---
name: composition-guide
description: |
  Applies photographic composition principles to a described subject including
  rule of thirds grid placement, leading lines direction, foreground/background
  layering, frame-within-frame opportunities, and negative space allocation.
  Produces specific framing instructions applicable to any camera.
  Use when the user asks about photo composition, framing a shot, or
  arranging visual elements in a photograph.
  Do NOT use for exposure or camera settings (use exposure-triangle),
  lighting setup (use lighting-setup), or post-processing workflow
  (use photo-editing-workflow).
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "photography design checklist"
  category: "design-creative"
  subcategory: "photography"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---
# Composition Guide

## When to Use

Use this skill when the user's request centers on the spatial arrangement of visual elements within a photograph -- how to frame, position, and balance what appears inside the rectangle of the image.

**Trigger scenarios:**

- The user describes a scene and asks how to frame or compose the shot ("I'm photographing a lighthouse at sunset -- how should I set up this shot?")
- The user wants to apply a specific compositional principle and needs it translated to their exact scene ("How do I use leading lines in a city street at night?")
- The user shares a photograph description and asks what is compositionally wrong with it ("My portraits always feel awkward and stiff -- what am I doing wrong?")
- The user is preparing to shoot a specific genre -- architecture, wildlife, portraiture, product, landscape -- and wants genre-specific framing guidance
- The user asks about visual weight, balance, symmetry, negative space, or depth layering in photography
- The user has a compositional constraint (cannot move the subject, fixed shooting position, specific crop requirement) and needs to work within it
- The user wants to understand why a reference photograph they admire works compositionally
- The user asks how to use their phone camera to get better-composed images

**Do NOT use this skill when:**

- The user asks about aperture, ISO, shutter speed, or exposure settings -- use `exposure-triangle`
- The user asks how to set up lights, reflectors, or diffusers -- use `lighting-setup`
- The user asks about Lightroom adjustments, color grading, retouching, or any post-capture editing -- use `photo-editing-workflow`
- The user asks about lens selection based on optical properties (bokeh rendering, distortion characteristics, diffraction limits) -- use `lens-selection`
- The user asks about camera settings for autofocus tracking or burst mode -- use `camera-settings`
- The user wants to know how to print or export a finished image -- use `output-delivery`

---

## Process

### Step 1: Gather scene context through structured inquiry

Before issuing any composition guidance, collect the minimum required inputs. If the user has not provided these, ask before proceeding -- guessing at a scene produces generic advice.

- **Subject identity and behavior:** Is the subject static or moving? Living (person, animal) or inanimate (building, product)? Does the subject have an implied direction -- a face with a gaze direction, a vehicle with a heading, a figure mid-stride? Implied direction governs negative space allocation.
- **Environment and light direction:** Indoor or outdoor? Urban, natural, or studio? What is the ambient light quality -- hard directional sun, overcast diffused, golden hour, window light, artificial? Light direction determines where shadows fall and which angles reveal or flatten three-dimensional form.
- **Focal length or device:** Specific millimeters (24mm, 35mm, 50mm, 85mm, 135mm, 200mm), or phone camera, or "I don't know." Focal length changes the spatial compression of the scene -- a 24mm at 3 feet creates very different depth relationships than a 135mm at 30 feet for the same subject size.
- **Intended purpose and mood:** Documentary/editorial (context matters, environment must read), fine art (formal relationships can dominate), commercial/product (cleanliness, isolation), portrait (flattering angle, human connection), landscape (grandeur, scale, environment), street (candid, energy).
- **Hard constraints:** Cannot move subject, fixed tripod position, must include specific background element, must meet a specific aspect ratio (1:1 for Instagram, 4:5 for Instagram portrait, 16:9 for video, 3:2 for traditional photography, 1:1.91 for Facebook), must keep subject centered for a specific reason.

If inputs are missing, ask directly: "What focal length are you using and what direction is the subject facing?"

---

### Step 2: Identify the dominant compositional strategy

Not every scene calls for rule of thirds. Choose a primary compositional approach before applying sub-techniques.

- **Rule of thirds:** Default for most natural, documentary, and environmental subjects. Best when the scene has a clear primary subject, a horizon, or implied directional movement. Power points (the four intersections of the 3x3 grid) sit at approximately 33%/66% of both the horizontal and vertical axes.
- **Golden ratio / Phi spiral:** Preferred for fine art, portraiture, and scenes with organic curves. The focal point sits at the tight center of the spiral -- approximately at the 0.618 mark of each axis rather than the 0.333 mark of thirds. The spiral turns clockwise or counterclockwise -- choose the rotation that follows the natural flow of lines in the scene.
- **Golden triangle:** Two diagonal lines and a third perpendicular bisecting one of them divide the frame into triangles. Place the primary subject along the long diagonal. Works exceptionally well for dynamic landscape shots and environmental portraits with strong diagonal terrain.
- **Centered symmetry:** Appropriate only when the scene has genuine bilateral or radial symmetry -- architecture with a central axis, reflections in still water, tunnels, cathedral interiors. Even in symmetrical subjects, a slight off-center foreground element prevents the composition from becoming static.
- **Dynamic diagonal:** For action, sports, wildlife, and urban energy -- the primary subject and all supporting lines run at strong diagonals. Diagonals at 30-45 degrees from horizontal carry the most visual energy.
- **Fill-the-frame:** For texture studies, extreme macro, tight portraits emphasizing emotion, patterns. Every part of the frame carries equal visual weight. There is no negative space -- density is the composition.

State the chosen strategy explicitly in the output and explain why it fits the scene better than alternatives.

---

### Step 3: Determine subject placement with grid precision

Give exact positional instructions, not vague directional guidance.

- **Power points in rule of thirds:** Upper-left (approximately X=33%, Y=33%), upper-right (X=66%, Y=33%), lower-left (X=33%, Y=66%), lower-right (X=66%, Y=66%). State which power point receives the subject and which part of the subject -- the eyes of a person, the apex of a mountain, the peak of a building, the face of a product.
- **Portrait subject placement:** In a single-subject portrait, the nearest eye goes to the upper-left or upper-right power point. In a two-subject portrait, place one subject on the left third and one on the right third, ensuring they have a visual connection across the center of the frame. In full-body portraits, the subject's center of gravity (approximately hip height) sits near the horizontal center line, with the head near the upper third.
- **Horizon line placement:** Upper third if you want to emphasize the foreground (sprawling landscape, interesting ground texture, reflective water, leading foreground elements). Lower third if you want to emphasize the sky (dramatic clouds, golden hour, Milky Way, stormy atmosphere). Exact center only for water reflection symmetry where top and bottom must mirror perfectly.
- **Directional subjects:** A subject facing right should be positioned on the left third, with two-thirds of the frame as "looking room" to the right. A subject facing left should be on the right third with two-thirds looking room to the left. A walking figure needs at least 55-60% of the frame ahead of them. A bird in flight needs more -- 65-70% of the frame in the flight direction.
- **Aspect ratio adjustments:** In a 4:5 aspect ratio (portrait orientation for social media), vertical subjects become more powerful and the lower thirds compress -- the lower power points sit at a higher actual position in the frame. In a 16:9 cinematic crop, horizontal leading lines become the dominant compositional element. Recalculate power point positions mentally for non-standard crops.

---

### Step 4: Identify and engineer leading lines

Leading lines are the most powerful tool for controlling how a viewer's eye moves through a frame. Every scene has potential lines -- the skill is identifying them and deciding which to use, which to suppress, and which direction they should run.

- **Types and their psychological effects:**
  - *Converging parallel lines* (roads, train tracks, rows of trees, hallways, fence posts): Create strong depth illusion by converging toward a vanishing point. Most powerful when the vanishing point aligns with the subject or a power point.
  - *S-curves* (rivers, winding paths, coastlines, roads in hilly terrain): The most elegant line type. The eye follows an S-curve with pleasure, making it ideal for peaceful, organic, and romantic compositions. The subject typically sits at the upper end of the S.
  - *Diagonals* (stairways, escalators, shadow lines from hard light, rooflines): Carry energy and dynamism. A diagonal running from lower-left to upper-right feels "ascending" and optimistic. Lower-right to upper-left feels "descending" or dramatic.
  - *Radial lines* (spokes of a wheel, sunburst rays, aerial drone shots of roads meeting at an intersection, colonnades): All lines point inward toward the subject. Extremely powerful centering force -- best for centered symmetrical compositions where the subject sits exactly at the convergence.
  - *Horizontal lines* (horizons, shelves, window sills): Stabilize the composition and create calm. Too many unbroken horizontals create a static, even boring, image. Interrupt them with a vertical or diagonal element.
  - *Vertical lines* (tree trunks, columns, doorframes, figures): Communicate authority, strength, solemnity. A vertical subject on a vertical line feels stable and powerful.

- **Line direction rules:** Lines must lead toward the subject, not away from it. A road that leads out of the frame pulls the eye out. A road that leads to the subject anchors the viewer. If a natural line leads away from the subject, reframe so the line enters from a corner and terminates near the subject.
- **Line weight:** A thick, dark, bold line (a highway, a wall) carries more visual weight than a thin, light one (a fence, a crack in pavement). Use thick lines for primary direction, thin lines for secondary support.
- **Suppressing competing lines:** If a scene has two sets of conflicting leading lines, the composition splits the viewer's attention. Choose a camera angle that de-emphasizes one set. Often, moving the camera position laterally by just 2-5 feet dramatically changes which lines dominate.

---

### Step 5: Design the depth layer system

Photographs are two-dimensional. Depth layering is the primary technique for overcoming this limitation -- creating a convincing illusion of three-dimensional space within a flat frame.

- **The three-layer model:**
  - *Foreground (near field):* Something within 1-5 feet of the camera position (for most scenes). Options include: ground texture (grass, pebbles, snow, sand, fallen leaves), flowers, rocks, water surface, a person's shoulder in a two-person composition, architectural detail, the edge of a window frame. Purpose: anchors the viewer in the scene, creates immediate scale reference, provides a visual "entry point" into the image.
  - *Middle ground (subject zone):* This is where the primary subject lives in the majority of compositions. It should be the sharpest plane in the image unless the technique specifically calls for selective focus elsewhere. In a landscape with no singular subject, the middle ground typically contains the most complex visual information.
  - *Background (far field):* Either a contextual narrative background (tells us where we are, what story surrounds the subject) or a clean separation background (sky, smooth wall, bokeh field). The background must not have competing bright spots, clashing colors, or visual elements with similar contrast to the subject.

- **Aperture and depth layering:** At f/2.8 on a 50mm lens at 6 feet from the subject, the depth of field is approximately 0.8 feet -- enough to keep eyes sharp but blur ears on a portrait. At f/8 on the same setup, depth of field extends to about 3.5 feet. For layered landscape compositions requiring front-to-back sharpness, use f/8 to f/11 and calculate hyperfocal distance. State the aperture recommendation when depth layer separation is relevant -- but note this crosses into exposure territory and direct the user to `exposure-triangle` for the full exposure calculation.
- **Scale anchors:** A human figure, a car, or any object of known size in the background establishes the scale of a landscape. A figure in the foreground versus the middle ground versus the background creates dramatically different impressions of the landscape's size. Use scale anchors deliberately.
- **Forced perspective:** When shooting upward at a tall subject from a low angle, near elements appear dramatically larger than distant ones. Use low-angle foreground elements to exaggerate height and distance. This technique works strongly with wide-angle lenses (24mm and below) where spatial distortion is pronounced.

---

### Step 6: Design negative space allocation

Negative space is not empty -- it is an active compositional element with specific psychological weight.

- **Quantify the ratio:** Express negative space as a percentage of frame area. A 50/50 split is almost always wrong unless the intent is tension or confrontation. Common effective ratios:
  - 70% negative space / 30% subject: Strong isolation, minimalism, solitude, contemplation, smallness against environment
  - 60% / 40%: Comfortable breathing room, peaceful mood, subject has presence but is not dominant
  - 40% / 60%: Subject-forward, the environment is context rather than character
  - 20% / 80% or fill-the-frame: Intimacy, energy, confrontation, texture-forward (macro, tight portrait)

- **Direction of negative space:** Negative space must be placed where the subject's energy flows, not behind it. A portrait subject facing right needs negative space to the right (looking room). A running athlete needs space ahead of them (movement room). A bird mid-takeoff needs space above (upward trajectory). Placing negative space behind the subject creates compression and unease -- which can be intentional for a pursued/threatened subject but is usually a mistake.
- **Tonal quality of negative space:** A bright sky as negative space is very different from a dark shadow as negative space. Bright negative space lifts the mood and creates an airy quality. Dark negative space creates drama, mystery, or weight. In high-key photography, the negative space is the lightest tonal zone in the frame. In low-key photography (Rembrandt-style lighting, noir), the negative space is near black.
- **Texture in negative space:** Smooth, uniform negative space (sky, calm water, painted wall) maintains silence around the subject. Textured negative space (rough stone wall, forest out of focus, textured paper) adds visual information without adding competing subjects. Choose smooth for maximum subject isolation, textured for richer environmental storytelling.

---

### Step 7: Evaluate frame-within-frame opportunities and secondary techniques

After establishing the primary composition, assess which secondary techniques add depth without cluttering.

- **Frame-within-frame:**
  - Natural frames: doorways, arches, windows, tunnels, tree canopy, cave openings, fabric draped to one side
  - Architectural frames: columns flanking a subject, beams overhead, a passage between buildings
  - Human-scale frames: shooting through a crowd where the foreground people frame the distant subject, shooting over a person's shoulder
  - The frame element should be at least 1-2 stops darker than the subject at the center, creating natural vignetting that directs the eye inward. If the frame element is the same brightness as the subject, it competes rather than guides.
  - The frame does not need to surround all four sides. A partial frame (branches from two corners overhead, a doorframe on one side and top) is often more dynamic than a complete surround.

- **Pattern and repetition with deliberate disruption:** A field of repeating elements (arched windows, fence posts, umbrellas on a beach) is compositionally compelling if one element breaks the pattern -- a missing fence post, one differently colored umbrella. Place the disruption at a rule-of-thirds power point, not at center.
- **Juxtaposition:** Place two visually contrasting elements in the same frame to create narrative tension -- old and new architecture, large and small, sharp and blurred, light and dark. The contrast must be legible within the frame -- if one element is too small relative to the other, the contrast is lost.
- **Color as a compositional element:** A single area of saturated color in an otherwise neutral scene carries enormous visual weight and acts like a subject anchor. A red jacket in a foggy gray cityscape will draw the eye immediately. Use this deliberately -- position the saturated element at a power point, or use its pull to counterbalance a physically larger neutral subject.

---

### Step 8: Compile the composition specification and error check

Combine all decisions into a clear, actionable instruction set, then run the pre-shoot error check.

- **Pre-shoot error checklist:**
  - Merging check: Is there any object (tree trunk, pole, branch, person in background) that appears to grow directly from the subject's head or body? Shift the camera position left, right, up, or down by even 6-12 inches to separate them.
  - Edge distraction check: Are there bright spots, high-contrast elements, or partial objects at the frame edges? Bright white areas (blown-out sky patches, light fixtures) at the frame edge pull the eye away from the subject with extreme force. Reframe or flag.
  - Horizon level: Use the camera's electronic level display or a grid overlay. A horizon tilted by more than 1-2 degrees reads as a mistake rather than a stylistic choice. If intentional tilt (Dutch angle / canted frame), go to at least 15-20 degrees to make the intent clear.
  - Background competition: Does the background have elements of similar size, tone, or contrast to the subject? If yes, either change angle to replace the background, use a wider aperture to blur it, or physically reposition.
  - Symmetry completeness: If using centered symmetry, is the symmetry actually complete? Partial symmetry that was intended to be complete reads as sloppy rather than artistic.
  - Consistent visual weight: Does the composition feel balanced? A large dark mass on one side and a small bright element on the other can balance visually (dark = heavy, bright = light), but verify the overall frame feels settled rather than tipped.

---

## Output Format

```
## Composition Guide: [Scene Title]

**Subject:** [specific description -- person facing which direction, object type, landscape feature]
**Environment:** [indoor/outdoor, specific context, time of day if relevant]
**Focal Length:** [mm, or phone camera, or estimated]
**Aspect Ratio:** [3:2 | 4:5 | 1:1 | 16:9 | other]
**Purpose/Mood:** [documentary | portrait | landscape | fine art | commercial] -- [mood descriptors]

---

### Primary Compositional Strategy

**Chosen technique:** [rule of thirds | golden ratio | golden triangle | centered symmetry | dynamic diagonal | fill-the-frame]
**Rationale:** [why this technique fits this subject and mood better than the default rule of thirds]
**Orientation:** [landscape/horizontal | portrait/vertical] -- [reason based on subject shape and dominant lines]

---

### Subject Placement

**Subject position:** [exact power point or grid position: e.g., "right-third vertical, eyes at upper-right power point (66% from left, 33% from top)"]
**Key anchor point:** [which part of the subject defines the placement -- nearest eye, center of mass, apex, face]
**Camera height:** [eye level | low angle -- X inches/feet below subject | high angle -- shooting downward at X degrees]
**Camera angle to subject:** [straight-on | 30-degree offset | profile | three-quarter view]
**Horizon position:** [upper third -- emphasizes foreground | lower third -- emphasizes sky | omitted -- indoor scene]

---

### Leading Lines

**Primary line:**
- Type: [converging | diagonal | S-curve | horizontal | vertical | radial]
- Source element: [the specific real-world object that creates this line]
- Entry point: [where the line enters the frame -- e.g., bottom-left corner]
- Terminus: [where the line leads -- e.g., the subject at the upper-right power point]
- Psychological effect: [what this line does for the viewer's experience]

**Secondary line (if present):**
- Type: [type]
- Source element: [element]
- Role: [supports primary direction | adds depth layer | creates counter-balance]

---

### Depth Layers

| Layer | Specific Element | Focus Treatment | Compositional Purpose |
|-------|-----------------|-----------------|----------------------|
| Foreground | [specific element, distance from camera] | Sharp / Soft [at f/X] | [depth anchor | texture | seasonal context | scale] |
| Middle ground | [subject, distance from camera] | Sharp -- primary focus plane | [emotional/narrative anchor] |
| Background | [specific element] | Sharp / Soft [at f/X] | [context | isolation | color field | contrast] |

---

### Negative Space

**Ratio:** [X% subject + active elements, Y% negative space]
**Placement:** [where the empty space lives relative to the subject and which direction it faces]
**Tonal quality:** [bright/light | dark | mid-tone neutral]
**Texture:** [smooth/uniform | gently textured]
**Psychological effect:** [isolation | solitude | breathing room | movement suggestion | minimalist calm | tension]

---

### Frame-within-Frame

**Frame element:** [specific real element in the scene]
**Coverage:** [full surround | top-and-sides partial | one-side only]
**Tonal relationship:** [frame element is X stops darker than subject -- creates natural vignette]
**Placement in outer frame:** [frame element occupies left quarter, right quarter, upper portion, etc.]

-- OR --

**Frame-within-frame:** Not applicable -- scene does not contain suitable framing elements; the leading line system and depth layers provide sufficient three-dimensional illusion.

---

### Secondary Compositional Techniques

**Color anchoring:** [if applicable -- describe the saturated color element and its position]
**Pattern/Repetition:** [if applicable -- describe the repeating element and where the disruption sits]
**Juxtaposition:** [if applicable -- describe the contrasting pair and their relative positions]

---

### Positioning Instructions for the Photographer

1. [Physical setup step 1 -- where to stand, what to include in the viewfinder]
2. [Physical setup step 2 -- how to orient the camera, what angle to approach from]
3. [Adjustment step -- fine-tuning merging, edge distractions, horizon level]
4. [Final check step -- what to confirm before pressing the shutter]

---

### Composition Checklist

- [ ] Subject placed at [specific power point or grid position] -- not dead center (unless intentional symmetry)
- [ ] Horizon line on the [upper/lower] third -- level within 1-2 degrees
- [ ] Leading line enters from [corner/edge] and terminates at or near the subject
- [ ] No merging -- verify no pole, tree, or background object intersects the subject's head/body outline
- [ ] No bright edge distractions -- all high-contrast elements contained within the inner 80% of the frame
- [ ] Foreground layer present and serving [stated purpose]
- [ ] Background is [blurred/clean/contextual] and does not match subject in tone or contrast
- [ ] Negative space is on the [direction] side of the subject with [stated psychological intent]
- [ ] [Frame-within-frame element] is darker than the subject and provides inward direction
- [ ] Overall visual balance verified -- composition settles, not tips or drifts

---

### Common Mistakes to Avoid for This Specific Scene

- [Specific mistake #1 relevant to this subject/environment]
- [Specific mistake #2 relevant to this focal length or camera position]
- [Specific mistake #3 relevant to this genre or mood]
```

---

## Rules

1. **Never describe subject placement vaguely.** "Off-center" or "to the left" is insufficient. Always state the exact grid reference: "upper-right power point (66% from left, 33% from top)" or "along the right-third vertical, centered vertically." Vague placement instructions cannot be executed.

2. **Horizon line defaults are not optional.** The horizon must be placed on a specific third unless centered symmetry is the declared strategy and both halves of the frame are intentionally mirrored. Any centered horizon in a non-symmetrical scene is a compositional error.

3. **Leading lines must terminate, not exit.** Any line that leads the viewer's eye out of the frame is actively harmful to the composition. If the only available line in a scene exits the frame, instruct the photographer to reframe so the line's far end is contained within the image boundary, ideally at or near the subject's position.

4. **Negative space must have an explicit psychological function.** Never describe negative space purely as a percentage. Every area of empty space must have a stated purpose: looking room, movement room, isolation effect, breathing room, tonal contrast, minimalist intent. Unexplained empty space reads as poor composition, not artistic choice.

5. **Depth layering requires all three layers to be identified.** Even if the foreground layer is minimal (a slightly blurred texture at the bottom of the frame), it must be named, positioned, and assigned a purpose. A composition with only two layers (subject + background) is flat -- always seek a foreground anchor, even if it is subtle.

6. **Frame-within-frame elements must be darker than the framed subject.** A frame element of equal or greater brightness than the subject competes for attention rather than directing it. If the only available frame element is bright (a white window frame, a sunlit arch), instruct the photographer to underexpose the frame element in post, position the camera so the frame element is in shadow, or abandon the technique and use a leading line instead.

7. **Camera angle must be specified in every output.** Eye level, low angle (specify how far below), and high angle (specify the approximate degree) each create fundamentally different power relationships between subject and viewer. A low angle makes subjects imposing and powerful. Eye level creates equality. A high angle creates vulnerability or cuteness (for animals and children) or diminishment (for adults). The angle choice must match the intended mood.

8. **Focal-length-specific distortion warnings must be included when relevant.** At focal lengths below 35mm, subjects near the edges of the frame experience barrel distortion and stretching. Portrait subjects should never be placed in the extreme corners of a wide-angle frame. At focal lengths above 85mm, background compression becomes a compositional tool -- the background appears closer and larger than it physically is, which can crowd the subject or create an intimate enveloping background.

9. **Compositions for moving subjects must include a timing instruction.** For wildlife, sports, street, and candid photography, the optimal composition occurs at a specific moment in the subject's movement cycle. Specify that moment: "press the shutter when the front foot is forward and the body is fully extended," "capture when the bird's wings are at the top of the upstroke," "fire when the subject's face is fully turned toward the camera and before the walking stride obscures the hands."

10. **Never recommend a compositional technique without explaining the visual problem it solves.** Rule of thirds solves the problem of static centered placement. S-curves solve the problem of flat, directionless landscapes. Frame-within-frame solves the problem of subjects that lack isolation from busy backgrounds. Every technique recommendation must be grounded in what the scene needs, not applied mechanically.

---

## Edge Cases

### Moving subjects with unpredictable paths

Pre-composition is the only practical approach. Study the subject's likely movement pattern before raising the camera. For wildlife feeding or resting, identify the power point where the animal's head will rest and pre-frame with the expected path as a leading line. For street photography, choose a background with strong compositional qualities -- a leading line, a graphic shadow, an interesting texture -- and wait for the subject to walk into your pre-composed frame. The subject becomes the final compositional element rather than the anchor you build around. Leave at least 60-65% of the frame in the direction of movement. If the subject changes direction, do not attempt to chase and recompose -- capture what the moment gives you and evaluate afterward.

### Extremely constrained shooting positions (no ability to move)

When the photographer is locked in place (fixed press position, shooting through a small opening, limited by crowds or safety barriers), composition becomes entirely dependent on focal length changes and camera orientation. Instruct: (1) switch to vertical orientation for subjects taller than they are wide, (2) use any foreground element within reach to create a depth layer even if imperfect, (3) zoom in to crop out distracting edges rather than leaving them in frame, (4) tilt up or down to change which third the horizon falls on. A locked horizontal position can still yield excellent composition through vertical angle adjustments.

### Intentionally broken rules (Dutch angle, centered symmetry, extreme negative space)

When the user explicitly wants an unconventional composition, do not revert to defaults -- execute the intent with precision. Dutch angle (canted frame): the effective tilt is 15-25 degrees for clear intent; anything below 10 degrees reads as a leveling mistake. Centered symmetry: requires complete bilateral symmetry -- flag any asymmetrical element (a single object on one side, uneven lighting) that breaks the symmetry and advise how to eliminate or balance it. Extreme negative space (90%+ empty frame with a tiny subject): the subject must have a tonal or color value that separates it clearly from the negative space -- a dark tiny bird against a white sky, a single red figure in a snow field. Without clear contrast, an extreme negative space composition loses its subject entirely.

### Phone camera (fixed focal length, typically 24-28mm equivalent)

The phone camera's wide-angle equivalent lens creates significant spatial distortion at close range. Key constraints: (1) never place a portrait subject closer than 4-5 feet from the camera or the face will show noticeable wide-angle distortion -- stepping back 6-8 feet and using the 2x optical zoom (available on most recent phones) produces far more flattering proportions; (2) the wide angle exaggerates perspective and makes leading lines converge dramatically -- use this as a compositional tool by shooting low and close to a leading line surface; (3) extreme corners of the frame show barrel distortion and subject stretching -- keep all important compositional elements within the inner 75% of the frame; (4) phone cameras with multiple lenses: specify which lens to use (main, ultrawide, telephoto) based on the compositional needs, as each creates fundamentally different spatial relationships.

### Panoramic and ultra-wide compositions

Extending to 2:1, 3:1, or wider aspect ratios fundamentally changes how the thirds grid applies. In a 3:1 panorama, the frame has nine horizontal sections when applying a standard 3x3 grid -- each third of the panorama must individually hold visual interest or it reads as a dead zone. Instruct the user to: (1) identify three distinct visual zones across the panorama's width, each with its own subject hierarchy; (2) place the primary subject at the 1/3 or 2/3 horizontal position within the full panorama width; (3) use a sky-to-ground ratio of roughly 40/60 (more ground) for panoramic landscapes to prevent the sky from overwhelming the scene's horizontal energy; (4) ensure leading lines run horizontally through the panorama rather than diagonally -- diagonal lines in extreme wide ratios tend to exit the frame before they can connect visual elements.

### High-contrast scenes (extreme dynamic range -- bright sky, dark foreground)

When a scene has a luminance difference of more than 5-6 stops between the brightest and darkest important elements, compositional strategy must account for the fact that one zone will be sacrificed (either blown-out sky or blocked-up shadows) unless supplemental lighting or HDR techniques are used. Composition guidance should: (1) if exposing for sky, minimize the dark foreground in the composition by placing the horizon at the lower third and filling the frame predominantly with sky; (2) if exposing for foreground, minimize the sky by placing the horizon at the upper third and using the sky as a small, overexposed negative space; (3) recommend the photographer use any available shadow or structure to reduce the sky's dominance in the frame; (4) note that this crosses into exposure decision territory and direct the user to `exposure-triangle` for the technical solution.

### Multi-subject compositions (two or more co-equal subjects)

When two subjects share the frame with equal importance (two people in a portrait, two competing architectural elements, an animal and its reflection), the standard single-subject power-point placement breaks down. Apply these strategies: (1) place each subject at one of the four power points that are diagonally opposite -- upper-left and lower-right, or upper-right and lower-left -- creating a diagonal tension between them; (2) ensure a visual connection (eye contact, touching, shared direction of gaze) between the subjects across the center of the frame; (3) use the center zone between the subjects as the negative space that unites them -- the gap between subjects should be clean and free of competing elements; (4) if one subject is clearly dominant, place it at a power point and use the second subject as a compositional anchor or leading element toward the primary.

### Architectural and interior photography with forced perspective

Interior spaces create forced perspective automatically -- walls converge toward vanishing points, ceilings angle downward. Composition decisions must account for the keystone effect (parallel lines appearing to converge). Key guidance: (1) for a single vanishing point (shooting straight down a hallway), the vanishing point should align with the subject or a power point, and the composition is strongest when the vanishing point and the subject coincide exactly; (2) for two vanishing points (shooting at the corner of a building), position the corner itself on a vertical third line and allow the two wall planes to recede to either side; (3) to minimize keystone distortion, keep the camera perfectly level and shoot from the midpoint height of the space rather than from floor level; (4) if the space has strong radial lines (a circular atrium, a spiral staircase), a centered composition with the radial center at the exact frame center is the strongest choice -- this is one of the few genuinely justified uses of dead-center placement.

---

## Example

**Input:** "I want to photograph a fisherman standing on a weathered wooden pier at sunrise. He's casting a fishing line. The pier extends out over the ocean and there's a distant island on the horizon. I have an 85mm lens. I want it to feel solitary and timeless -- like a painting."

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## Composition Guide: Solitary Fisherman at Sunrise

**Subject:** Single adult figure, mid-cast, on a weathered wooden pier extending over ocean
**Environment:** Outdoor, coastal, open ocean, sunrise (warm directional light from low angle, likely from the right or left horizon depending on pier orientation)
**Focal Length:** 85mm
**Aspect Ratio:** 3:2 (standard) -- landscape/horizontal orientation
**Purpose/Mood:** Fine art -- solitary, timeless, painterly contemplative quality

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### Primary Compositional Strategy

**Chosen technique:** Golden ratio (Phi spiral) with rule-of-thirds horizon
**Rationale:** The user's stated goal -- "like a painting" and "timeless" -- signals that the mechanical grid of rule of thirds is too utilitarian. The golden ratio's spiral placement creates a more organic, visually settled composition that recalls classical landscape painting. The fisherman's figure and casting arc naturally echo the curve of the Phi spiral. The distant island serves as the tight anchor of the spiral's center.
**Orientation:** Landscape/horizontal -- the pier is a dominant horizontal element extending into depth, the horizon is a key compositional line, and the ocean needs horizontal breadth to communicate scale and solitude.

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### Subject Placement

**Subject position:** Left-third vertical line, approximately 38% from the left edge and 55-60% from the top (slightly below vertical center) -- the golden ratio anchor point rather than the strict rule-of-thirds power point. This positions the fisherman in the lower-left quadrant, with the casting arc sweeping upward and to the right.
**Key anchor point:** The fisherman's torso/center of gravity defines the compositional anchor. The casting arm and rod arc upward toward the upper-right zone of the frame, creating a diagonal that mirrors the pier's convergence.
**Camera height:** Low angle -- position the camera approximately at the pier surface level (crouch down or lie prone on the pier). Shooting upward at the fisherman against the sky adds to the timeless, iconic quality. The low angle also causes the pier planks to become strong horizontal leading lines running toward the figure.
**Camera angle to subject:** Three-quarter view from behind and slightly to the fisherman's left (the non-casting side). This shows the profile of the cast, the silhouette of the figure against the sunrise sky, and the pier extending behind the figure into the frame.
**Horizon position:** Lower third -- the horizon sits approximately 33% from the bottom of the frame. This allocates 67% of the frame to sky, reinforcing the vast solitude of the scene and emphasizing the golden sunrise atmosphere. The distant island sits on the horizon line, at or near the right power point of the lower third.

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### Leading Lines

**Primary line:**
- Type: Converging parallel lines with strong single-point perspective
- Source element: The pier planks and the pier railing or edge boards running from the bottom of the frame toward the figure and beyond
- Entry point: Both lower corners of the frame -- the pier fills the lower portion and converges toward the fisherman's position
- Terminus: The fisherman's body at the golden ratio anchor, approximately left-of-center
- Psychological effect: The converging pier lines create an irresistible depth draw. The viewer is pulled through the frame toward the figure, arriving at the fisherman with a sense of having traveled to reach him. This reinforces the "timeless journey" quality the user requested. At 85mm, the pier's perspective compression will make the planks appear closer together (less dramatic convergence than a wide angle) -- this subtlety suits the painterly mood.

**Secondary line:**
- Type: Diagonal -- dynamic, upward sweep
- Source element: The fishing rod and casting line arc, beginning at the fisherman's hands and extending upward and to the right toward the upper-right zone of the frame
- Role: Counterbalances the inward convergence of the pier. While the pier pulls the eye toward the subject, the casting arc releases the eye upward and outward -- creating a compositional "breath." The line also adds the only element of motion and action in an otherwise still scene.

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### Depth Layers

| Layer | Specific Element | Focus Treatment | Compositional Purpose |
|-------|-----------------|-----------------|----------------------|
| Foreground | Weathered pier planks, visible from approximately 3 feet in front of the camera -- grain, worn wood texture, possibly a fisherman's bucket or tackle box at frame edge | Sharp -- the texture detail of old wood at f/4-5.6 provides tactile grounding; the 85mm at this distance maintains sharpness here while separating the background | Grounds the viewer physically on the pier, establishes the weathered/timeless texture that signals age and repetition of ritual |
| Middle ground | Fisherman figure with casting arc, approximately 15-20 feet from camera | Sharp -- primary focus plane, tack-sharp on the silhouette and casting line | The emotional and narrative anchor of the image -- the human ritual against vast nature |
| Background | Ocean surface, distant island on the horizon, sunrise sky | Soft separation at f/4-5.6 with 85mm at 15-20 feet subject distance -- the island and sky are naturally separated by atmospheric haze at dawn | Creates the vast oceanic context; the island at the lower-right golden point provides a destination for the eye after it rests on the fisherman; the sunrise sky fills 67% of the frame as active, glowing negative space |

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### Negative Space

**Ratio:** 30% subject + pier foreground structure, 70% sky and ocean
**Placement:** The dominant negative space is the sky above and to the right of the fisherman. A secondary empty zone is the ocean surface to the right of the pier, between the pier edge and the frame edge.
**Tonal quality:** Bright to mid-tone -- the sunrise sky should range from warm gold at the horizon to deeper blue-orange higher in the frame. The brightest point of the sky (the sun or its glow at the horizon) should ideally sit at or near where the island is positioned, creating a natural luminance anchor on the lower-right.
**Texture:** The sky negative space is not purely smooth -- sunrise clouds, atmospheric gradients, and light rays provide subtle texture that holds visual interest across the large sky area without creating competing subjects.
**Psychological effect:** The 70% sky allocation creates the profound solitude the user requested. The fisherman is small against the world -- but purposeful, not lost. The warm sunrise color field in the negative space communicates timelessness: this scene has happened at dawn for thousands of years. The casting line's arc reaching into the sky creates a bridge between the human figure and the vast empty space, making the solitude feel like a chosen, peaceful state rather than abandonment.

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### Frame-within-Frame

**Frame element:** The pier railing or side boards, if the pier has them -- running along the left edge of the frame from the bottom corner toward the fisherman's position
**Coverage:** One-side only -- the left edge of the frame. The railing creates a vertical boundary on the left, containing the fisherman within a defined zone and preventing the composition from feeling open-ended to the left.
**Tonal relationship:** The weathered wood of the railing, especially in the low morning sidelight, will be 1.5-2 stops darker than the sky and approximately equal to the fisherman's figure -- this darkened left border acts as a subtle vignette that pushes the eye rightward toward the ocean expanse.

If the pier has no railing: Frame-within-frame is not applicable. The pier structure, leading lines, and depth layering provide sufficient three-dimensional illusion without a frame element. The open sides of the pier -- water visible on both sides -- actually enhance the sense of isolation and should not be blocked.

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### Secondary Compositional Techniques

**Color anchoring:** The sunrise glow provides a single zone of intense warm color (golden orange) concentrated at the horizon line on the lower third. This color anchor -- even when diffused by haze -- creates a luminance and chromatic weight that anchors the lower-right of the composition. It balances the visual weight of the darker fisherman figure on the lower-left. The composition holds its visual equilibrium through tonal contrast (dark figure, light sky) and color contrast (cool blue-gray water/sky above, warm gold at horizon).

**Juxtaposition:** The primary juxtaposition is scale -- a single small human figure against an enormous ocean and sky. This is the narrative core of the image and must be preserved. Do not fill the frame so tightly with the fisherman that the ocean's scale is lost. At 85mm from 15-20 feet, the figure should occupy approximately 25-30% of the frame height -- enough to read clearly as a human being with a defined silhouette, but small enough that the environmental scale dominates.

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### Positioning Instructions for the Photographer

1. Walk out onto the pier and position yourself 15-20 feet behind the fisherman. Confirm that at this distance with the 85mm lens, the fisherman's full body plus casting rod arc is visible without tight cropping at the top.
2. Crouch or lie down on the pier surface so the camera is 6-12 inches above the pier planks. Look through the viewfinder and verify that the pier planks converge toward the fisherman from both lower corners, framing him at the convergence point.
3. Shift your lateral position until the fisherman is on the left-third vertical line (approximately 38% from the left edge of the frame) and the distant island appears near the right side of the frame, close to where the horizon meets the right-third vertical.
4. Tilt the camera so the horizon sits at the lower third (approximately 33% from the bottom). Confirm that the sky fills roughly two-thirds of the frame. Check that the casting rod arc, if the fisherman is mid-cast, reaches upward into the upper-right zone of the frame.
5. Before shooting, scan the entire frame edge: verify no pier railing hardware or tackle creates a bright reflective distraction at the frame edge; confirm the fisherman's head and rod tip do not exit the top of the frame; check that the island is visible on the horizon and not obscured by the fisherman's silhouette.
6. Wait for the moment when the casting line is fully extended and airborne -- this is the peak action of the cast and creates the cleanest diagonal arc. The fisherman's body should be turned slightly toward the cast direction (right), offering a three-quarter silhouette profile from your position.

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### Composition Checklist

- [ ] Fisherman placed on left-third vertical at golden ratio position (38% from left, 58% from top) -- not dead center
- [ ] Horizon on the lower third -- sky fills approximately 65-70% of the frame
- [ ] Horizon level within 1-2 degrees -- use electronic level or grid overlay, the vast ocean horizon makes any tilt immediately visible
- [ ] Pier planks converge from both lower corners toward the fisherman as a primary leading line
- [ ] Casting rod and line create a secondary diagonal rising from the fisherman's hands toward the upper-right zone
- [ ] No merging -- no pier post, railing vertical, or horizon island directly intersecting the fisherman's head; verify from the shooting position before exposure
- [ ] No bright edge distractions -- sun or lens flare should not appear at the frame edge; if the sunrise creates flare, flag the lens or adjust angle slightly
- [ ] Foreground pier plank texture is visible and in sharp focus in the lower frame
- [ ] Island on the horizon is visible at or near the lower-right of the composition, providing a far-field anchor
- [ ] Negative space (sky) occupies 65-70% of the frame and carries the warm sunrise color without blown-out highlights
- [ ] Overall composition reads as: small, purposeful human figure + converging pier depth + vast sunrise sky -- the painterly, timeless quality is present

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### Common Mistakes to Avoid for This Specific Scene

- **Shooting at eye level standing upright:** This eliminates the converging pier-plank leading lines entirely and makes the fisherman look like an ordinary snapshot. The low-angle crouch is non-negotiable for this composition.
- **Getting too close with the 85mm:** At distances under 10 feet, the 85mm fills the frame entirely with the fisherman and loses the pier context, the ocean, and the sky. The vast-environment-versus-small-human dynamic is the entire point -- maintain the 15-20 foot distance.
- **Including the sun in the frame as a bright disc:** Direct sunrise sun in the frame creates blown-out overexposure and extreme lens flare that destroys the painterly quality. If the sun is near the horizon and within the frame, position it behind the fisherman's silhouette or just outside the frame edge, using only the sky glow rather than the direct solar disc.
- **Centering the fisherman on the pier:** The most common compositional error for pier photography is placing the subject in the center of the pier and the pier centered in the frame, creating dead symmetry with no visual tension. The fisherman belongs off-center on the left third, with the pier structure providing asymmetrical depth, not a centered corridor.
