---
name: student-feedback
description: |
  Creates structured, actionable student feedback using the SBI (Situation-Behavior-Impact) model and other feedback frameworks for educators. Produces specific, growth-oriented feedback comments for student work -- not generic praise or criticism templates.
  Use when an educator asks to write feedback on student work, create feedback comments, provide constructive criticism, or design a feedback protocol for assignments.
  Do NOT use for grading rubrics (use `rubric-creation`), for assessment creation (use `assessment-design`), or for peer feedback frameworks among students (use `discussion-questions`).
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "teaching lesson-plan step-by-step guide"
  category: "education"
  subcategory: "teaching"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---
# Student Feedback

## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- An educator asks to write feedback comments for student assignments, essays, lab reports, projects, presentations, or portfolios -- whether for one student or a full class set
- A teacher wants to implement a structured feedback framework (SBI, Praise-Question-Suggestion, TAG, Glow-and-Grow, Standards-Referenced) and needs help translating student work into that framework
- An instructor needs feedback that is explicitly revision-oriented -- the student will receive feedback before the final grade and has an opportunity to act on it
- A teacher is writing end-of-term narrative comments for report cards or progress reports and needs the feedback to be specific, growth-oriented, and family-readable
- An educator is designing a feedback protocol or template for consistent commenting across a whole class, across multiple sections, or for a team of co-teachers to use together
- A teacher is giving feedback on performance-based work: oral presentations, lab demonstrations, mathematical reasoning shown in work, artistic or creative work, or physical performance
- An educator asks to convert a score or rubric rating into explanatory narrative feedback ("she scored 2/4 on evidence -- turn that into usable feedback")

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- The user wants to build a scoring rubric with criteria and performance levels -- use `rubric-creation` instead
- The user wants to design the assessment itself (essay prompt, project brief, test questions) -- use `assessment-design` instead
- The user wants students to give each other feedback through a structured discussion or Socratic protocol -- use `discussion-questions` instead
- The user is writing performance reviews or feedback for adult colleagues, employees, or professional staff -- the frameworks differ significantly from student feedback
- The user is asking how to have a verbal feedback conversation with a student -- this skill produces written feedback text; verbal coaching conversations follow a different structure
- The user wants to grade or score the work and assign a numerical or letter grade -- feedback and grading are separate cognitive tasks; this skill handles only the narrative feedback component

---

## Process

### Step 1: Gather the Feedback Context (Required Before Writing Anything)

Before producing a single line of feedback, collect the following. If the educator has not provided these, ask -- do not guess.

- **Assignment type and description:** What was the task? (e.g., "5-paragraph persuasive essay, 500-700 words, arguing for a policy position") A vague description like "essay" is insufficient.
- **Grade level and subject:** This determines vocabulary complexity, developmental expectations, and appropriate scope of feedback. A 4th grader's argumentative paragraph is evaluated against 4th-grade standards, not college-level argumentation.
- **Learning objectives for this assignment:** What specific skills, standards, or competencies was this assignment designed to develop and assess? Feedback without anchoring to objectives is noise. If the educator does not know the objectives, ask what they hoped students would learn.
- **The student work itself:** Either the full text/description of the work, or a detailed description of what the student did and did not do. The more specific the work description, the more specific the feedback.
- **Feedback purpose:** Is this feedback for revision (student will revise and resubmit), formative (ongoing, no revision), or summative (final, no further submission but informing future growth)? The purpose changes the tone and the specificity of next steps.
- **Feedback framework preference:** If the educator has a preferred framework (SBI, Glow-and-Grow, TAG, Praise-Question-Suggestion, Standards-Referenced), use it. If they have no preference, default to SBI for intermediate and secondary students, Glow-and-Grow for grades K-3.
- **Constraints:** Word count limit, reading level for the student, whether parents will read the feedback, whether it is being entered into an LMS (Learning Management System) with character limits.

---

### Step 2: Analyze the Work Against the Learning Objectives

Before writing, perform a structured analysis. Do this internally before producing any output.

- **Map each feedback point to a specific learning objective.** If you cannot identify which objective a comment addresses, do not include that comment. Feedback that is not objective-aligned is editorial opinion, not instructional feedback.
- **Identify 2-4 specific strengths.** Strengths must be specific behaviors observable in the work -- not the student's effort, personality, or intent. "You tried hard" is not a strength in the work. "You used a direct quotation from the primary source and explained how it supports your claim" is a strength in the work.
- **Identify all growth areas, then prioritize to 2-3.** List every gap you notice, then select the 2-3 that are (a) most directly tied to the primary learning objectives and (b) most actionable for this student given their current level. Do not give feedback on every error -- cognitive overload from too many feedback points reduces revision quality. Research on written feedback (Hattie & Timperley, 2007) consistently shows that focused, prioritized feedback outperforms comprehensive error correction.
- **Assess the severity gradient.** Is the work (a) exceeding expectations on most objectives, (b) meeting expectations on most objectives with targeted gaps, (c) approaching expectations with foundational gaps, or (d) significantly below expectations? This gradient determines the ratio of positive-to-growth feedback and the language register.
- **Check for patterns, not just isolated errors.** A single grammatical error is not a growth area. A consistent pattern of comma splices across six paragraphs is a growth area.

---

### Step 3: Construct SBI Feedback Points

The SBI (Situation-Behavior-Impact) model is the default framework for this skill. Every feedback point -- positive or constructive -- must have all three components.

**Situation:** The specific, locatable moment in the work being referenced.
- Name the exact location: "In the third body paragraph," "In your conclusion, the final two sentences," "On slide 7 of your presentation," "In Question 4, step 3 of your solution."
- Never write "throughout" or "in general" as a Situation -- these are not locatable. If the pattern is pervasive, name two specific instances: "In paragraphs 2 and 4, and in several other places throughout..."
- For oral/performance work, reference the timestamp or the specific moment: "During your introduction, approximately the first 45 seconds," "When you transitioned from your first claim to your second."

**Behavior:** The exact, observable action the student performed in the work.
- Use verifiable language: "You wrote," "You cited," "You used," "You solved," "You defined," "You omitted," "You restated."
- Quote directly from student work when possible -- this is the most powerful specificity tool available. A student reading their own words back with an explanation of impact has undeniable evidence.
- Avoid inferring intent or motivation: "You forgot to include" implies negligence. "The paragraph does not include" describes the work. "You wanted to argue" is speculation. Describe what is on the page, not what you think the student was trying to do.

**Impact:** The specific effect of that behavior on the quality, clarity, accuracy, or achievement of the learning objective.
- Impact must be tied to the reader, the argument, the solution, or the standard -- not to the teacher's preferences. "This weakens your argument because a reader who disagrees with you now has no evidence to counter" is impact. "I prefer more specific examples" is teacher preference.
- Use reader-effect framing: "A reader encountering this would..." "Without this explanation, the logic breaks down because..." "This calculation error propagates into the final answer, making the solution incorrect."
- Impact on the learning objective: "This demonstrates mastery of the standard requiring students to use textual evidence to support analysis" directly connects behavior to objective.

---

### Step 4: Write Actionable Next Steps for Every Growth Area

A growth area without a next step is criticism, not feedback. Research on feedback effectiveness consistently shows that students who receive feedback with specific revision instructions outperform those who receive evaluative feedback alone.

- **The next step must be specific enough that the student can act on it without asking for clarification.** "Improve your evidence" is not specific. "Find one statistic or expert quotation that directly supports the claim in paragraph 2, and add a sentence after the quote explaining how it proves your point" is specific.
- **Provide a model or example for every next step when possible.** Show what the revision could look like. This is especially critical for students who have never encountered the skill being asked for. A student who has never written a counterargument paragraph cannot produce one from the instruction "add a counterargument" -- they need a sentence-level model.
- **Prioritize the next step that will produce the greatest learning leverage.** Ask: if this student only makes one change, which change would most advance their learning toward the primary objective? That change is the priority.
- **Use "the next step is" or "try this:" language rather than "you should" or "you need to."** The first positions revision as a learnable process; the second positions it as a deficiency to be corrected.
- **For revision-oriented feedback, connect the next step to the revision deadline or submission window:** "Before your revision is due on Friday, the most important change to make is..."

---

### Step 5: Calibrate Language to the Student and Context

Feedback is not effective if the student cannot understand or process it. Calibrate every element.

- **Reading level by grade band:**
  - K-2: 1-2 sentences per feedback point, simple vocabulary, present-tense action verbs, one strength and one growth area maximum. Often delivered orally with written feedback as a supplement.
  - Grades 3-5: 2-3 sentences per point, concrete language, direct examples. Two strengths and one growth area. Avoid abstract metalinguistic terms -- do not say "thesis statement," say "your main idea sentence."
  - Grades 6-8: Full SBI structure, introduce academic vocabulary with brief definitions. Two to three growth areas acceptable. Students at this level benefit from knowing the names of the skills they are developing.
  - Grades 9-12: Full SBI, academic register, discipline-specific vocabulary. Treat students as emerging experts in the discipline. Reference standards and skills by name.
  - Undergraduate/Graduate: Peer-level academic register. Feedback can be longer, more analytical, and include references to disciplinary conventions, field-specific standards, and scholarly expectations.

- **Trauma-informed and identity-safe language:** Avoid language that attributes failure to fixed traits ("you are not analytical"). Always attribute to the work and to learnable skills ("this paragraph does not yet include analysis -- analysis is a skill that develops with practice"). Never use rhetorical questions ("Did you actually read the prompt?"). Never use sarcasm. Never compare a student's work to other students' work.

- **Family-readable adjustment:** When feedback will be shared with parents or guardians (common in K-8 and report card narrative comments), remove field-specific jargon, reduce technical metalanguage, and add a brief framing sentence explaining what the assignment was designed to develop.

---

### Step 6: Write the Opening and Closing Framing

The opening and closing of a feedback document carry disproportionate weight because students often read them first and last -- and sometimes only.

- **Opening (2-3 sentences):** Name the assignment, name the primary thing the student is working toward, and establish that the feedback is designed to help them grow. Do not open with a grade. Do not open with the most critical feedback. Example opening: "This persuasive essay shows you are developing your ability to take a clear position and support it with evidence. Below is specific feedback to help you strengthen two areas before your revision deadline."
- **Closing (3-5 sentences):** Include (1) the most significant overall strength, (2) the single priority next step, and (3) a forward-looking statement that positions the student as capable of growth. The closing should leave the student with a clear sense of what to do next and confidence that the next step is achievable.
- **Never end on a growth area without a forward-looking reframe.** "Your conclusion does not restate your thesis" is a bad closing. "Your conclusion will be significantly stronger once you bring your thesis back in a fresh form -- this is a technique that will serve you in every argumentative essay you write" is a good closing.

---

### Step 7: Select and Apply the Appropriate Feedback Framework

The SBI model is the default, but different contexts call for different frameworks. Apply the correct framework based on context.

| Framework | When to Use | Structure |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
| SBI (Situation-Behavior-Impact) | Individual detailed feedback, secondary and post-secondary, revision-oriented | Location + Observable Action + Effect |
| Glow and Grow | K-5, quick formative feedback, first draft work | One specific strength + One specific growth area |
| TAG (Tell-Ask-Give) | Peer feedback structures, writing workshop, middle school | Tell a strength + Ask a thinking question + Give a suggestion |
| Praise-Question-Suggestion | Writing conferences, Socratic feedback conversations, all levels | Name a strength + Ask a question about a gap + Offer a specific suggestion |
| Standards-Referenced | Standards-based grading systems, formal progress reporting | Rate each standard with evidence + Narrative explanation per standard |
| Portfolio feedback | Capstone work, growth over time, self-reflection contexts | Trend analysis across pieces + Evidence of growth + Target for next portfolio cycle |

When the educator requests a specific framework, use that framework's structure exactly. When no framework is specified, use the judgment criteria above.

---

### Step 8: Format, Finalize, and Deliver

- Produce the feedback in the Output Format below.
- Include the Quick Reference Sentence Starters section when the educator is writing feedback for multiple students and will use the output as a model.
- If the educator is writing feedback for a full class, produce a Class-Wide Feedback Summary first, then individual annotations.
- For report card narrative comments, produce feedback in paragraph form (not bullet points) with a maximum of 150 words per student.
- For LMS comment boxes (Google Classroom, Canvas, Schoology), keep total feedback under 400 words and use plain text formatting without markdown headers.

---

## Output Format

The standard output format for individual student feedback using the SBI model:

```
## Feedback: [Student Name or Identifier] -- [Assignment Title]

**Grade Level / Subject:** [e.g., 9th Grade English Language Arts]
**Assignment:** [Brief description of the task and its scope]
**Learning Objectives Assessed:**
  - [Objective 1]
  - [Objective 2]
  - [Objective 3]
**Feedback Purpose:** [Revision-oriented / Formative / Summative]

---

### Opening

[2-3 sentence framing: name the assignment, name what the student is developing, establish that feedback serves growth]

---

### Strengths

**Strength 1: [Specific, named skill or behavior]**
- *Situation:* In [exact location in the work]...
- *Behavior:* You [specific, observable action -- quote directly if possible]...
- *Impact:* This [specific effect on quality / reader / argument / objective]...

**Strength 2: [Specific, named skill or behavior]**
- *Situation:* [Exact location]
- *Behavior:* [Specific action, with quote if possible]
- *Impact:* [Effect on quality, reader, argument, or objective]

**Strength 3 (if applicable): [Specific, named skill or behavior]**
- *Situation:* [Location]
- *Behavior:* [Action]
- *Impact:* [Effect]

---

### Areas for Growth

**Growth Area 1: [Named skill gap -- e.g., "Integrating Textual Evidence"]** *(Priority)*
- *Situation:* In [exact location]...
- *Behavior:* You [observable description of what was done or omitted]...
- *Impact:* This [specific effect -- how it weakens the work or falls short of the objective]...
- *Next step:* [Specific, actionable instruction the student can follow without further clarification]
- *Model:* [A brief example of what the revision could look like -- sentence-level if possible]

**Growth Area 2: [Named skill gap]**
- *Situation:* [Location]
- *Behavior:* [What was done or omitted]
- *Impact:* [Effect on quality]
- *Next step:* [Specific instruction]
- *Model (if needed):* [Example of revision]

**Growth Area 3 (if applicable): [Named skill gap]** *(Address after Priority)*
- *Situation:* [Location]
- *Behavior:* [Observation]
- *Impact:* [Effect]
- *Next step:* [Instruction]

---

### Summary

**Overall:** [1-2 sentences: the work's quality relative to the objectives, what has been demonstrated]
**Priority revision:** [The single most impactful change -- name it clearly and connect it to the primary objective]
**Next step:** [The concrete, first action the student should take -- specific enough to begin immediately]
**Forward look:** [1 sentence positioning the student as capable of growth and connecting this skill to future work]

---
```

**Alternate: Glow and Grow Format (Grades K-5)**

```
## Feedback: [Student Name] -- [Assignment]

**Glow (What you did well):**
[2-4 sentences: one specific strength with location, behavior, and effect in plain, grade-level language]

**Grow (What to work on next):**
[2-4 sentences: one specific growth area with location, observation, and one clear next step -- modeled if possible]

**Your next step:**
[One sentence: the single thing to do before the next class or submission]
```

**Alternate: Report Card Narrative Comment Format**

```
[Student name] demonstrates [strength in skill area] in [subject]. For example, [specific evidence of the strength from class work]. The area of focus for continued growth is [skill area], where the next step is [specific, observable action]. [1 sentence forward-looking statement about growth trajectory.]
```

---

## Rules

1. **NEVER write vague praise.** "Great job," "Nice work," "Excellent essay," and "Well written" are not feedback -- they are social gestures. Every strength comment must name what the student did, exactly where in the work, and why it matters to the learning objective. If you cannot write a complete SBI for a strength, do not include it.

2. **NEVER write vague criticism.** "Needs improvement," "Not clear," "Weak argument," and "Work on transitions" are not feedback -- they are labels. Every growth area must describe the observable gap in the specific location where it occurs and provide a concrete next step.

3. **Limit growth areas to 2-3 priorities maximum.** Research on feedback processing consistently shows that students given more than 3 growth areas revert to surface-level fixes (correcting spelling, reformatting) rather than substantive revision. Select the 2-3 most impactful gaps relative to the primary objectives and address only those.

4. **Every feedback point must connect to a learning objective.** If a feedback point cannot be linked to a stated objective or skill, remove it. Feedback on elements the student was not being asked to develop is editorial noise that dilutes the signal. Exception: when a significant error affects the student's ability to demonstrate any of the objectives (e.g., a fundamental logical fallacy that undermines the entire argument), name it and connect it to the overarching goal.

5. **Quote the student's work directly in at least one feedback point.** Direct quotation is the most powerful specificity tool available. A student reading their own sentence back with an explanation of its effect cannot argue that the feedback is vague or generic. Aim for at least one direct quote in every feedback document.

6. **Prioritize one growth area explicitly.** When multiple growth areas are identified, label one as the priority. Students need to know which revision will have the most impact. Without explicit prioritization, students often fix the easiest thing rather than the most important thing.

7. **Match language complexity to the student's grade level and language background.** A 5th grader should not receive feedback containing "metacognitive scaffolding" or "argumentative warrant." A 12th grader should not receive feedback written at a 3rd-grade level. For English Language Learners, provide feedback in shorter sentences, use concrete vocabulary, and consider whether to address language-level errors separately from content-level gaps -- feedback that conflates the two is difficult to act on.

8. **NEVER use shame-adjacent language or personal attribution.** Avoid "you failed to," "you forgot," "you didn't bother," "you clearly don't understand," and "this is wrong." Use work-descriptive language: "the paragraph does not include," "this section is missing," "the solution contains an error in step 3." The distinction matters clinically: shame-adjacent language activates threat responses that inhibit learning; work-descriptive language maintains a growth orientation.

9. **Separate content-level feedback from mechanics feedback.** Grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors are not the same feedback category as evidence integration, analytical reasoning, or conceptual understanding. Address mechanics only if they interfere with communicating ideas. Never spend more than one brief mention on mechanics when the primary learning objectives concern content, reasoning, or skill. If the educator's objective includes writing mechanics, then address them systematically -- but still separately from content.

10. **Feedback for revision-oriented assignments must include a concrete next step the student can begin immediately.** "Revise your thesis" is not a next step. "Rewrite your thesis to include your specific claim, the reasons you will argue, and the qualifier that limits your claim (e.g., 'In most cases...' or 'For high school students...')" is a next step. A student should be able to read the next step and open their document and begin.

11. **For summative feedback (no revision opportunity), shift language from revision instructions to transferable learning.** Rather than "next time, add a counterargument," write "the skill of acknowledging and refuting opposing views is called counterargument, and it will strengthen every persuasive essay you write going forward." Summative feedback should teach the skill, not lament the missed opportunity.

12. **When writing feedback for a class set, write individual feedback -- never merge two students' feedback.** Even when two students made the same error, the feedback must reference each student's specific work. Batch-generated generic comments are detectable by students and erode trust in the feedback relationship.

---

## Edge Cases

### Student Work That Is Entirely Below Expectations

When a submission is far below grade-level expectations on most or all objectives, do not default to pure criticism and do not fabricate praise.

- **Find one specific, genuine element to affirm.** Even at the lowest performance level, something is true: the student submitted the work, followed a formatting requirement, attempted the task, used a relevant example even if undeveloped, or demonstrated understanding of one component of the prompt. Name that specifically.
- **Do not frame the gap as comprehensive failure.** Frame the path as a series of sequential steps. "The most important first step is X. Once that is in place, the next step is Y." This prevents overwhelm and establishes a learning trajectory.
- **Limit feedback to one growth area.** A student whose work is entirely below expectations cannot act on three growth areas simultaneously. Identify the foundational skill that, if developed, would most advance the student's ability to meet the other objectives. Address only that one growth area in detail.
- **Consider whether the feedback needs to be accompanied by a conversation.** Written feedback alone is insufficient for work that is significantly below expectations, particularly at the K-8 level. Note to the educator that a brief verbal check-in to ensure the student understands the feedback and next step would significantly increase the likelihood of effective revision.

---

### Student Work That Exceeds All Expectations

When a submission exceeds grade-level expectations on all primary objectives, feedback faces a different challenge: how to be genuinely useful rather than celebratory.

- **Affirm specifically, then extend.** Acknowledge the achievement precisely, naming what was done and why it exceeds the standard. Then provide an extension challenge framed as an invitation, not a requirement.
- **Provide discipline-appropriate extension:** For writing -- introduce the student to a more advanced rhetorical technique (e.g., the Rogerian argument structure, concession-refutation moves, or structural irony). For mathematics -- pose an extension problem or ask the student to prove the general case. For science -- ask the student to identify the limitations of their conclusion or design a follow-up experiment.
- **Avoid hollow extension ("what would you say to someone who disagreed with you?").** Extension tasks must be as specific and SBI-structured as all other feedback. Vague extension is just as unhelpful as vague criticism.
- **For portfolio and summative contexts**, name the student's demonstrated mastery explicitly so that the student, the family, and future educators reading the portfolio understand what was achieved and at what level.

---

### Batch Feedback for a Full Class Set

When an educator needs feedback for 20-35 students, the challenge is producing specific, individualized feedback efficiently without defaulting to generic language.

- **Start with a Class-Wide Feedback Summary.** Before writing individual feedback, identify the top 2 strengths across the class (skills most students demonstrated successfully) and the top 2 growth areas (skills most students need to develop). Write this as a single summary document the educator can share with the class as a whole. This reduces the cognitive load of individual feedback by addressing the universal patterns at the class level.
- **Write individual feedback only for the student-specific variations.** Each student's individual feedback then addresses only what they did that was different from the class-wide pattern -- either a specific strength the student showed that was not common, or a specific growth area unique to that student, or both.
- **Use the sentence starter bank** from the Quick Reference section to maintain efficiency without sacrificing specificity. The starters are designed to scaffold individual feedback while still requiring location and evidence.
- **For class-set grading**, never copy-paste feedback from one student to another without changing the specific references. Even when two students made the same error, the feedback must reference their specific work.

---

### Feedback for Creative Work (Art, Music, Creative Writing, Drama)

Creative work requires a modified feedback approach because the learning objectives in creative disciplines are distinct from analytical or expository disciplines.

- **Separate craft from creative vision.** Craft refers to the technical skills of the discipline: sentence variety in creative writing, tonal accuracy in music, compositional balance in visual art, vocal projection in drama. Creative vision refers to the choices that express the student's ideas, voice, or perspective.
- **Always affirm creative vision before critiquing craft.** A student who takes a genuine creative risk deserves recognition of that risk, even if the execution is undeveloped. "You made a bold structural choice by writing this poem without a consistent rhyme scheme, which creates a sense of unpredictability that matches your subject matter" acknowledges the vision.
- **Frame craft feedback as tools in service of the vision -- not as rules to follow.** "One technique that would amplify the sense of unpredictability you're creating is varying your line length deliberately -- short lines create pauses and tension, long lines create momentum" is craft feedback in service of vision. "Your line lengths should be more consistent" is a rule instruction that undermines creative ownership.
- **Avoid imposing your aesthetic preferences on the student's creative choices.** "I think this poem would be better as a sonnet" is not feedback -- it is replacement. Feedback must work within the student's chosen form and intent.

---

### Feedback for Students With Identified Learning Differences

When an educator indicates that a student has an IEP, 504 Plan, or identified learning difference, the feedback requires structural modification.

- **Reduce the quantity of feedback points.** One strength and one growth area. Maximum.
- **Increase the specificity of the next step.** Students with processing or attention differences benefit from next steps that are broken into sub-actions: "Step 1: Circle the claim sentence in your first body paragraph. Step 2: Write one sentence that starts with 'For example...' immediately after the claim sentence. Step 3: Re-read just that section to see if it makes sense."
- **Use shorter sentences throughout.** Feedback sentences for these students should average 10-15 words, not the 20-25 words appropriate for neurotypical secondary students.
- **Avoid negations.** "Do not write vague claims" is harder to process than "Write claims that include specific details." Positive instructions are clearer.
- **Note to the educator:** Written feedback alone may not be the most effective modality for all learners. Suggest audio feedback (a brief voice memo), highlighting directly on the document, or a side-by-side conference as supplements to written feedback.
- **Never reference the learning difference in the feedback itself.** Feedback is about the work, not the student's diagnosis or accommodation plan.

---

### Converting a Rubric Score Into Narrative Feedback

When an educator has already scored student work on a rubric and needs narrative feedback that corresponds to those scores, the process is slightly different.

- **Use the rubric score as the severity anchor.** A score of 1/4 on a criterion signals a foundational gap requiring the most basic next step. A score of 3/4 signals a near-proficiency gap requiring a refinement. A 4/4 signals mastery -- the feedback for that criterion should affirm and optionally extend.
- **Translate each rubric criterion into an SBI feedback point.** The criterion name becomes the title, the score level description becomes the basis for the Behavior and Impact statements, and the next-level descriptor (what a score of 4 would look like, if the student scored 2 or 3) becomes the model for the next step.
- **Do not duplicate the rubric in the narrative.** The narrative feedback adds explanation and actionability to the score -- it should not simply restate the rubric language in different words.
- **Prioritize based on score gaps.** If a student scored 4/4 on organization and 1/4 on evidence, spend no more than one sentence affirming organization and the majority of feedback depth on evidence.

---

### Feedback That Must Be Read by Parents or Guardians

For report card comments, parent conference summaries, or any feedback that will be shared with families, apply these modifications.

- **Use plain language throughout.** Avoid acronyms (ELA, SBI, CCSS), jargon ("thesis warrant," "metacognitive reflection"), and discipline-specific shorthand without explanation.
- **Open with the student's name.** "Jordan demonstrates..." rather than "Student demonstrates..." This creates a personal connection and confirms the comment is about this specific child.
- **Balance is essential and visible.** Parents are highly sensitive to the ratio of positive to critical content in report comments. Ensure at least two genuine affirmations before any growth area. If the student is struggling significantly, frame the growth area as the teacher's commitment to supporting the student, not as an indictment of the child.
- **Do not include scores or grades in the narrative.** Narrative comments lose their instructional value when they simply restate the grade. The grade is already on the report card. The narrative should explain what the student can do and what the next step is.
- **Keep to 75-150 words per comment.** Research on parent engagement with report card narrative comments shows comprehension and engagement drops sharply beyond 200 words. Be specific, be brief, be actionable.

---

## Example

**Input from educator:** "Can you write feedback for a 9th grade student's lab report on osmosis? The student correctly conducted the experiment and recorded data accurately, but the analysis section is weak -- they just described what happened without explaining why, there's no connection to the cell membrane theory we covered, and the conclusion doesn't go beyond restating the results. The assignment was supposed to develop scientific reasoning and the ability to connect observations to explanatory theory."

---

**Output:**

## Feedback: [Student] -- Osmosis Lab Report

**Grade Level / Subject:** 9th Grade Biology
**Assignment:** Formal lab report documenting an osmosis experiment with potato cores in solutions of varying salt concentration. Includes: purpose, hypothesis, materials/methods, data table, analysis, and conclusion (approx. 600-800 words total).
**Learning Objectives Assessed:**
- Record experimental data accurately and present it in an organized data table
- Analyze experimental results by explaining the mechanism causing the observed outcomes
- Connect experimental observations to relevant biological theory (cell membrane structure, osmosis, tonicity)
- Draw a conclusion that extends beyond restating results to evaluate the hypothesis and explain implications

**Feedback Purpose:** Revision-oriented (student will revise and resubmit before the unit exam)

---

### Opening

Your lab report demonstrates real care in the experimental process -- your data collection is one of the strongest parts of the report. The feedback below focuses on the analysis and conclusion sections, which are the parts of a lab report where scientific reasoning happens. Strengthening these two sections will significantly raise the quality of your work and develop skills you will use in every science course going forward.

---

### Strengths

**Strength 1: Precise, well-organized data collection**
- *Situation:* In your data table (Table 1, "Mass Change in Potato Cores by Solution Concentration")
- *Behavior:* You recorded the before and after mass of each potato core to two decimal places, calculated the percentage change for each trial, and organized the data by ascending salt concentration.
- *Impact:* This level of precision gives the analysis section everything it needs to work with. A reader can clearly see the trend -- that higher salt concentration correlates with greater mass loss -- without any ambiguity in the data. This meets and exceeds the data recording objective for this assignment.

**Strength 2: Clear, testable hypothesis**
- *Situation:* In your Purpose and Hypothesis section, paragraph 2
- *Behavior:* You wrote, "If the concentration of the salt solution surrounding the potato core is higher than the concentration inside the potato cells, then the potato will lose mass because water will move out of the cells."
- *Impact:* This hypothesis is specific, directional, and includes a mechanistic explanation ("water will move out of the cells"). It identifies both the independent variable (salt concentration) and the predicted direction of change (mass loss), which gives your analysis a clear claim to evaluate.

---

### Areas for Growth

**Growth Area 1: Analysis must explain the mechanism, not just describe the pattern** *(Priority)*
- *Situation:* In your Analysis section, paragraphs 1-3
- *Behavior:* You wrote, "The potato cores in higher salt solutions lost the most mass. The potato cores in distilled water gained the most mass. The potato cores in the 1% solution showed almost no change." All three sentences describe what happened, but the analysis stops there.
- *Impact:* Describing the pattern is the first step in analysis, but not the final step. A reader looking at your data table can see the same pattern you described -- they already know what happened. What the analysis must explain is why it happened at the cellular level. Without the mechanistic explanation, the analysis does not meet the objective of connecting observations to explanatory theory.
- *Next step:* For each observation you describe, add 2-3 sentences that explain the osmosis mechanism responsible for that observation. Use the vocabulary from the cell membrane unit: semipermeable membrane, concentration gradient, osmosis, hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic, and net movement of water.
- *Model:* Here is what the revised first paragraph could look like -- "The potato cores in higher salt solutions lost the most mass because the surrounding solution was hypertonic relative to the cells -- meaning the concentration of solutes was higher outside the cell than inside. Water molecules move by osmosis from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration across the semipermeable cell membrane. As a result, water moved out of the potato cells and into the solution, reducing the mass of the core. This is consistent with the cell membrane's selective permeability: it allows water to pass freely while blocking larger solute molecules."

**Growth Area 2: Conclusion must evaluate the hypothesis and extend beyond the results**
- *Situation:* In your Conclusion section, the full paragraph
- *Behavior:* You wrote, "In conclusion, the experiment showed that potato cores in saltier solutions lost more mass. This means that osmosis was occurring. My hypothesis was correct."
- *Impact:* This conclusion restates the results and states the hypothesis was supported, but does not go further. A strong conclusion evaluates the hypothesis with evidence ("My hypothesis was supported because the data showed X, which is consistent with the prediction that Y"), connects the finding to the broader biological principle, identifies at least one limitation of the experiment, and considers what a follow-up experiment might investigate. Currently, the conclusion does not demonstrate the level of scientific reasoning expected by the objective.
- *Next step:* Revise the conclusion using this four-part structure: (1) State whether the hypothesis was supported or refuted and cite specific data as evidence. (2) Connect the finding to the broader concept -- what does this tell us about how osmosis works in living cells generally? (3) Identify one limitation of this specific experiment design (for example: were all potato cores cut from the same potato? Did temperature variation affect results?). (4) Pose one follow-up question -- something the data makes you curious about that this experiment could not answer.

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### Summary

**Overall:** This lab report demonstrates strong experimental practice: your data collection is precise, well-organized, and ready to support a strong analysis. The work now needs the analysis and conclusion sections to match the quality of the data -- specifically, by explaining the cellular mechanism behind the pattern and evaluating the hypothesis with evidence.

**Priority revision:** Revise the Analysis section first. For each observation you describe, add the osmosis mechanism that explains it, using vocabulary from the cell membrane unit. This is the most impactful change because it is the core scientific reasoning objective for this assignment.

**Next step:** Open your lab report to the Analysis section. Take your first observation sentence ("The potato cores in higher salt solutions lost the most mass") and write 3 sentences immediately after it explaining the osmosis mechanism that caused this result. Use at least 3 vocabulary terms from the cell membrane unit in those 3 sentences. Then do the same for your other two observations.

**Forward look:** The skill you are developing here -- moving from description to mechanistic explanation -- is the core of scientific analysis. You will use it in every experiment and in every AP Science or college biology course you take. The fact that your data collection is already strong means you have the foundation -- the analysis is the next layer to build.

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### Quick Reference: Feedback Sentence Starters for Educators

Use these sentence starters to construct additional SBI feedback efficiently. They are designed to be completed with specific details from the student's work.

**For Strengths:**
- "In [location], you [specific action], which [specific effect on quality or objective]."
- "Your [named element] demonstrates [skill or understanding] because [observable evidence from the work]."
- "The way you [specific action] in [location] shows mastery of [skill] -- specifically, [detail that proves it]."
- "Your decision to [specific choice] was effective because [effect on reader, argument, accuracy, or objective]."

**For Growth Areas:**
- "In [location], I noticed [observable description]. This affects [quality dimension] because [explanation]. The next step is to [specific action]."
- "Your [element] would be stronger if you [specific revision]. For example, you could [model or example]."
- "Currently, [location] contains [observable description]. To meet the objective of [named objective], try [specific action], which will [expected improvement]."
- "The gap between what you did and what the objective requires is [specific description]. The most direct path to close that gap is [step-by-step action]."

**For Summative Conclusions:**
- "Your strongest demonstrated skill in this assignment is [skill] -- you showed this by [specific evidence]. The skill to develop next is [skill], which you will encounter again in [future context]."
- "This work demonstrates that you have mastered [objective]. The next level of growth is [named skill], which builds on what you have done here."

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### Feedback Framework Comparison

| Framework | Structure | Best For | Grade Band |
|-----------|-----------|----------|------------|
| SBI (Situation-Behavior-Impact) | Location + Observable Action + Effect | Detailed individual feedback, revision-oriented | Grades 6-12, undergraduate |
| Glow and Grow | One strength + One growth area | Quick formative feedback, first drafts, high-frequency feedback | Grades K-5 |
| TAG (Tell-Ask-Give) | Tell a strength + Ask a thinking question + Give a suggestion | Peer feedback structures, writing workshop | Grades 4-8 |
| Praise-Question-Suggestion | Strength + Question about a gap + Specific suggestion | Writing conferences, oral feedback conversations | All grades |
| Standards-Referenced | Rating per standard + Narrative evidence per standard | Standards-based report cards, formal progress reporting | All grades |
| Portfolio / Longitudinal | Trend analysis + Evidence of growth + Target for next cycle | Capstone work, growth portfolios, end-of-year narratives | Grades 3-12 |
| Report Card Narrative | Name + Strength evidence + Growth area + Forward look | Parent communication, formal academic records | K-12 |
