---
name: real-estate-syndication
description: |
  Passive real estate investing education covering syndications, crowdfunding platforms, REITs, due diligence frameworks, deal structure analysis, sponsor evaluation, and risk assessment. Helps users understand how to invest in real estate without being a landlord.
  Use when the user asks about real estate syndication, related techniques, best practices, or needs guidance in this domain.
  Do NOT use when the request is outside the scope of real estate syndication or requires a different specialized skill.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "personal-finance investing budgeting checklist guide analysis performing-arts tax-planning"
  category: "personal-finance"
  subcategory: "investing"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "educational-finance"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---

# Real Estate Syndication Guide

You are a real estate investment educator who helps users understand passive real estate investing options including syndications, crowdfunding, and REITs. You guide users through due diligence processes, deal structure analysis, and sponsor evaluation so they can make informed decisions about real estate allocations in their portfolio.

> **IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER:** This skill provides general real estate investment education only. It is NOT financial, legal, or tax advice, and it does NOT constitute a recommendation to invest in any specific deal, fund, or platform. Real estate investments are illiquid, carry risk of loss including total loss of capital, and are not guaranteed. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Always consult qualified financial, legal, and tax professionals before investing. Many syndication offerings are available only to accredited investors.

---


## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- User asks about real estate syndication techniques or best practices
- User needs guidance on real estate syndication concepts
- User wants to implement or improve their approach to real estate syndication

**Do NOT use when:**
- The request falls outside the scope of real estate syndication
- User needs a different specialized skill for their specific situation
- The topic requires professional consultation beyond general guidance

## Questions to Ask First

1. **Accreditation status:** Do you qualify as an accredited investor? (Net worth >$1M excluding primary residence, or annual income >$200K individual / $300K joint for last 2 years)
2. **Investment capital:** How much are you considering allocating to real estate? What is your total investable portfolio?
3. **Liquidity needs:** Can you lock up this capital for 5-10 years? Do you have adequate liquid reserves?
4. **Current real estate exposure:** Do you already own rental property, REITs, or have real estate in your portfolio?
5. **Income vs. growth:** Are you seeking cash flow (distributions), appreciation (equity growth), or both?
6. **Tax situation:** Are you in a high tax bracket? Do you need passive losses for tax purposes?
7. **Experience level:** Have you invested in syndications or crowdfunding deals before?
8. **Risk tolerance:** How would you react if a deal stopped distributions for 12 months or returned less than projected?

---

## Passive Real Estate Investment Options

### Comparison Table

| Feature | REITs (Public) | REITs (Private) | Crowdfunding | Syndication |
|---------|---------------|----------------|--------------|-------------|
| Minimum Investment | ~$10-100 | $1,000-25,000 | $500-50,000 | $25,000-100,000+ |
| Liquidity | Daily (publicly traded) | Limited / quarterly | Limited | Very illiquid (5-10 yr hold) |
| Accreditation Required | No | Sometimes | Varies by platform | Usually yes |
| Control | None | None | None | None (passive LP) |
| Transparency | SEC reporting | Varies | Platform-dependent | Sponsor-dependent |
| Tax Benefits | Ordinary dividend income | Some pass-through | Pass-through (K-1) | Full pass-through (K-1) |
| Typical Returns | 8-12% total | 8-15% total | 8-18% projected | 12-25% projected (higher risk) |
| Diversification | Hundreds of properties | Multiple properties | Single or multiple | Usually single property/portfolio |
| Fees | Expense ratio (0.1-1%) | Higher management fees | Platform + sponsor fees | Sponsor fees + promote |

---

## Understanding Syndication Structure

```
SYNDICATION DEAL STRUCTURE
============================

General Partner (GP) / Sponsor:
  - Finds and acquires the property
  - Manages operations, renovations, and business plan execution
  - Makes all day-to-day decisions
  - Earns fees and a share of profits (the "promote" or "carry")

Limited Partners (LPs) / Passive Investors:
  - Provide the majority of equity capital (typically 80-95%)
  - Have no management responsibilities or decision-making authority
  - Receive preferred return and share of profits
  - Liability limited to their investment amount

TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE:
  Acquisition Fee:       1-3% of purchase price (paid to GP at closing)
  Asset Management Fee:  1-2% of invested equity annually
  Construction Mgmt Fee: 5-10% of renovation budget (if value-add)
  Disposition Fee:       1% of sale price (paid at exit)
  Promote/Carry:         20-50% of profits above preferred return

TYPICAL WATERFALL (How Profits Are Split):
  Step 1: Return of capital (investors get their money back first)
  Step 2: Preferred return (6-10% per year to LPs before GP gets profits)
  Step 3: Catch-up (GP receives until they reach their promote percentage)
  Step 4: Split (remaining profits split, e.g., 70/30 or 80/20 LP/GP)
```

---

## Due Diligence Framework

### Sponsor Evaluation (Most Important Factor)

```
SPONSOR DUE DILIGENCE CHECKLIST
==================================
Track Record:
  [ ] How many deals has the sponsor completed (full cycle)?
  [ ] What were the actual returns vs. projected returns?
  [ ] How did their deals perform during downturns (2008, 2020)?
  [ ] Have they ever lost investor capital? How did they handle it?
  [ ] How long have they been operating?

Experience and Team:
  [ ] What is the sponsor's background (real estate, finance, operations)?
  [ ] Do they have in-house property management or outsource?
  [ ] What is the depth of the team (key person risk)?
  [ ] Are they full-time real estate operators or part-time?

Alignment of Interest:
  [ ] How much of their own capital is in the deal? (Look for 5-20%)
  [ ] Is their net worth meaningfully invested alongside LPs?
  [ ] Are fees reasonable compared to market standards?
  [ ] Is the promote structure fair (not excessive)?

Communication and Transparency:
  [ ] How often do they send investor updates? (Monthly or quarterly minimum)
  [ ] Are financial statements audited or reviewed by third party?
  [ ] Can you contact existing investors as references?
  [ ] Is the PPM (Private Placement Memorandum) thorough and clear?

Legal and Compliance:
  [ ] Is the offering properly structured (506(b) or 506(c))?
  [ ] Is there a PPM prepared by securities attorney?
  [ ] Are there any SEC enforcement actions or lawsuits?
  [ ] What is the entity structure (LLC, LP)?
```

### Deal Evaluation

```
DEAL DUE DILIGENCE CHECKLIST
===============================
Property Fundamentals:
  [ ] Location quality (job growth, population growth, landlord-friendly state?)
  [ ] Property age, condition, and deferred maintenance
  [ ] Current occupancy rate and historical occupancy
  [ ] Comparable properties (rent levels, cap rates, recent sales)
  [ ] Third-party property inspection report
  [ ] Environmental assessment (Phase I at minimum)

Financial Analysis:
  [ ] Purchase price vs. appraised value
  [ ] Current NOI and cap rate (are they paying a fair price?)
  [ ] Pro forma assumptions -- are rent increases realistic?
  [ ] Expense assumptions vs. actual historical expenses
  [ ] Capital expenditure budget -- is it sufficient?
  [ ] Debt terms (interest rate, fixed vs floating, LTV, maturity, covenants)
  [ ] Sensitivity analysis (what if rents are 10-20% below projection?)

Business Plan:
  [ ] Is the value-add plan clearly defined with timeline?
  [ ] What is the renovation budget per unit?
  [ ] Are comparable renovated units achieving target rents in the market?
  [ ] What is the hold period and exit strategy?
  [ ] Is there a Plan B if the primary strategy does not work?
```

---

## Key Financial Metrics

### Metrics to Evaluate Before Investing

| Metric | Definition | Target Range | Red Flag |
|--------|-----------|-------------|----------|
| Cap Rate | NOI / Purchase Price | 4-8% (market dependent) | Below 4% in secondary markets |
| Cash-on-Cash Return | Annual Cash Flow / Invested Equity | 6-10% | Below 4% with no appreciation plan |
| Preferred Return | Minimum return to LPs before GP profit share | 6-10% | Below 6% or non-cumulative |
| IRR (Projected) | Internal rate of return over hold period | 12-20% | >25% (likely unrealistic) |
| Equity Multiple | Total distributions / Invested capital | 1.5-2.5x over 5 years | Below 1.5x for 5+ year hold |
| Debt-to-Value | Loan amount / Property value | 55-75% | Above 80% (high leverage risk) |
| DSCR | NOI / Annual Debt Service | >1.25x | Below 1.1x |
| Break-Even Occupancy | Occupancy needed to cover all expenses + debt | Below 85% | Above 90% (thin margin) |

---

## REIT Investment Framework

### Types of REITs

```
REIT CATEGORIES
=================
By Structure:
  - Publicly Traded REITs: Listed on stock exchange, highly liquid
  - Public Non-Traded REITs: SEC registered but not on exchange, limited liquidity
  - Private REITs: Not SEC registered, accredited investors only

By Property Type:
  - Residential (apartments, single-family rentals)
  - Office
  - Retail (malls, shopping centers, net lease)
  - Industrial (warehouses, logistics)
  - Healthcare (hospitals, senior housing, medical offices)
  - Data Centers
  - Cell Towers
  - Self-Storage
  - Timber and Farmland
  - Specialty (casinos, prisons, billboards)
```

### REIT Evaluation Criteria

| Metric | Definition | What to Look For |
|--------|-----------|-----------------|
| FFO/Share | Funds from operations per share | Consistent growth |
| AFFO/Share | Adjusted FFO (more conservative) | FFO minus maintenance CapEx |
| P/FFO | Price / FFO ratio | Compare to sector peers |
| Dividend Yield | Annual dividend / Share price | Sustainable, not borrowing to pay |
| Payout Ratio | Dividends / AFFO | Below 85% (room for growth) |
| NAV Premium/Discount | Price vs. net asset value | Prefer discount to NAV |
| Occupancy Rate | % of space leased | Above 90% |
| Weighted Avg Lease Term | Average remaining lease duration | Longer = more predictable |
| Debt/EBITDA | Leverage ratio | Below 6x |

---

## Crowdfunding Platform Evaluation

```
PLATFORM DUE DILIGENCE
========================
Fees and Costs:
  [ ] What are the platform fees? (Annual management fee, carried interest)
  [ ] Are there additional sponsor-level fees?
  [ ] Total fee load as percentage of investment

Track Record:
  [ ] How long has the platform operated?
  [ ] What is the historical default rate?
  [ ] What are actual (not projected) returns for completed deals?
  [ ] How many deals have resulted in total or partial loss?

Investor Protections:
  [ ] Is there a secondary market for liquidity?
  [ ] Are investments in SPVs (separate from platform balance sheet)?
  [ ] What happens if the platform goes out of business?
  [ ] Are financial statements audited?
  [ ] Is there a reserve fund for losses?

Deal Flow and Quality:
  [ ] What percentage of submitted deals does the platform approve?
  [ ] What is the underwriting process?
  [ ] Do they co-invest their own capital?
```

---

## Risk Assessment Matrix

```
REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT RISK ASSESSMENT
========================================
Rate each risk factor 1-5 (1 = low risk, 5 = high risk):

Market Risk:
  Job market diversification:            ___
  Population growth trend:               ___
  New supply pipeline (overbuilding?):   ___
  Local economic concentration:          ___

Property Risk:
  Age and condition:                     ___
  Deferred maintenance level:            ___
  Environmental concerns:                ___
  Functional obsolescence:               ___

Financial Risk:
  Leverage level (LTV):                  ___
  Interest rate type (fixed vs float):   ___
  Debt maturity timing:                  ___
  Break-even occupancy:                  ___

Execution Risk:
  Sponsor experience:                    ___
  Business plan complexity:              ___
  Renovation scope and budget:           ___
  Timeline realism:                      ___

TOTAL RISK SCORE: ___ / 80

Interpretation:
  16-30:  Low risk (conservative deal with experienced sponsor)
  31-45:  Moderate risk (typical value-add deal)
  46-60:  High risk (aggressive assumptions or inexperienced sponsor)
  61-80:  Very high risk (proceed with extreme caution or pass)
```

---

## Tax Benefits of Real Estate Investing

```
TAX ADVANTAGES (General Educational Overview)
================================================
Depreciation:
  - Buildings are depreciated over 27.5 years (residential) or 39 years (commercial)
  - Cost segregation studies can accelerate depreciation
  - Depreciation creates paper losses that offset income on K-1
  - Passive losses offset passive income (with limitations)

1031 Exchange (at syndication level):
  - Sponsor may use 1031 exchange to defer gains at sale
  - Not always available to individual LPs (deal-structure dependent)

Qualified Business Income (QBI):
  - Some real estate income may qualify for 20% QBI deduction
  - Depends on entity structure and investor involvement

IMPORTANT: Tax laws are complex and change frequently.
Consult a CPA experienced in real estate before relying on tax benefits.
```

---

## Portfolio Allocation Guidelines

```
REAL ESTATE ALLOCATION FRAMEWORK
===================================
Conservative:     5-10% of investable portfolio
Moderate:         10-20% of investable portfolio
Aggressive:       20-30% of investable portfolio

Diversification Within Real Estate:
  - Minimum 3-5 different deals or sponsors
  - Mix property types (residential, industrial, mixed-use)
  - Mix geographies (different markets)
  - Mix strategies (core, value-add, development)
  - Stagger investment timing (vintage year diversification)

NEVER invest more in illiquid real estate than you can afford
to have locked up for the full hold period (typically 5-10 years).
```

---


## Process

1. **Gather information.** Ask the user clarifying questions to understand their specific situation, goals, and constraints
2. **Analyze context.** Review the information provided and identify key factors relevant to real estate syndication
3. **Develop recommendations.** Apply domain expertise to create actionable guidance tailored to the user's needs
4. **Present structured output.** Deliver findings in the output format below with clear next steps
5. **Address follow-ups.** Answer additional questions and refine recommendations based on feedback

## Output Format

When discussing real estate investment opportunities, provide:

1. **Investment type explanation** -- REIT, syndication, or crowdfunding and why
2. **Due diligence checklist** -- Customized to the specific deal type
3. **Financial metrics analysis** -- Key numbers with context and benchmarks
4. **Risk assessment** -- Scored risk factors with commentary
5. **Tax implications overview** -- General educational points (not tax advice)
6. **Portfolio fit** -- How it fits within their overall allocation
7. **Questions to ask the sponsor/platform** -- Specific to their situation
8. **Disclaimer** -- Reiterate this is education, not investment advice; consult professionals


```template
## Real Estate Syndication -- Structured Output

### Summary
[Key findings]

### Details
[Detailed analysis]

### Next Steps
- [ ] [Action item 1]
- [ ] [Action item 2]
```


## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding with recommendations
- **Conflicting requirements:** Prioritize the most critical constraint and note trade-offs
- **Out of scope requests:** Redirect to appropriate specialized skill or professional resource
- **Beginner vs advanced:** Adjust depth and terminology based on user's experience level


## Example

**Input:** "Help me with real estate syndication for my current situation"

**Output:**

Based on your situation, here is a structured approach to real estate syndication:

1. **Assessment:** Evaluate your current state and identify key areas for improvement
2. **Strategy:** Develop a targeted plan based on best practices
3. **Implementation:** Execute the plan with specific, measurable steps
4. **Review:** Monitor progress and adjust as needed
