The single most important sleep change for this user]

---

### Nutrition Timing Protocol

**Body weight:** [X kg / estimated if not provided]
**Daily protein target:** [X g total = X g/kg × body weight]

| Window            | Timing                 | Composition                                     | Example Foods                            |
|-------------------|------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Pre-workout       | 1-3 hours before       | 30-60g carbs + 20-40g protein                   | [oats + Greek yogurt / rice + chicken]   |
| Intra-workout     | During (if >60 min)    | [30-45g carbs/hour if intensity warrants]       | [banana, sports drink, dates]            |
| Post-workout      | Within [1-2 hours]     | 30-40g protein + 40-80g carbs                   | [salmon + potato / cottage cheese + rice]|
| Meal 2 (evening)  | [X hours later]        | 30-40g protein + vegetables + fat               | [beef + greens + olive oil]              |
| Pre-bed (optional)| 45-60 min before sleep | 20-30g slow-digesting protein                   | [cottage cheese, Greek yogurt]           |

**Daily distribution:** [X] protein meals × [X]g average protein = [X]g total
**Carbohydrate periodization:**
- Training days: [X]g carbs ([X] g/kg × body weight)
- Active recovery/rest days: [X]g carbs ([X] g/kg × body weight)

**Hydration target:** [X liters/day baseline] + [replace 1.25x fluid lost per training session]

**Key action:** [The single most important nutrition change for this user]

---

### Active Recovery Plan

| Day of Week | Modality               | Duration | Target HR / RPE         | Notes                                          |
|-------------|------------------------|----------|-------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
| [Day]       | [Walking / Cycling / Swimming] | [25-35 min] | Below [X] BPM / RPE 3-4 | [Position relative to hard training days]      |
| [Day]       | [Yoga / Mobility / Light swim] | [20-30 min] | RPE 2-3                 | [Include 10-15 min mobility/stretching]        |

**Mobility focus areas:** [Based on training type -- e.g., hip flexors + thoracic for squatters]

**Cold water immersion guidance (if back-to-back sessions warrant it):**
- [Use / do not use] based on [training goal and frequency]
- Protocol if used: [10-15 C, 10-15 minutes, after session before next same-day training]

---

### Deload Schedule

**Deload frequency:** Every [X] weeks
**Next scheduled deload:** [Week X of current program]
**Type of deload:** [Volume / Intensity / Frequency deload -- specify which and why]

| Parameter        | Normal Training Week           | Deload Week                     |
|------------------|--------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Total weekly sets| [X sets/muscle group]          | [X × 0.50 = Y sets/muscle group]|
| Working load     | [X% of 1RM or RPE X]           | [Maintain / reduce to X% of 1RM]|
| Training days    | [X days]                       | [Same / reduced to X days]      |
| Session duration | [X minutes]                    | [X-15 minutes shorter]          |
| Protein intake   | [X g/day]                      | Maintain (do not reduce)        |

**Reactive deload triggers (act immediately if 2+ present):**
1. Lifts declining for 2+ consecutive sessions without technical explanation
2. RHR elevated 10+ BPM above personal baseline for 3+ mornings
3. DOMS lasting longer than 72 hours after a session
4. Sleep duration decreasing despite consistent bedtime habits
5. [Additional contextual trigger for this user's training type]

---

### Recovery Monitoring System

| Metric                 | How to Track              | Baseline Period | Action Threshold                           |
|------------------------|---------------------------|-----------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Hooper Index (daily)   | Rate 1-7: sleep, fatigue, stress, soreness | Week 1 | Combined score >20 for 3 days = reduce load |
| Resting heart rate     | Before rising, same time  | 2 weeks         | 7+ BPM above average = moderate; 10+ = rest |
| HRV (if tracked)       | Lying still, morning      | 2 weeks         | 15% below 5-day rolling average = reduce    |
| Training performance   | Log key lifts or benchmarks| Ongoing        | Unexplained decline 2+ sessions = investigate|

**Check-in schedule:** Reassess protocol effectiveness at Week 2 and Week 4.

---

### Recovery Red Flags -- Action Protocol

| Signal                                              | Immediate Action                                    | If Persists Beyond 7 Days             |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| Performance down 2+ sessions                        | Reactive deload (40-50% volume reduction)           | Review nutrition adequacy; seek guidance|
| RHR elevated 10+ BPM for 3+ days                   | Full rest day(s); no training until normalized      | Consult healthcare professional       |
| DOMS lasting 72+ hours post-session                 | Reduce volume 20-30%; increase carbs on training days| Review sleep and protein; seek guidance|
| Frequent illness (2+ infections in 4 weeks)         | Immediate deload; prioritize sleep above all        | Consult healthcare professional       |
| Persistent mood disturbance + physical fatigue      | Reduce volume by 40%; increase rest days            | Consult sports medicine physician     |
| Joint pain distinct from muscle soreness            | Stop training affected area immediately             | Consult physical therapist or physician|
```

---

## Rules

1. **Always open with the disclaimer** before any protocol content. This is non-negotiable and must appear verbatim or in substantively equivalent language at the start of every output.
2. **Never diagnose overtraining syndrome (OTS).** OTS is a clinical diagnosis requiring laboratory confirmation (hormonal panels, extended observation). Use the phrase "signs consistent with non-functional overreaching" for short-term performance decline and recommend sports medicine consultation if symptoms extend beyond 6 weeks of reduced training without improvement.
3. **Protein targets must always be given as a range, not a single number** -- the range 1.6-2.2 g/kg acknowledges meaningfully different needs based on energy availability, training modality, and training age. Always anchor the recommendation to the user's specific context (e.g., "toward the upper end at 2.0-2.2 g/kg given your caloric deficit").
4. **Never cite the "30-minute anabolic window" as a hard rule.** MPS initiation timing depends on the fed/fasted state entering the session. State the window accurately: within 1 hour if the user trained fasted; within 2 hours if the user ate a pre-workout meal within 3-4 hours.
5. **Active recovery intensity must never exceed RPE 4 out of 10 or 65% of max heart rate.** If the user pushes above this threshold, the session is a training session, not recovery. Include the heart rate ceiling as a concrete number calculated from the user's age whenever possible.
6. **Cold water immersion must not be recommended as a daily post-training practice during hypertrophy blocks.** Blunting the inflammatory response chronically reduces muscle protein synthesis signaling. Reserve it for competition preparation, high-frequency training periods, or when performance maintenance across back-to-back sessions is the priority over maximal hypertrophy.
7. **The deload protocol is mandatory in every recovery plan.** A recovery plan without scheduled deloads is incomplete -- it manages current fatigue without preventing future accumulation. Never omit this section or frame it as optional.
8. **Do not recommend specific supplements** -- including substances that may appear to be food (e.g., specific protein powder brands, specific electrolyte products). Describe macro and micronutrient categories and whole food sources only.
9. **When multiple recovery failures coexist (poor sleep AND poor nutrition AND high volume simultaneously),** address them in priority order rather than presenting them as equally weighted. Sleep is the highest-leverage intervention; address it first in the protocol narrative.
10. **Always include a recovery monitoring mechanism** (Hooper Index, RHR tracking, or performance logging at minimum). A protocol without a feedback loop cannot be self-corrected by the user. The monitoring system is what transforms a static protocol into a responsive, adaptive framework.
11. **Never recommend that the user simply "rest more" without specificity.** Rest is not the same as active recovery, sleep optimization, or deloading. Each intervention has a distinct physiological mechanism and specific parameters. Vague rest recommendations are not actionable.
12. **Concurrent training (strength + cardio in the same week or same session) requires explicit sequencing guidance.** Performing endurance training before strength training in the same session significantly reduces power output in the strength session due to the AMPK-mTOR interference effect. If the user does both, provide explicit sequencing guidance.

---

## Edge Cases

### User Trains 6-7 Days Per Week With No Rest Days

Training frequency above 5 days per week requires at minimum 2 days of genuine low-intensity work (RPE 2-3) to prevent cumulative sympathetic nervous system overdrive. If the user insists on daily training:
- Classify training days as "high" (RPE 7-9), "medium" (RPE 5-6), or "low" (RPE 2-4) across the week. High days must never exceed 3 per week without at least one low day between them.
- Require that low days qualify genuinely as active recovery (below 65% max heart rate, no loaded compound movements at working weights, no competitive sport at intensity).
- Recommend HRV or RHR monitoring daily as a non-negotiable feedback mechanism at this training frequency.
- If the user's schedule reflects compulsive training habits or describes training through persistent pain, gently note that this pattern can reflect an unhealthy relationship with exercise and suggest that speaking with a mental health professional or sports psychologist may be helpful.

### User Is in a Significant Caloric Deficit (500-750+ kcal/Day)

Caloric deficits meaningfully impair recovery through three mechanisms: reduced glycogen availability, reduced anabolic hormone output, and reduced protein synthesis capacity. Recovery expectations must be adjusted:
- Push protein to 2.0-2.2 g/kg (upper range) to preserve lean mass and support repair under energy restriction.
- Recommend distributing carbohydrates toward training days specifically (carbohydrate periodization) rather than uniformly reducing them across all days.
- Recommend reducing training volume by 10-20% compared to a maintenance or surplus phase -- a deficit is not the optimal time to maximize training volume.
- Sleep becomes even more critical in a deficit; inadequate sleep during caloric restriction preferentially reduces lean mass retention. Emphasize 8+ hours.
- Explicitly inform the user that strength performance will likely decrease modestly during a deficit phase -- this is normal and not evidence of inadequate recovery.

### User Works Night Shifts or Has Severely Disrupted Circadian Rhythm

The core sleep principles (duration, darkness, temperature, consistency) apply regardless of when the sleep window falls, but implementation requires adjustment:
- The anchor principle for night-shift workers is treating their sleep window as their biological "night" -- maintaining consistency of the sleep window even on days off is the single most important adaptation.
- Complete darkness is non-negotiable for daytime sleep; blackout curtains or a sleep mask are essential, not optional.
- Melatonin release timing shifts after 2-3 weeks of consistent night-shift work -- advise against using "normal" circadian timing expectations to evaluate sleep quality during the adaptation period.
- If the user switches between day and night schedules (rotating shifts), recovery is systematically impaired and cannot be fully compensated by any recovery protocol. Reduce training volume by 15-20% during rotation periods and prioritize sleep above all other interventions.

### User Is a Vegetarian or Vegan Athlete

Total daily protein remains at 1.6-2.2 g/kg, but several practical adjustments are required:
- Most plant protein sources have lower leucine content per gram of protein compared to animal sources. To trigger MPS reliably, increase per-meal protein targets to 35-45g protein from plant sources (compared to 25-35g from animal sources) to clear the leucine threshold of ~2.5g.
- Soy protein, hemp protein, and quinoa are nutritionally complete protein sources (full essential amino acid profiles) and can be used as anchor proteins. Most other plant proteins (rice, pea, lentil) are incomplete individually but become complete when combined.
- Iron, zinc, and calcium -- all micronutrients relevant to recovery -- have lower bioavailability in plant foods. Without recommending specific supplements, note that whole food variety and pairing vitamin C sources with iron-containing plant foods (enhances absorption) are relevant dietary strategies.
- Creatine is found almost exclusively in animal products; vegan athletes have lower baseline muscle creatine stores. Acknowledge this context without making a supplementation recommendation.

### User Has Just Returned From a Layoff (2-4 Weeks Off Training)

Returning from a layoff requires a modified recovery protocol because training capacity has temporarily decreased while motivation is often high:
- Reduce returning volume to 50-60% of the pre-layoff baseline for the first week. Even if the user feels capable of more, muscle connective tissue (tendons, ligaments) de-adapts during a layoff and needs 2-3 weeks to rebuild tolerance after muscle strength returns.
- DOMS after return to training will be disproportionately severe due to the repeated bout effect resetting. Warn the user explicitly and ensure active recovery days are placed between each training session in the first week.
- Increase protein slightly above maintenance levels during the return phase: 2.0 g/kg supports the accelerated repair demand of returning tissue.
- The initial deload should be delayed until Week 4-5 post-return, not scheduled at Week 3, because the first two weeks are inherently lower-volume.

### User Reports Persistent Soreness in a Specific Muscle Group Only

Localized persistent soreness lasting more than 72 hours consistently in one muscle group -- rather than generalized fatigue -- suggests a localized training issue rather than systemic overreaching:
- Check whether that muscle group is being directly or indirectly trained more frequently than perceived (e.g., hip flexors receiving stress from both squat sessions and deadlift sessions when counted together).
- Reduce direct volume to that muscle group specifically for 1-2 weeks without reducing overall training load.
- If the soreness is accompanied by any sharpness, swelling, restricted range of motion, or warmth, immediately flag this as outside the scope of this protocol and recommend evaluation by a physical therapist or sports medicine physician. This pattern can indicate a soft tissue injury, not DOMS.
- True DOMS is typically dull, bilateral, appears 12-48 hours post-training, and resolves fully by 72 hours. Soreness that is unilateral, sharp, or fails to resolve by 96 hours is not typical DOMS and warrants professional evaluation.

### User Asks About Back-to-Back High-Intensity Days (Competition Preparation or Tournament Play)

This is a scenario where the standard recovery timeline is compressed and the goal shifts from maximizing adaptation to maximizing performance retention:
- Prioritize carbohydrate intake aggressively the evening before Day 2 (4-6g/kg carbohydrates in the 12 hours after Day 1 to maximize glycogen resynthesis rate).
- Cold water immersion (10-15 C, 10-15 minutes) after Day 1 is appropriate in this scenario specifically because performance maintenance across sessions outweighs concerns about blunting hypertrophy adaptations.
- Sleep between sessions is the most powerful recovery modality available -- prioritize sleep time over every other recovery intervention if time is constrained.
- Lower-body and upper-body neuromuscular fatigue resolves at different rates; if Day 1 was lower-body dominant and Day 2 is upper-body dominant, performance on Day 2 will be less compromised than if the same muscle groups are taxed on both days.

---

## Example

**Input:** "I'm doing a 5-day per week program -- three days of strength training (upper/lower/full body) and two days of zone 2 cardio. I work a desk job with high stress, sleep about 6.5 hours on weekdays and try to catch up on weekends, I feel tired most of the time, and my strength lifts haven't gone up in 6 weeks. I eat pretty well but my protein is probably low. I'm about 80 kg."

---

**Output:**

## Recovery Protocol: 5-Day Concurrent Training (Strength + Cardio)

> **Note:** This protocol is general wellness guidance, not medical advice. Consult a
> healthcare professional for persistent fatigue, injury, or symptoms beyond normal
> training soreness.

**Training context:** 5 days/week, concurrent training (3 strength + 2 zone 2 cardio), intermediate training age assumed
**Life stress context:** High occupational stress, weekday sleep debt (~6.5 hours), weekend compensation sleeping -- social jet lag pattern present
**Primary recovery bottleneck:** Sleep consistency and duration is the highest-priority intervention. High life stress combined with sleep debt creates a chronic cortisol elevation pattern that directly suppresses testosterone and growth hormone -- no nutrition or training adjustment will fully overcome this deficit without addressing sleep first.
**Protocol priority order:**
1. Sleep duration and consistency (immediate impact)
2. Daily protein intake and post-workout nutrition
3. Carbohydrate periodization to training days
4. Deload scheduling (overdue -- 6-week stall suggests accumulated fatigue)
5. Active recovery restructuring

---

### Sleep Protocol

| Element                  | Current Habit                  | Target                                 | Priority |
|--------------------------|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------|
| Duration (weekdays)      | 6.5 hours                      | 7.5-8.0 hours minimum                 | HIGH     |
| Duration (weekends)      | Variable catch-up              | Same 7.5-8.0 hours -- no compensation sleeping | HIGH |
| Consistency (wake time)  | Variable (later on weekends)   | Same wake time daily ±20 minutes       | HIGH     |
| Pre-sleep routine        | Unknown                        | Dim lights 60 min, no screens 30 min before bed | HIGH |
| Room temperature         | Unknown                        | 65-68 F (18-20 C)                      | MEDIUM   |
| Post-training buffer     | Unknown                        | 90-120 min after evening sessions      | MEDIUM   |
| Napping                  | Not established                | 20-min nap before 2 PM on high-stress days | LOW |

**Key action:** Set a fixed wake time (the same every day, including weekends) and work backward to determine required bedtime to achieve 7.5-8 hours. The current weekend "catch-up" pattern is not restoring circadian rhythm and is actively creating weekly social jet lag -- the fatigue pattern described is consistent with this mechanism.

**Practical note on desk job + high stress:** Elevated cortisol from occupational stress suppresses the cortisol decline needed for sleep onset. A deliberate decompression routine before sleep (30-minute walk after work, light reading, or breathwork) is not optional in this context -- it is a physiologically necessary stress-state transition.

---

### Nutrition Timing Protocol

**Body weight:** 80 kg
**Daily protein target:** 160-176g/day (2.0-2.2 g/kg -- upper range given 6-week performance stall and elevated stress load)

| Window            | Timing                     | Composition                                      | Example Foods                                       |
|-------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| Pre-workout       | 1.5-2.5 hours before       | 40-60g carbs + 25-35g protein                    | Oatmeal + eggs; rice + chicken; Greek yogurt + banana|
| Intra-workout (strength) | During (if >60 min) | Water only unless session exceeds 75 min; then 30g carbs | Small banana or handful of dates                    |
| Intra-workout (zone 2 cardio) | During       | Water; 15-30g carbs/hour if session exceeds 60 min | Diluted juice, dates, banana                     |
| Post-workout      | Within 1.5 hours           | 35-40g protein + 50-70g carbs                    | Salmon + white rice; chicken + potato; eggs + bread |
| Midday meal       | 3-4 hours after post-workout | 35-40g protein + vegetables + moderate carbs   | Beef + greens + sweet potato                        |
| Evening meal      | 3-4 hours before sleep     | 30-35g protein + vegetables + moderate fat       | Chicken + broccoli + olive oil; fish + salad        |
| Pre-bed (optional)| 45-60 min before sleep     | 20-30g slow-digesting protein                    | Cottage cheese, Greek yogurt                        |

**Daily protein distribution target:** 4 meals × 38-44g average = 152-176g total (within target range)

**Carbohydrate periodization for this schedule:**
- Strength training days (3x/week): 280-320g carbohydrates (3.5-4.0 g/kg × 80 kg)
- Zone 2 cardio days (2x/week): 200-240g carbohydrates (2.5-3.0 g/kg)
- Rest day (1x/week): 120-160g carbohydrates (1.5-2.0 g/kg)

**Key action:** The current protein intake is almost certainly below 100g/day based on the description ("pretty well but protein is probably low"). Increasing protein to 160g/day distributed across 4 meals will have a direct impact on recovery capacity within 1-2 weeks. Do not wait to address this. A practical target: every meal and every snack contains a meaningful protein source.

**Hydration target:** 2.5-3.0 liters of water daily (baseline for 80 kg at desk job with 5 training days/week) plus replace 1.25x fluid lost per training session (weigh before and after one session to calibrate).

---

### Active Recovery Plan

**Calculated max heart rate (assuming age 30 estimate -- adjust if known):** ~190 BPM
**Active recovery heart rate ceiling:** Below 121 BPM (65% of 190 BPM)

| Day of Week | Modality                    | Duration | Target HR / RPE        | Notes                                                   |
|-------------|-----------------------------|-----------|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| Wednesday   | Easy walk or flat cycling   | 25-30 min | Below 120 BPM / RPE 3 | Between strength sessions -- blood flow, no added stress |
| Sunday      | Yoga flow or light swimming | 25-35 min | RPE 2-3               | Emphasize hip flexors, thoracic spine, hamstrings        |

**Mobility focus areas for concurrent training:** Hip flexors (heavy desk sitting + squatting), thoracic spine rotation (pressing + desk posture), hamstrings and calves (deadlifting + zone 2 running or cycling).

**Cold water immersion guidance:** Not recommended as a daily practice at this stage. The training goal is performance improvement and fatigue recovery -- not competition performance maintenance. If back-to-back strength days are ever programmed, cold immersion (12-14 C, 12 minutes) after the first session would be appropriate.

**Concurrent training sequencing note:** On days when strength and cardio are both programmed (if any), always perform strength first. Performing cardio before strength significantly reduces power output in the strength session through both glycogen depletion and AMPK-pathway interference. Keeping them on separate days (as the current 3/2 split does) is the correct approach and should be maintained.

---

### Deload Schedule

**Assessment:** A 6-week strength stall without technical explanation is a strong indicator of accumulated training fatigue. An immediate reactive deload is recommended before resuming progressive overload.

**Deload frequency going forward:** Every 4th week (given concurrent training, high occupational stress, and sleep debt)
**Immediate deload (this week):** Volume deload -- the most appropriate type given the suspected cumulative fatigue mechanism

| Parameter              | Current Normal Week                   | Immediate Deload Week (This Week)           |
|------------------------|---------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| Strength sets/session  | Estimated 15-20 sets total/session    | 8-10 sets total/session (reduce by ~50%)    |
| Working load           | Current working weights               | Maintain at same weight; reduce sets only   |
| Training days          | 5 days (3 strength + 2 cardio)        | 4 days (2 strength + 2 easy cardio/walk)    |
| Zone 2 cardio duration | Current duration                      | Reduce to 70% of current duration           |
| Session duration       | Current length                        | Reduce each session by 15-20 minutes        |
| Protein intake         | Target 160g                           | Maintain at 160g -- do not reduce           |

**Post-deload return (Week 1 back to full training):** Return at 80% of normal volume. Do not attempt to immediately return to pre-deload full load. Week 2 return at 90-95%.

**Reactive deload triggers going forward (act if 2+ present simultaneously):**
1. Strength on tracked lifts declining 2+ consecutive sessions
2. Resting heart rate elevated 10+ BPM above morning baseline for 3+ days
3. Persistent DOMS lasting beyond 72 hours in any muscle group
4. Sleep duration decreasing despite consistent bedtime
5. Stress scores on Hooper Index staying above 5/7 for 4+ consecutive mornings

---

### Recovery Monitoring System

| Metric                  | How to Track                                    | Baseline Period | Action Threshold                                 |
|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-----------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Hooper Index (daily)    | Morning rating 1-7 for: sleep quality, fatigue, stress, muscle soreness | First 2 weeks | Sum >20 for 3 days = reduce load that day     |
| Resting heart rate      | Before standing, same time each morning         | 2 weeks to establish baseline | 7+ above average = moderate caution; 10+ = rest day |
| Strength performance    | Log working weights and reps for 3 key lifts    | Ongoing         | Unexplained decline 2+ sessions =
