---
name: stretching-and-flexibility
description: |
  Builds structured stretching routines using static, dynamic, and PNF stretching methods with specific hold times, frequency guidelines, and progression protocols for improving flexibility. Produces a targeted stretching program organized by muscle group and stretching type.
  Use when the user asks about improving flexibility, creating a stretching routine, pre-workout or post-workout stretching, or specific stretching techniques like PNF or dynamic stretching.
  Do NOT use for yoga sequence design (use yoga-routine-builder), injury rehabilitation stretching, or foam rolling and self-myofascial release protocols.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "yoga fitness guide"
  category: "health-wellness"
  subcategory: "fitness-exercise"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "not-medical-advice"
  difficulty: "beginner"
---
# Stretching And Flexibility

> **Disclaimer:** This skill provides general wellness and health information for educational purposes only. It does NOT constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. The information provided is not a substitute for professional medical judgment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting a new flexibility program, especially if you have joint hypermobility, connective tissue disorders, recent injury, or chronic pain. If you experience sharp, shooting, or neurological pain during stretching, stop immediately and consult a qualified healthcare professional.

---

## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- The user wants a structured flexibility program targeting specific muscle groups with clear hold times, sets, frequency, and progression protocols
- The user asks about the mechanical and physiological differences between static, dynamic, ballistic, and PNF stretching and wants to know which to apply in a given context
- The user needs a pre-workout dynamic warm-up routine to prepare joints and muscles before resistance training, running, or sport
- The user needs a post-workout static or PNF cooldown routine to reduce delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and accelerate recovery
- The user wants to address chronic tightness in specific areas -- hip flexors from prolonged sitting, hamstrings from running, thoracic spine from desk work, calves from heel-dominant footwear
- The user is building a standalone daily flexibility practice (morning mobility, evening wind-down) separate from their main workouts
- The user asks about stretch intensity thresholds, pain signals, neurological vs. mechanical flexibility limiters, and how to safely progress
- The user wants to understand why they are not improving flexibility despite stretching consistently and needs a protocol correction

**Do NOT use when:**
- The user wants a yoga sequence with breath-led flow, held poses, and spiritual or meditative framing -- use `yoga-routine-builder` instead
- The user is recovering from a diagnosed muscle strain (Grade I, II, or III), ligament sprain, tendon rupture, or post-surgical rehabilitation -- these require a licensed physical therapist; do not design stretching protocols for acute or post-operative tissue
- The user asks about foam rolling, lacrosse ball work, or instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) -- use `foam-rolling-myofascial-release` for those protocols
- The user asks about sport-specific warm-up sequencing for competitive athletic performance (e.g., pre-game NFL wide receiver protocol) -- use `sports-specific-conditioning`
- The user has a diagnosed connective tissue disorder such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome -- hypermobility in these populations makes traditional flexibility protocols contraindicated without medical supervision
- The user wants joint mobilization drills (e.g., lumbar decompression traction, cervical joint glides) -- these are manual therapy techniques outside this skill's scope

---

## Process

### Step 1: Gather User Context and Goals

Before prescribing any routine, collect four categories of information. If the user has not provided them, ask directly and specifically.

- **Primary purpose:** Choose one -- (a) general flexibility improvement, (b) pre-workout preparation, (c) post-workout recovery, (d) chronic tightness in a specific area, or (e) standalone daily mobility practice
- **Target areas:** Ask the user to identify tight areas using plain language (e.g., "can't touch toes," "hips feel locked when I run," "shoulders won't go overhead") -- then map this to specific muscles listed in Step 3
- **Baseline flexibility level:** Use three self-tests as proxies -- (1) standing toe touch: hands to floor = advanced, hands to mid-shin = average, hands only to knees = stiff; (2) seated piriformis: can cross ankle over opposite knee comfortably = average hip external rotation; (3) shoulder internal rotation: can reach opposite shoulder blade from behind the back = adequate, cannot reach midline = restricted
- **Time available and session context:** 5 minutes (pre/post workout), 10 minutes (focused area work), 15-20 minutes (full standalone session), 30+ minutes (comprehensive flexibility program)
- **Lifestyle factors that inform tightness patterns:** hours of sitting per day, primary sport or exercise, footwear habits (heels vs. flat shoes affects calf and hip flexor length), sleep position (fetal sleepers often present with tight hip flexors and thoracic kyphosis)

### Step 2: Identify the Dominant Flexibility Limiter

Not all tightness has the same cause. Stretching prescriptions fail when the limiter is misidentified. Classify before prescribing:

- **Neural tension:** The sensation increases significantly as the joint moves further into range and can radiate or feel like a "pulling nerve." Example: seated hamstring stretch that creates a strong pulling sensation behind the knee or into the calf often reflects sciatic neural tension, not short hamstring muscle fibers. These respond poorly to aggressive static stretching and require neural flossing or gentler loaded progressive range work.
- **Mechanical shortness (myofascial):** The muscle fiber and its fascial sheath are genuinely shortened due to disuse, repeated contraction patterns, or postural adaptation. This is the classic target for static and PNF stretching. The sensation is a diffuse, broad pulling in the belly of the muscle.
- **Joint capsule restriction:** Limitation lives inside the joint itself -- feels like hitting a wall rather than a pull. Most common in hip and shoulder. Cannot be stretched through repeated end-range holds. Requires joint mobilization (physical therapy), not more stretching.
- **Active insufficiency or poor motor control:** The muscle on the opposite side cannot fully contract to allow the agonist to lengthen. Example: unable to achieve full hip extension not because the hip flexors are tight but because the glutes cannot produce enough force. These cases need strengthening at end range (e.g., Romanian deadlifts, split squat with full hip extension) alongside stretching.
- **Practical rule:** If the user has been stretching a muscle consistently for 8+ weeks with no measurable improvement, assume a non-myofascial limiter and address motor control, neural tension, or refer to a physical therapist.

### Step 3: Select Stretches by Muscle Group and Technique

Build the stretch library from these evidence-based options. For each area, provide primary and alternative options based on user ability level.

**Hamstrings (biarticular -- crosses hip and knee):**
- Standing forward fold: legs hip-width, hinge at hips (not waist), micro-bend the knees initially to prevent posterior pelvic tilt, reach hands toward floor. Beginner alternative: seated forward fold with belt or strap around feet.
- Supine single-leg hamstring stretch: lie on back, loop a towel or strap around the foot, keep the opposite leg flat, pull the raised leg toward 90 degrees. This is the most controllable and safest option for very stiff individuals.
- Elevated straight-leg stretch: heel on a surface at hip height (a chair or step), hinge forward from the hip with a flat back until tension is felt in the posterior thigh. Superior for isolating the distal hamstring.
- PNF contract-relax for hamstrings: in the supine towel variation, push the heel into the towel isometrically for 6 seconds (moderate force, not maximal), release completely for 2 seconds, then draw the leg further into the stretch for 20-30 seconds.

**Hip Flexors (psoas, iliacus, rectus femoris -- functionally distinct):**
- Half-kneeling hip flexor lunge: back knee on a pad, front foot forward of front knee, posteriorly tilt the pelvis (tuck the tailbone under) before leaning forward -- most people skip the pelvic tilt and stretch the lumbar spine instead of the psoas. Squeezing the back glute during this stretch increases the stretch intensity by 30-40% without changing position.
- Couch stretch (rectus femoris emphasis): back foot on a wall or couch at 90 degrees, front foot forward in a lunge. This targets the rectus femoris specifically because the hip is extended AND the knee is flexed, placing both attachments under tension.
- Standing hip flexor stretch with side reach: same mechanics as kneeling lunge but standing; adding a lateral lean away from the back leg adds a fascial component across the thoracolumbar area.
- Thomas test position stretch: lying supine at the edge of a table or bed, one knee pulled to chest, the opposite leg allowed to drop off the edge -- a positive hang of the free leg below table height indicates hip flexor tightness. This position also serves as a measurable assessment.

**Quadriceps (rectus femoris addressed above -- remaining heads: vastus group):**
- Standing quad stretch: hold the ankle behind the body, keep knees together, stand tall. The key cue most sources miss: press the hip forward (not just pull the foot back) to achieve full stretch through the muscle belly.
- Side-lying quad stretch: lie on the side, pull the top ankle toward the glutes, drive the hip forward. Safer than standing for those with balance issues.
- Prone quad stretch: lying face down, reach back and hold the ankle. Allows deeper stretch for very tight quads. Ensure the lower back does not hyperextend -- keep abdominals lightly engaged.

**Glutes and Piriformis (hip external rotators):**
- Figure-four stretch (supine): lie on back, cross right ankle over left knee, flex both hips toward the chest -- deeper version: pull the uncrossed leg toward the chest while keeping the foot flexed.
- Pigeon pose (hip-dominant, not yoga-framed): from hands and knees, slide the right shin forward so it is roughly parallel to the top edge of the mat, extend the back leg. The intensity is managed by the torso position -- staying upright is gentler, descending toward the floor is more intense.
- Seated figure-four: seated in a chair, cross one ankle over the opposite knee, apply gentle downward pressure on the crossed knee, hinge forward from the hips.

**Calves (gastrocnemius and soleus are mechanically distinct):**
- Wall calf stretch, straight knee: gastrocnemius. Rear foot on the ground, press the heel into the floor, lean into the wall. The gastrocnemius crosses the knee, so keeping the knee locked is essential.
- Wall calf stretch, bent knee: soleus. Same position but with a 20-30 degree knee bend in the rear leg. The soleus does NOT cross the knee, so the knee-bent version isolates it exclusively.
- Step calf stretch (eccentric loading): allow the heel to drop below the step edge. This adds a fascial and eccentric component and is particularly effective for Achilles tendon flexibility and chronic tightness.

**Chest and Anterior Shoulder (pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, anterior deltoid):**
- Doorway stretch: hands on doorframe at 90 degrees elbow and shoulder, step through the frame to tension the anterior chest. Key: perform at three hand heights -- low (90-degree elbow), mid (120-degree elbow), and high (arms nearly overhead) to hit all fiber angles of the pectoralis major.
- Wall slide or corner stretch: both palms flat on a wall corner, lean in gently. Best for posterior shoulder capsule as a complement.
- Supine foam roller thoracic extension with chest opening: lying perpendicular across a foam roller at mid-thoracic level, let the arms fall open. This is a passive chest stretch that also addresses thoracic mobility (note: if foam rolling is the primary modality, defer to `foam-rolling-myofascial-release`; the chest-opening component is the stretch here).

**Thoracic Spine (thoracic extension and rotation):**
- Seated thoracic rotation: sit in a chair, cross arms over chest, rotate from the mid-back -- not the lumbar spine. Visual cue: imagine the head staying over the pelvis and only the ribcage rotating.
- Thread the needle: from hands and knees, slide one arm under the opposite armpit, let the shoulder drop to the floor. Provides rotational stretch through the thoracic paraspinals and rhomboids.
- Cat-cow: four-point kneeling position, alternate between thoracic flexion (rounding the upper back) and extension (letting the chest drop toward the floor). This is dynamic and best used as a warm-up component or as part of a combined routine.
- Foam roller thoracic extension: lying over the roller at each vertebral segment from T4 to T12, holding 20-30 seconds per level (the stretching component). See note above about modality distinction.

**Shoulders and Lats (posterior capsule, latissimus dorsi, teres major):**
- Cross-body shoulder stretch: draw one arm across the chest with the opposite forearm providing gentle pressure above the elbow (not at the elbow joint) -- targets the posterior capsule and deltoid.
- Overhead lat stretch: hang from a bar or hold a door frame overhead and allow the body to decompress -- targets the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and thoracolumbar fascia. Inferior shoulder mobility issues that resist this stretch may be capsular, not muscular.
- Sleeper stretch (posterior capsule): lie on side, bottom arm at 90 degrees, use the top hand to gently press the bottom wrist toward the floor (internal rotation at the shoulder). This is a primary intervention for posterior shoulder tightness in overhead athletes.

**Lower Back (erector spinae, quadratus lumborum):**
- Knees-to-chest (apanasana): supine, both knees drawn toward the chest -- a gentle lumbar flexion stretch. Suitable for most people without active disc issues.
- Supine spinal twist: supine, knees bent and dropped to one side while shoulders stay flat on the floor. Stretch the thoracolumbar fascia and paraspinals.
- Child's pose: knees wide, hips toward heels, arms extended. A combined lower back and lat stretch. For very stiff individuals, a rolled blanket under the hips reduces the depth requirement.
- Note: lower back "tightness" is frequently secondary to hip flexor shortness or weak glutes creating compressive loading on the lumbar spine. Address hip flexors and glutes alongside lower back stretches when this is the complaint.

### Step 4: Assign Stretching Method, Hold Times, and Sets

Use this decision matrix based on context:

**Pre-workout (10 minutes or less available):**
- Method: Dynamic only. No static holds longer than 2 seconds before a workout.
- Dynamic movements: leg swings (front-back and side-side, 10-12 per direction per leg), hip circles (10 per direction), walking lunges with rotation (10 per leg), arm circles (small to large, 10 each direction), inchworm (5-8 repetitions), jumping jacks or light jogging for 60-90 seconds if a cardio component is needed.
- Tempo: controlled, full range of motion. Not ballistic. Not rushed.
- Volume: 2 sets of 10-15 repetitions per movement, or 1 set per movement in a circuit.

**Post-workout or standalone flexibility session:**
- Method: Static stretching with optional PNF for priority areas.
- Static hold time: 30 seconds per stretch for standard flexibility maintenance. For significant range of motion deficits, increase to 45-60 seconds.
- Sets per muscle group: 2-3 sets. Research shows diminishing returns beyond 3 sets per session for acute range of motion gain.
- Rest between sets: 10-15 seconds (just enough to reposition).
- PNF (contract-relax) parameters: isometric contraction at 50-60% of maximum force for 6 seconds (not maximum effort -- lower intensity reduces injury risk), 2-second transition, 20-30 second passive stretch into the new range. Repeat 2-3 cycles. PNF produces 10-20% greater acute range of motion gains than static stretching alone.

**PNF additional protocols (beyond basic contract-relax):**
- Contract-relax-contract (CRAC): after the passive stretch phase, actively contract the opposing muscle to pull into deeper range. Example for hamstrings: contract the quad to pull the leg higher at the end of the PNF cycle. This recruits reciprocal inhibition in addition to autogenic inhibition.
- Hold-relax with active movement: useful for hip flexors. Contract the hip flexor isometrically against resistance, release, then actively extend the hip further using the glutes.

**Standalone dedicated flexibility program (15-30 minutes):**
- Begin with 2-3 minutes of dynamic movements to increase tissue temperature.
- Primary stretches: static or PNF as determined by target area.
- Total volume: 6-12 individual stretches, 2-3 sets each.
- Duration math: 6 stretches × 2 sides × 2 sets × 30 seconds = approximately 12 minutes of hold time. Add rest and transitions for realistic total session length.

### Step 5: Define Frequency, Duration, and Progression

**Frequency minimums (evidence-based thresholds):**
- Flexibility maintenance: 2 sessions per week per muscle group. Gains plateau but are not lost.
- Active flexibility improvement: 5 sessions per week per muscle group is the evidence-supported threshold for meaningful range of motion change. Three sessions per week produces measurable but slower gains.
- Priority areas (single tight muscle group): daily stretching (7 sessions per week) produces the fastest adaptations when technique is correct and intensity is appropriate.
- Do not prescribe high-frequency protocols for all muscle groups simultaneously -- user compliance collapses. Identify 2-3 priority areas for daily work, 3 sessions per week for the rest.

**Progression schedule:**
- Weeks 1-2: Establish baseline positions, hold 20-30 seconds, 2 sets per stretch, prioritize technique over depth.
- Weeks 3-4: Increase hold time to 30-40 seconds, add a third set for priority areas, begin introducing PNF for the most restricted areas.
- Weeks 5-8: Hold 40-60 seconds for static, 3 sets; for PNF, increase from 2 to 3 contract-relax cycles per stretch, not the contraction intensity.
- After Week 8: If progress has plateaued, reassess the flexibility limiter (return to Step 2). If genuinely myofascial, add a new stretch angle for the same muscle group. If plateaued despite full compliance, consider neurological or capsular limiters.

**When flexibility gains become noticeable:**
- Subjective sensation improvement (less morning tightness, easier daily movement): 1-2 weeks
- Measurable range of motion change (sit-and-reach, goniometer): 4-6 weeks
- Significant structural tissue adaptation (sarcomere addition, fascial remodeling): 8-12 weeks of consistent practice

### Step 6: Build the Routine Structure

Organize the routine in this sequence for standalone sessions:
1. Dynamic warm-up movements (2-3 minutes) -- always first, even for post-workout static sessions if the body has cooled significantly
2. Larger muscle groups first (hips, hamstrings, thoracic spine) -- they generate the most systemic warmth
3. Smaller or more distal muscles second (calves, shoulders, wrists)
4. Deepest holds and PNF last -- save the most demanding neurological work for when the tissue is warmest
5. Relaxation-oriented stretches as the final 2-3 minutes (child's pose, supine twist, knees-to-chest) to down-regulate the nervous system

For pre-workout routines only, use the reverse philosophy: address the muscle groups that will be loaded first in the workout -- priming the hip flexors and glutes before squats, the chest and shoulders before pressing.

### Step 7: Provide Cues, Breath Mechanics, and Intensity Calibration

Stretch quality depends on execution cues, not just the position. Always provide the following:

**Breath mechanics:** Instruct nasal inhale, exhale through the mouth or nose during the stretch. Specifically: take a full breath in, then on the exhale allow the body to soften 5-10% deeper into the position. Do not force range on the inhale. The parasympathetic response to slow exhalation genuinely reduces muscular guarding and allows greater tissue elongation -- this is not a vague mindfulness instruction but a physiological fact.

**Intensity calibration using the stretch dial:**
- 0-3/10: Too shallow -- no neurological response, no adaptation signal
- 4-6/10: Target zone -- "strong gentle pull." Tissue is under tension, adaptation signal is present, pain is absent. Muscle will likely soften after 10-15 seconds in this range (stress relaxation response).
- 7-8/10: Borderline -- acceptable briefly if the sensation softens within 15 seconds. If it remains at 7-8 throughout the hold, reduce range.
- 9-10/10 or any sharp, stabbing, shooting, or radiating sensation: Stop immediately. This is not a stretch, it is a threat response or neural compression signal.

**Stress relaxation vs. creep:**
- Stress relaxation: within a single hold, the force required to maintain a given length decreases over 20-30 seconds. This is why the sensation of a stretch typically softens mid-hold -- it is not that the muscle has "given up," it is a normal viscoelastic response. Users who mistake this softening as the end of the stretch and release are forfeiting the adaptation window.
- Creep: over multiple sessions, the tissue settles at a slightly longer resting length. This is the long-term adaptation mechanism.

**Pelvic position cuing:** The single most common technical error in lower body stretching is failing to establish a neutral pelvis. For all forward hip flexion stretches (hamstrings): cue anterior tilt (stick your tailbone back, spine long) to ensure the stretch occurs in the hamstring, not the lumbar erectors. For all hip extension stretches (hip flexors): cue posterior tilt (tuck the tailbone under, engage the glutes) before moving into the stretch.

---

## Output Format

```
## Stretching Routine: [Purpose -- e.g., Post-Workout Hip and Hamstring Recovery]

**Method:** [Dynamic only / Static / PNF / Combined -- Dynamic warm-up + Static + PNF]
**Total Duration:** [X minutes]
**Frequency:** [X sessions per week] (minimum for gains: 5x/week for priority areas, 3x/week for maintenance)
**Priority Areas:** [Primary muscle groups addressed]
**Secondary Areas:** [Additional muscle groups addressed]
**Flexibility Limiter Assessment:** [Myofascial / Neural tension suspected / Refer for assessment]

---

### Phase 1: Dynamic Warm-Up [X minutes]

| # | Movement            | Target          | Reps/Duration       | Cues                                          |
|---|---------------------|-----------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| 1 | [Movement name]     | [Muscle/joint]  | [X reps or X sec]   | [Specific execution cue]                      |
| 2 | [Movement name]     | [Muscle/joint]  | [X reps or X sec]   | [Specific execution cue]                      |

---

### Phase 2: Primary Stretches [X minutes]

| # | Stretch Name             | Target Muscle(s)     | Method   | Hold / Protocol         | Sets | Sides    | Cues                                                     | Alternative                          |
|---|--------------------------|----------------------|----------|-------------------------|------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| 1 | [Stretch name]           | [Primary target]     | Static   | 30-45s                  | 2-3  | Per side | [Pelvic/body position cue] + [breath cue]                | [Easier version for limited mobility]|
| 2 | [Stretch name]           | [Primary target]     | PNF      | 6s contract / 30s hold  | 3    | Per side | [Contraction direction] + [relax cue] + [deepening cue]  | [Alternative if PNF access limited]  |
| 3 | [Stretch name]           | [Primary target]     | Static   | 40-60s                  | 2    | Both     | [Position cue] + [intensity dial target: 4-6/10]         | [Regression option]                  |

---

### Phase 3: Integration and Wind-Down [X minutes]

| # | Stretch Name        | Target             | Hold       | Sets | Cues                                      |
|---|---------------------|--------------------|------------|------|-------------------------------------------|
| 1 | [Stretch name]      | [Full body/region] | 45-60s     | 1-2  | [Relaxation cue, breathing emphasis]      |

---

### Progression Schedule

| Phase     | Weeks  | Hold Time (Static) | PNF Cycles | Frequency   | Key Focus                                      |
|-----------|--------|--------------------|------------|-------------|------------------------------------------------|
| Foundation| 1-2    | 20-30s             | 2 cycles   | 3-4x/week   | Learn positions, find 4-6/10 intensity         |
| Build     | 3-4    | 30-45s             | 2-3 cycles | 4-5x/week   | Increase hold duration, maintain quality       |
| Develop   | 5-8    | 45-60s             | 3 cycles   | 5-6x/week   | Add new stretch angles, introduce CRAC for PNF |
| Reassess  | 8+     | Maintain or advance| 3 cycles   | 5-7x/week   | Measure ROM change, adjust if plateaued        |

---

### Key Principles for This Routine

- Intensity target: 4-6/10 on the stretch dial -- strong sensation, never pain
- Breath protocol: slow exhale to soften into range -- do not force depth on the inhale
- Pelvic cuing: [specific to the routine -- e.g., "Posterior tilt before all hip flexor stretches"]
- Bilateral symmetry: all unilateral stretches performed on both sides with equal sets and time
- Warning signs to stop immediately: sharp pain, shooting or radiating sensation, numbness, tingling

---

### 8-Week Progress Benchmarks

| Benchmark               | Starting Expectation          | 4-Week Target                 | 8-Week Target                         |
|-------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| [Specific ROM measure]  | [e.g., Hands to knees only]   | [e.g., Hands to mid-shin]     | [e.g., Hands to 6 inches from floor]  |
| Subjective tightness    | High after sitting/activity   | Reduced, moves more freely    | Significantly reduced morning stiffness|
| Post-stretch recovery   | Sensation returns within 1h   | Sensation softer same day     | Reduced baseline tightness throughout |
```

---

## Rules

1. **Never prescribe static stretching as a pre-workout warm-up.** Static stretching held for 30+ seconds before strength training or running acutely reduces force production and neuromuscular efficiency for up to 60 minutes. Dynamic movements are the exclusive pre-workout modality. If a user insists on static stretches before a workout, note the performance trade-off clearly and suggest dynamic alternatives.

2. **Always identify both sides.** Every unilateral stretch must specify "per side" in the hold time and sets column. Never allow asymmetrical session volume. If a user has a known tight side, add one extra set on that side only and document it explicitly.

3. **Never recommend ballistic stretching.** Bouncing at end-range of motion activates the myotatic stretch reflex (muscle spindle response), causing reflexive contraction in the muscle being stretched. This is the opposite of the desired outcome and significantly increases the risk of micro-tears. Distinguish ballistic (uncontrolled bounce) from dynamic (controlled movement) and correct users who conflate them.

4. **Specify intensity in relative terms every time.** Always use the 0-10 stretch dial language. Never say "stretch as far as possible" or "push through the discomfort." The target is always 4-6/10. Instruct users that deeper is not better -- a 4/10 hold that is sustained for 40 seconds produces greater adaptation than a 9/10 hold that causes guarding.

5. **Distinguish neural tension from muscular tightness before prescribing hamstring or sciatic-region stretches.** If the user describes a pulling sensation that radiates down the leg or behind the knee into the calf, flag this as possible neural tension (sciatic nerve) rather than hamstring tightness. Neural flossing (dynamic sciatic nerve glide: supine, alternating knee extension and dorsiflexion) is a gentler option. Do NOT prescribe aggressive PNF holds if neural tension is suspected.

6. **Do not assign more than 12 individual stretches in a single session.** Beyond 12 stretches (accounting for bilateral repetition), session duration becomes unrealistic for most users and compliance collapses. Prioritize 4-6 high-value stretches per body region when time is limited rather than attempting to cover everything at shallow volume.

7. **PNF contraction intensity must be specified at 50-60% of maximum -- not full effort.** Maximum-effort contractions during PNF create unnecessary load on the myotendinous junction, increase post-stretch soreness, and can cause cramping. Instruct users to push at roughly "moderate effort -- enough to feel the muscle working but not straining."

8. **Always provide at least one regression alternative for each stretch.** Users who cannot achieve the prescribed position will either force the wrong position (shifting the stretch to a non-target structure) or skip the stretch entirely. A strap-assisted supine hamstring stretch serves users who cannot maintain a standing forward fold with a flat back. A seated figure-four serves users who cannot access pigeon pose.

9. **Progress hold time before progressing range of motion.** The sequencing error users make is always chasing greater depth before they can sustain quality at their current range. The rule: before increasing the angle or depth of a stretch, the user should be able to hold the current position for 45-60 seconds with intensity in the 4-6/10 range throughout the full hold (not just at the beginning). If the sensation increases to 7+/10 at the 20-second mark, the range is too deep.

10. **If the user has not improved after 6-8 weeks of consistent stretching, do not simply prescribe more volume.** Reassess the flexibility limiter (Step 2 of Process). Common causes of non-response: incorrect technique (lumbar rounding during hamstring stretches steals the stretch from the target muscle), neural tension being mistaken for myofascial tightness, hip joint capsule restriction that does not respond to muscle stretching, or the user is not actually performing stretches with sufficient frequency or intensity. Assign the appropriate assessment before adding sessions.

---

## Edge Cases

### Very Stiff User Who Cannot Achieve Standard Positions
Users who describe themselves as "can't touch anywhere near my toes" or who cannot sit cross-legged without significant pain present with shortened passive insufficiency across multiple joints. Do not start them with standing or floor-based positions that require baseline mobility to achieve correctly.
- Start with chair-based or wall-supported modifications for every lower body stretch.
- Supine hamstring stretch with a strap is the gold standard for this population -- it requires no baseline flexibility, is fully controllable, and isolates the target.
- Reduce initial hold times to 15-20 seconds, 2 sets. The goal in weeks 1-2 is neurological habituation to the stretch signal, not tissue elongation. The stretch reflex is hypersensitive in very stiff individuals and must be "educated" before longer holds are productive.
- Warn that the first 7-10 days of a new program will feel like no progress -- the nervous system is adapting, not the tissue. Measurable change begins around week 3-4.
- Progress hold time by 5 seconds every 3 weeks (not 2), and do not add PNF until the user can hold static stretches at 4-6/10 for 30 seconds without significant guarding.

### Neural Tension Masquerading as Hamstring Tightness
This is one of the most commonly mishandled cases in flexibility coaching. Indicators: the user has been consistently stretching their hamstrings for months with zero measurable improvement; the sensation travels below the knee during a seated hamstring stretch; dorsiflexing the foot (pointing toes toward the shin) significantly intensifies the stretch sensation in the posterior chain.
- Neural flossing (sciatic nerve glide) replaces aggressive static stretching: supine, hip at 90 degrees, alternately extend the knee and plantarflex the foot (slackening) then flex the knee and dorsiflex the foot (tensioning) in a smooth, rhythmic, pain-free motion for 15-20 repetitions.
- Reduce the hip flexion angle in any hamstring stretch to below 70 degrees to stay below the neural tension threshold.
- If symptoms include bilateral posterior leg tightness plus any lower back pain, recommend evaluation before continuing any lower body stretching program.
- Frame this clearly for the user: "Stretching harder is not the solution here. The sensation you're feeling may not be the muscle itself but the nerve running through it, and those respond to different techniques."

### Hypermobile User Who Already Has Excellent Range of Motion
Hypermobile individuals (ligamentous laxity, joint range of motion exceeding normal thresholds, often scoring 5+ on the Beighton scale) are not flexible in the strength-through-range sense -- they are unstable. Standard flexibility protocols are contraindicated.
- Do NOT prescribe PNF or end-range static holds. These further stress already lax passive structures (capsules, ligaments) without improving functional range.
- The appropriate intervention is stability work and active range of motion training: strength-based end range loading (e.g., active straight leg raise for hamstrings rather than passive stretch, Copenhagen adductor exercises rather than passive groin stretches).
- Redirect to a strength-focused framing: "Your passive flexibility is already very high -- the limiting factor is likely active control and stability through that range."
- If the user explicitly asks for yoga or stretching-based practice in the context of hypermobility, apply this caution prominently before proceeding with any modified guidance.

### Post-Workout Stretching When Severely DOMS-Affected
Users who are acutely sore (Day 1-2 after a very hard workout) often want to stretch aggressively to reduce DOMS. The evidence does not support stretching as a DOMS treatment -- stretching does not reduce DOMS to a clinically meaningful degree and aggressive static stretching of already inflamed tissue can cause additional micro-damage.
- Recommend gentle movement within a pain-free range rather than sustained end-range holds.
- Reduce hold times to 15-20 seconds (enough for nervous system modulation, not tissue loading).
- Prioritize dynamic movements -- light walking, gentle cat-cow, unloaded hip circles -- over static holds.
- Flag the distinction: stretching is appropriate for flexibility improvement on non-acutely-sore days. On severely sore days, light movement and adequate recovery (sleep, nutrition, hydration) are the primary tools.

### Older Adult or Deconditioned User Returning After Long Inactivity
Connective tissue changes with age -- tendons and fascia become less elastic, more prone to microinjury from sudden load, and slower to adapt. Stretch prescriptions must account for this.
- Begin with 10-minute sessions maximum. Three stretches total. Two sets each. 15-second holds.
- Prioritize warm tissue: a 3-5 minute light walk (even in place) before any stretching is non-negotiable for this population.
- Avoid any stretch that requires bearing weight on the hands and knees if wrist or shoulder fragility is present -- chair-based and supine alternatives only.
- Progress every 3-4 weeks, not every 2 weeks. Hold time advances by 5 seconds per progression phase.
- Watch for hip or knee joint capsule restriction (the person reports feeling a stop or block inside the joint rather than a muscular pull) -- this is common and indicates a referral to physical therapy, not a more aggressive stretching prescription.

### User Wants to Improve a Single Area Urgently (e.g., "I need to improve hamstring flexibility for a dance audition in 6 weeks")
Goal-oriented timelines create a temptation to over-prescribe intensity and volume. The physiological ceiling for flexibility gain is fixed by tissue adaptation rates -- more aggressive stretching beyond evidence-supported parameters does not accelerate adaptation, it creates injury.
- Set honest expectations: 6-8 weeks of consistent practice produces 10-30% measurable improvement in range of motion for most adults in a given muscle group. Dramatic transformation in 6 weeks is not achievable through stretching alone.
- Prescribe a daily (7x/week) multi-angle approach for the priority area -- 3-4 different hamstring stretches in each session targeting different fiber angles and insertion points.
- Introduce PNF in week 2 (once basic positions are established) using contract-relax-contract for maximum gain.
- Add loaded end-range work (e.g., Romanian deadlifts with maximal hip hinge as a daily practice movement) alongside passive stretching to develop functional, not just passive, range.
- Check in explicitly on technique in the first week -- bad technique under urgency pressure is the primary injury vector in these scenarios.

### Chest and Shoulder Stretching for Users With Forward Head Posture
Forward head posture (head translated anterior to the plumb line, thoracic kyphosis, rounded shoulders) creates a complex pattern where the chest and anterior shoulders are shortened but simply stretching the pectorals in isolation is insufficient.
- The posterior neck extensors (suboccipitals, upper trapezius) are also shortened and the deep neck flexors are weak. Stretching the chest without addressing neck position does not resolve the postural pattern.
- Add cervical retractions (chin tucks) to the routine: gently draw the chin back and down (creating a "double chin") to lengthen the suboccipitals. 10-15 repetitions, no hold. These are dynamic, not static.
- Thoracic extension stretches (doorway, foam roller chest opener) must include explicit cuing to avoid compensating through lumbar extension. "Move the chest up, not the lower back" is the cue.
- Do not prescribe stretches for the upper trapezius and levator scapulae in isolation if they are long-and-weak rather than short-and-tight -- this is a common misdiagnosis when the upper traps appear "tight" but are actually neurologically overactive due to scapular instability. Refer to a physical therapist if there is persistent neck tension alongside shoulder clicking or impingement.

---

## Example

**Input:** "I'm a 34-year-old software engineer who sits at a desk 8-10 hours a day. My hamstrings, hip flexors, and lower back are constantly tight. I've tried stretching before but gave up after a few weeks because I never felt like it was working. I have about 20 minutes after work to dedicate to this. I want a real program I can actually follow."

---

## Stretching Routine: Desk Worker Full Posterior Chain and Hip Flexor Program

**Method:** Combined -- 2-minute dynamic warm-up, static stretches with PNF for hip flexors and hamstrings
**Total Duration:** 20 minutes
**Frequency:** 5 sessions per week (aim for 5 weekdays; add a sixth on weekend days when possible)
**Priority Areas:** Hamstrings, hip flexors (psoas and rectus femoris), glutes and piriformis
**Secondary Areas:** Thoracic spine, lower back, calves
**Flexibility Limiter Assessment:** Likely myofascial shortening in hip flexors from sustained hip flexion at desk; hamstrings may have a neural tension component given occupational prolonged sitting -- watch for radiating sensation below the knee during stretching

---

### Why Your Previous Attempts Did Not Feel Like They Were Working

This is a very common experience and has a real explanation. Flexibility adaptation is invisible for the first 3-4 weeks -- the nervous system is recalibrating its stretch tolerance before the tissue itself begins to change. Most people quit during exactly this neurological adaptation window, mistaking "I don't feel looser yet" for "this isn't working." Stick to the protocol for a full 8 weeks before evaluating results. You will also be using hold times and technique that many people skip, which makes the difference between sessions that produce change and sessions that produce nothing.

---

### Phase 1: Dynamic Warm-Up [2 minutes]

| # | Movement                        | Target              | Reps/Duration     | Cues                                                        |
|---|---------------------------------|---------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | Hip circles                     | Hip joint           | 10 each direction | Hands on hips, large controlled circles, both legs          |
| 2 | Leg swings -- front to back     | Hamstrings, hip fl. | 12 per leg        | Hold wall, swing from the hip, not the waist, relaxed foot  |
| 3 | Leg swings -- side to side      | Hip adductors/abds  | 10 per leg        | Hold wall, cross centerline, let the hip externally rotate  |
| 4 | Walking lunge with spinal twist | Hip flexors, thorax | 10 total          | Front knee over ankle, reach toward the sky on the front-leg side |
| 5 | Cat-cow                         | Thoracic spine      | 8 cycles          | Breathe in on extension, out on flexion, move from mid-back |

---

### Phase 2: Primary Stretches [16 minutes]

| # | Stretch Name                    | Target Muscle(s)            | Method   | Hold / Protocol                  | Sets | Sides     | Cues                                                                                                   | Alternative                                       |
|---|---------------------------------|-----------------------------|----------|----------------------------------|------|-----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | Half-kneeling hip flexor lunge  | Psoas, iliacus              | PNF      | 6s push / 2s relax / 30s hold    | 2    | Per side  | Posterior pelvic tilt first (tuck tailbone), squeeze back glute, push front thigh into floor 6s @ 50% effort, then lean forward | Standing hip flexor lunge (less depth)           |
| 2 | Couch stretch                   | Rectus femoris              | Static   | 45s                              | 2    | Per side  | Back foot on wall or couch, front foot forward, tuck tailbone, feel the stretch in the front of the thigh, not the knee | Prone quad stretch on the floor                  |
| 3 | Supine hamstring stretch (strap)| Hamstrings, proximal        | PNF      | 6s push / 2s relax / 30s hold    | 2    | Per leg   | Towel or belt around the foot, opposite leg flat, push foot into towel 6s @ 50% effort, release, draw leg gently further; if any sensation below the knee, reduce angle by 10-15 degrees | Seated forward fold with flat back, spine long   |
| 4 | Elevated hamstring stretch      | Distal hamstring            | Static   | 40s                              | 2    | Per leg   | Heel on a chair edge at hip height, hinge forward from the hips with a flat back, feel the stretch in the lower back of the thigh | Supine bent-leg hamstring stretch at shallower angle |
| 5 | Figure-four stretch             | Glutes, piriformis          | Static   | 45s                              | 2    | Per side  | Supine, ankle over opposite knee, foot flexed, draw uncrossed leg toward chest until stretch is felt in the outer hip | Seated figure-four in chair                      |
| 6 | Thread the needle               | Thoracic rotators, rhomboids| Static   | 30s                              | 2    | Per side  | From hands and knees, thread one arm under the body, let shoulder drop to floor, other arm can extend | Seated thoracic rotation in chair                |
| 7 | Wall calf stretch (straight)    | Gastrocnemius               | Static   | 30s                              | 2    | Per leg   | Rear heel flat on floor, lean into wall, knee fully straight, feel the stretch in the upper calf belly | Step calf stretch (heel drop off step edge)      |
| 8 | Wall calf stretch (bent knee)   | Soleus                      | Static   | 30s                              | 2    | Per leg   | Same position but 20-degree bend in rear knee -- distinct stretch sensation lower in the leg | Seated foot dorsiflexion stretch                 |

---

### Phase 3: Wind-Down and Integration [2 minutes]

| # | Stretch Name        | Target                     | Hold  | Sets | Cues                                                           |
|---|---------------------|----------------------------|-------|------|----------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | Supine spinal twist | Lower back, paraspinals    | 45s   | 1    | Per side; shoulders flat on floor, breathe deeply, let gravity do the work |
| 2 | Child's pose        | Lower back, lats, thoracic | 60s   | 1    | Knees wide, forehead down, arms long, exhale to sink the hips |

---

### Progression Schedule

| Phase      | Weeks  | Hold Time (Static) | PNF Cycles | Frequency     | Key Focus                                                      |
|------------|--------|--------------------|------------|---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|
| Foundation | 1-2    | 20-30s             | 2 cycles   | 4x/week       | Learn pelvic tilt cues, establish 4-6/10 intensity baseline    |
| Build      | 3-4    | 30-45s             | 2 cycles   | 5x/week       | Increase hold time, check hamstring for neural tension signs   |
| Develop    | 5-6    | 45s                | 3 cycles   | 5x/week       | Add CRAC to hip flexor PNF (actively extend hip after hold)    |
| Progress   | 7-8    | 45-60s             | 3 cycles   | 5-6x/week     | Measure ROM -- standing toe touch and hip flexor lunge depth   |
| Reassess   | 8+     | Maintain or extend | 3 cycles   | 5-7x/week     | If plateau: reassess limiter, add new stretch angle or loading |

---

### Key Principles for This Routine

- **Pelvic tilt is everything for this program.** Hip flexors cannot be fully stretched without a posterior pelvic tilt. Hamstrings cannot be stretched correctly without an anterior pelvic tilt (flat back, tailbone back). Master these two positions in week one and every stretch becomes dramatically more effective.
- **Intensity target: 4-6/10 on the stretch dial.** If you feel 7+/10 at any point, reduce the range by backing off 10-15%. After 10-15 seconds in a good position, the sensation should naturally soften (stress relaxation) -- allow this and stay with the hold rather than chasing deeper range.
- **Breath protocol:** On each exhale, allow the body to soften into the position -- do not push. Holding your breath activates the sympathetic nervous system and increases muscular guarding, which works directly against flexibility adaptation.
- **If any hamstring stretch produces a sensation that runs below the knee or into the calf:** Reduce the angle by 15 degrees and switch from PNF to a gentle static hold at 3-4/10 for 20 seconds. If the sensation persists, switch entirely to the seated towel variation at a much shallower angle. Do not push through this sensation.
- **Session timing:** After sitting for 8-10 hours, your hip flexors and thoracic spine will be at their stiffest. The first 2-3 minutes of the routine will feel tighter than the same routine performed mid-morning. This is normal and expected -- the warm-up phase is designed to address exactly this.
- **Bilateral symmetry:** All unilateral stretches are performed on both sides. If one side is noticeably tighter (common with the right hip flexor for right-handed mouse users), add one additional set on that side only during weeks 3 onward.

---

### 8-Week Progress Benchmarks

| Benchmark                          | Starting Expectation                      | 4-Week Target                           | 8-Week Target                                 |
|------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Standing toe touch                 | Hands to knees or mid-shin               | Hands to mid-shin or lower shin         | Hands within 4-6 inches of floor             |
| Half-kneeling hip flexor depth     | Minimal lean forward, tight sensation     | Able to lean forward without lumbar arch| Full lean with posterior tilt, deep hip stretch|
| Post-work lower back sensation     | Significant tightness most evenings       | Reduced by 40-50% by end of session     | Noticeably less baseline tightness throughout day|
| Morning stiffness                  | High -- takes 30+ min to feel mobile      | Reduced by weeks 3-4                    | Significantly improved by week 6-8           |
| Hip flexor stretch depth (lunge)   | Back knee needs cushion, tight psoas      | Able to hold posterior tilt for full 30s| Comfortable deep position with PNF cycling    |
