---
name: home-plumbing
description: |
  Comprehensive DIY home plumbing guide covering common repairs for leaky faucets, running toilets, and clogged drains, pipe types and their uses, essential tools, shutoff valve location, guidelines for when to call a professional, water heater basics, and winterization procedures. Includes important safety warnings. Use when the user asks about home plumbing or needs help with related topics. Do NOT use for unrelated domains or when a more specialized skill exists.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "home-maintenance guide step-by-step"
  category: "hobbies-crafts"
  subcategory: "making-building"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "intermediate"
---

# Home Plumbing

## When to Use


## Process

1. **Gather requirements.** Ask the user clarifying questions about their specific context, goals, constraints, and experience level.

2. **Analyze the situation.** Review the information provided and identify key factors, challenges, and opportunities relevant to home plumbing.

3. **Develop the framework.** Create a structured approach tailored to the user's needs, incorporating best practices and domain-specific considerations.

4. **Deliver actionable output.** Present specific, implementable recommendations with clear rationale, timelines, and success criteria.

5. **Address edge cases.** Proactively identify potential issues, alternative approaches, and contingency plans.

**Use this skill when:**
- User needs guidance on home plumbing
- User asks about home plumbing best practices or techniques
- User wants a structured approach to home plumbing

**Do NOT use this skill when:**
- A more specialized skill exists for the specific subtopic
- The request is outside the scope of home plumbing

## Questions to Ask First

Before providing guidance, establish the homeowner's situation:

1. What is the specific plumbing issue you're dealing with?
2. How old is your home and plumbing system?
3. What type of pipes do you have? (Copper, PEX, PVC, galvanized, cast iron)
4. Do you know where your main water shutoff valve is?
5. Is the issue with hot water, cold water, or drainage?
6. Have you attempted any repairs already?
7. Is there active water damage or flooding right now?
8. What tools do you currently have?
9. Are you on city water or a well?
10. Are you in a cold climate where pipes may freeze?

## SAFETY WARNINGS

```
CRITICAL SAFETY RULES:

1. ALWAYS shut off the water supply before working on any plumbing
2. NEVER mix different metal pipe types without proper dielectric
   fittings (causes galvanic corrosion and eventual leaks)
3. Know the difference between water supply lines (pressurized)
   and drain lines (gravity-fed) - they require different approaches
4. NEVER use a torch near flammable materials (have a fire
   extinguisher when soldering copper)
5. Wear safety glasses when cutting pipe or working under sinks
6. Gas lines are NOT plumbing - NEVER attempt gas line work yourself.
   Call a licensed plumber or gas company immediately if you smell gas
7. If you encounter lead pipes (pre-1986 homes), consult a professional
   before disturbing them
8. Check local building codes - some plumbing work requires permits
9. When in doubt, STOP and call a licensed plumber
```

## Common Repairs

### Leaky Faucets

```
DIAGNOSE THE LEAK:
  From the spout (drip when turned off): Internal valve/cartridge problem
  From the base: O-ring or seal failure
  From the handle: Packing nut or cartridge seal

TYPES OF FAUCETS:
  Ball type (single handle, Delta-style): Replace ball, springs, seats
  Cartridge (single or double handle, Moen-style): Replace cartridge
  Ceramic disc (single handle, modern): Replace disc assembly
  Compression (two handles, oldest type): Replace seat washers

CARTRIDGE FAUCET REPAIR (Most Common Modern Faucet):
  1. Shut off water supply under sink (both hot and cold valves)
  2. Open faucet to relieve pressure
  3. Remove handle (decorative cap → screw → pull handle)
  4. Remove retaining nut or clip holding cartridge
  5. Pull old cartridge straight out (cartridge puller tool may be needed)
  6. Note orientation (mark which direction it faces)
  7. Take old cartridge to hardware store for exact match
  8. Install new cartridge in same orientation
  9. Reassemble in reverse order
  10. Turn water on slowly, check for leaks

TOOLS NEEDED:
  [ ] Adjustable wrench
  [ ] Allen wrench set (for handle screws)
  [ ] Screwdrivers (flat and Phillips)
  [ ] Pliers (needle-nose and standard)
  [ ] Cartridge puller (for stubborn cartridges)
  [ ] Replacement parts (match your faucet brand and model)
  [ ] Plumber's grease (for O-rings and seals)

TIP: Photograph each step during disassembly so you can reassemble correctly.
     Place parts in order on a towel.
```

### Running Toilets

```
DIAGNOSE THE PROBLEM:
  Phantom flush (refills randomly): Flapper is leaking
  Constant running: Flapper, fill valve, or float issue
  Won't stop filling: Float set too high or fill valve failure

FIX 1: REPLACE THE FLAPPER (Solves 80% of running toilets)
  Cost: $5-$10
  Time: 10 minutes
  Steps:
  1. Shut off water at toilet shutoff valve (behind/below toilet)
  2. Flush to empty tank
  3. Unhook old flapper from overflow tube pegs
  4. Disconnect chain from flush lever
  5. Install new flapper (universal or brand-specific)
  6. Connect chain to flush lever (1/2" slack in chain)
  7. Turn water back on, test flush

FIX 2: ADJUST FLOAT LEVEL
  If water level is above overflow tube top, float is set too high
  Ball float: Bend the arm down slightly
  Cup float: Squeeze adjustment clip, slide float down on rod
  Water level should be 1/2" below top of overflow tube

FIX 3: REPLACE FILL VALVE (If adjustment doesn't work)
  Cost: $10-$20 (Fluidmaster 400A is the standard)
  Time: 20-30 minutes
  Steps:
  1. Shut off water, flush, sponge out remaining water
  2. Disconnect water supply line from bottom of tank
  3. Remove locknut under tank
  4. Pull out old fill valve
  5. Adjust new fill valve to proper height
  6. Insert and tighten locknut (hand-tight plus 1/2 turn)
  7. Connect supply line
  8. Connect refill tube to overflow pipe
  9. Turn on water, adjust float to proper level

FIX 4: REPLACE FLUSH VALVE (If flapper seat is corroded)
  This requires removing the toilet tank - more advanced
  Consider calling a plumber if uncomfortable with this
```

### Clogged Drains

```
SEVERITY LEVELS:
  Slow drain: Partial blockage, usually fixable DIY
  Full blockage: May be fixable DIY; depends on location
  Multiple fixtures backed up: Main line issue - CALL A PLUMBER

SINK CLOGS:
  Step 1: Remove and clean pop-up stopper or drain cover
  Step 2: Plunger (use a flat-bottom plunger, not a flange plunger)
    - Cover overflow hole with wet rag
    - Fill sink with 2-3" of water
    - Plunge vigorously 15-20 times
  Step 3: Clean the P-trap
    - Place bucket under P-trap
    - Unscrew slip nuts by hand or with pliers
    - Remove trap, clean out debris
    - Reinstall with new washers if old ones are worn
  Step 4: Drain snake (25-ft hand snake)
    - Feed into drain opening or through wall pipe
    - Rotate handle while pushing forward
    - When you hit the clog, push through and retract

TOILET CLOGS:
  Step 1: Flange plunger (with the extended rubber lip)
    - Ensure plunger covers drain hole completely
    - Push and pull vigorously for 15-20 seconds
    - Repeat 3-4 times
  Step 2: Toilet auger (closet auger)
    - Insert into drain, crank handle to extend cable
    - Push through clog
    - Retract and flush to test

  NEVER USE: Chemical drain cleaners in toilets

SHOWER/TUB CLOGS:
  Usually caused by hair accumulation
  Step 1: Remove drain cover, pull out hair with needle-nose pliers
  Step 2: Use drain snake
  Step 3: Enzyme drain cleaner (monthly preventive maintenance)

WARNING: CHEMICAL DRAIN CLEANERS
  - Avoid Drano/Liquid-Plumr if possible
  - They damage pipes (especially older pipes)
  - Dangerous if they don't work (caustic liquid sitting in pipe)
  - Enzyme-based cleaners are safer for maintenance
  - Never mix chemical drain cleaners with each other
  - Never use chemical cleaners before or after using a plunger
    (risk of splashing caustic chemicals)
```

## Pipe Types

### Pipe Identification and Uses

```
PIPE TYPE        | USE           | JOINING METHOD    | NOTES
-----------------|---------------|-------------------|--------------------
Copper (Type L)  | Supply lines  | Soldering (sweat) | Gold standard, long-lasting
Copper (Type M)  | Supply lines  | Soldering          | Thinner wall, residential
PEX (cross-linked| Supply lines  | Crimp, clamp,     | Flexible, easy DIY,
  polyethylene)  |               | push-fit (SharkBite)| freeze resistant
CPVC             | Supply lines  | Solvent cement     | Cheaper than copper, rigid
PVC (Schedule 40)| Drain/waste   | Solvent cement     | White, most common drain pipe
ABS              | Drain/waste   | Solvent cement     | Black, similar to PVC
Cast Iron        | Drain/waste   | Hub joints, bands  | Old homes, very durable
Galvanized Steel | Supply/drain  | Threaded           | Old homes, corrodes internally
PEX-A            | Supply lines  | Expansion fittings | Most flexible PEX, best for DIY

PUSH-FIT CONNECTIONS (SharkBite):
  Work with: Copper, PEX, CPVC
  No special tools needed
  More expensive per fitting
  Great for repairs and emergencies
  Debated for permanent use (some plumbers don't trust them long-term)
  Can be removed with disconnect tool

WARNING: If you have galvanized steel pipes, DO NOT connect copper
directly to them. Use a brass or dielectric fitting to prevent
galvanic corrosion.
```

## Essential Plumbing Tools

```
BASIC TOOLKIT ($50-$100):
  [ ] Adjustable wrench (10" and 14")
  [ ] Tongue-and-groove pliers (Channellock 430)
  [ ] Basin wrench (for faucet nuts in tight spaces)
  [ ] Plunger (one flat, one flange for toilets)
  [ ] Pipe wrench (14" for supply lines)
  [ ] Teflon tape (PTFE thread seal tape)
  [ ] Plumber's putty
  [ ] Hand auger / drain snake (25 ft)
  [ ] Bucket and towels
  [ ] Flashlight / headlamp

INTERMEDIATE ADDITIONS ($100-$300):
  [ ] Tube cutter (for copper pipe)
  [ ] PEX crimp tool or SharkBite fittings
  [ ] Propane torch and solder kit (for copper)
  [ ] Closet auger (toilet-specific snake)
  [ ] Hacksaw
  [ ] Pipe cutter (for PVC)
  [ ] Level (for proper drain slope)

SUPPLIES TO KEEP ON HAND:
  [ ] Teflon tape (white for water, yellow for gas - but don't do gas work)
  [ ] Pipe joint compound (pipe dope)
  [ ] Plumber's putty
  [ ] Assorted washers and O-rings
  [ ] SharkBite repair coupling (emergency repair)
  [ ] Hose clamps
  [ ] Pipe insulation (foam tubes)
```

## Shutoff Valve Location Guide

```
KNOW THESE BEFORE AN EMERGENCY:

MAIN WATER SHUTOFF:
  Location: Usually near where the water line enters the house
    - Basement: Along the front wall, near the water meter
    - Slab foundation: Often in a utility closet, garage, or near water heater
    - Outside: In a ground box near the street (requires meter key)
  Type: Gate valve (round handle) or ball valve (lever handle)
  Ball valve is better (quarter turn, more reliable)
  TEST IT: Turn it off and on annually to prevent seizure

INDIVIDUAL FIXTURE SHUTOFFS:
  Toilets: Chrome valve on wall/floor behind toilet
  Sinks: Under the sink, usually two valves (hot and cold)
  Washing machine: Behind/above the machine, two valves
  Dishwasher: Under kitchen sink, small valve on hot water line
  Water heater: On the cold water inlet pipe above the heater

  IF A FIXTURE SHUTOFF DOESN'T WORK:
  Shut off the MAIN shutoff and replace the fixture valve
  (Fixture shutoff valves often corrode and fail to close)

OUTDOOR/HOSE BIBS:
  Interior shutoff for each outdoor faucet (winterize these!)
  Usually found in basement near where outdoor faucet penetrates wall

EMERGENCY PROCEDURE:
  1. Shut off nearest fixture valve
  2. If that doesn't stop water: Shut off MAIN valve
  3. Open a faucet to relieve pressure
  4. Call plumber if needed
  5. Clean up water immediately to prevent damage
```

## Water Heater Basics

### Maintenance Schedule

```
TANK WATER HEATER MAINTENANCE:

EVERY 6 MONTHS:
  Test the TPR (Temperature and Pressure Relief) valve:
  1. Place bucket under discharge pipe
  2. Lift lever briefly to verify water flows
  3. Release - valve should snap shut
  4. If it drips continuously after test: Replace the valve
  WARNING: Water will be very hot. Use caution.

ANNUALLY:
  Drain and flush the tank (removes sediment):
  1. Turn off power (electric) or set to pilot (gas)
  2. Connect garden hose to drain valve at bottom
  3. Run hose to drain or outside
  4. Open drain valve
  5. Open a hot water faucet upstairs (breaks vacuum)
  6. Let drain until water runs clear (may take 5-10 minutes)
  7. Close drain, remove hose, restore power
  8. Wait for tank to refill before restoring power (electric)

EVERY 3-5 YEARS:
  Check anode rod (prevents tank corrosion):
  1. Turn off water and relieve pressure
  2. Locate anode rod (top of heater, hexagonal head)
  3. Remove with 1-1/16" socket and breaker bar
  4. Replace if more than 50% corroded
  5. Aluminum or magnesium replacement rods ($20-$40)

SETTINGS:
  Temperature: 120F recommended (prevents scalding, saves energy)
  Factory default is often 140F - too hot and wastes energy

LIFESPAN:
  Tank water heater: 8-12 years (with maintenance)
  Tankless water heater: 15-20 years
  Signs of failure: Rusty water, rumbling noise, leaking from base, age
```

### When to Replace vs. Repair

```
REPLACE IF:
  - Tank is leaking from the bottom (tank failure, unrepairable)
  - Heater is over 10-12 years old and having issues
  - Rusty water coming from hot side only
  - Multiple repairs needed

REPAIR IF:
  - No hot water but heater is under 8 years old (thermocouple, element)
  - TPR valve leaking (replaceable, $20 part)
  - Drain valve leaking (replaceable, $10 part)
  - Pilot light won't stay lit (thermocouple, $10-$20 part)

GAS VS. ELECTRIC WATER HEATER:
  Gas: Faster recovery, works during power outages, requires venting
  Electric: Simpler, no combustion risk, no venting needed
  Tankless: Endless hot water, higher upfront cost, space-saving
```

## Winterization

### Freeze Prevention

```
INDOOR PIPES:
  1. Insulate exposed pipes in unheated areas (foam pipe insulation)
     - Crawl spaces, attics, garages, exterior walls
  2. Open cabinet doors under sinks on exterior walls (allows warm air)
  3. Let faucets drip during extreme cold (moving water resists freezing)
     - Both hot and cold lines
     - Only needed when temps drop below 20F for extended periods
  4. Keep thermostat at 55F minimum, even when away
  5. Seal air leaks around pipes where they enter the home
  6. Consider heat tape/cable on vulnerable pipes

OUTDOOR:
  1. Disconnect all garden hoses from outdoor faucets
  2. Close interior shutoff valves for outdoor hose bibs
  3. Open outdoor faucets to drain remaining water
  4. Cover outdoor faucets with insulated covers ($3-$5 each)
  5. Drain and store irrigation system (blow out with compressor)
  6. Drain outdoor fountains and water features

IF PIPES FREEZE:
  1. Open the affected faucet (allows water to flow when thawing)
  2. Apply gentle heat:
     - Hair dryer
     - Heat lamp
     - Heating pad wrapped around pipe
     - Warm towels
  3. Start from the faucet end and work toward the freeze
  4. NEVER use open flame (fire risk and pipe damage)
  5. Check for cracks/splits after thawing (freeze may have cracked pipe)

IF A PIPE BURSTS:
  1. Immediately shut off main water supply
  2. Open faucets to drain remaining water
  3. Turn off electricity in affected area if water contacts wiring
  4. Call a plumber
  5. Document damage for insurance
  6. Begin water cleanup immediately (prevent mold)
```

## When to Call a Professional

```
ALWAYS CALL A PLUMBER FOR:
  [ ] Main sewer line blockages or backups
  [ ] Water heater installation
  [ ] Gas line work of any kind
  [ ] Slab leak detection and repair
  [ ] Sewer line replacement
  [ ] Backflow preventer installation/testing
  [ ] Work requiring permits in your jurisdiction
  [ ] Water pressure issues affecting the whole house
  [ ] Frozen pipes you cannot locate or access
  [ ] Lead pipe assessment or replacement
  [ ] Re-piping projects (whole house or major sections)
  [ ] Any work you're not confident about

SIGNS OF SERIOUS PROBLEMS (Don't Ignore):
  - Sewage smell in the house
  - Water stains on ceilings or walls (hidden leak)
  - Sudden spike in water bill (underground leak)
  - Low water pressure at all fixtures
  - Discolored water from all faucets
  - Gurgling sounds from drains
  - Wet spots in yard (possible sewer line break)
  - Foundation cracks with moisture (possible slab leak)

CHOOSING A PLUMBER:
  - Licensed and insured (verify with state licensing board)
  - Ask for written estimate before work begins
  - Get multiple quotes for large jobs
  - Check reviews (Google, Angi, NextDoor)
  - Ask about warranty on work performed
  - Emergency calls cost 1.5-2x regular rates
```

## Common DIY Plumbing Projects

```
EASY (Good First Projects):
  - Replace toilet flapper: $5, 10 minutes
  - Replace showerhead: $20-$50, 15 minutes
  - Fix running toilet: $10-$20, 30 minutes
  - Replace sink aerator: $5-$10, 5 minutes
  - Unclog a drain: $0-$15, 30 minutes

MODERATE:
  - Replace faucet: $50-$200, 1-2 hours
  - Replace toilet: $100-$300, 2-3 hours
  - Replace garbage disposal: $80-$200, 1-2 hours
  - Install dishwasher: $300-$800, 2-4 hours
  - Replace supply lines: $10-$30, 30 minutes

ADVANCED (Consider Professional Help):
  - Replace water shutoff valves
  - Repipe sections with PEX
  - Install new fixture locations (requires new drain lines)
  - Water heater replacement
  - Sump pump installation
```

## Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Not shutting off water before starting a repair
2. Over-tightening connections (cracks fittings, strips threads)
3. Using the wrong type of tape or sealant (Teflon for threads, putty for drains)
4. Ignoring small leaks (they only get worse and cause damage)
5. Using chemical drain cleaners as a first resort (damages pipes)
6. Connecting dissimilar metals without dielectric fittings
7. Not having a bucket and towels ready before disconnecting anything
8. skipping to check for leaks after completing a repair (let water run 15 minutes)
9. Attempting gas line work yourself (extreme danger)
10. Not knowing where your main shutoff valve is before an emergency happens


## Output Format

Deliver the response as a structured document with clear headings and actionable content. Use tables for comparisons, numbered lists for sequential steps, and bullet points for options. Include specific examples where applicable.

```
[Home Plumbing deliverable]
1. Context and objectives
2. Analysis or framework
3. Specific recommendations with rationale
4. Action items with timeline
```


## Example

**Input:** "Help me with home plumbing for a mid-size project."

**Output:** A complete home plumbing framework tailored to the specific context, with actionable steps, relevant considerations, and measurable outcomes.


## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding rather than making assumptions
- **Conflicting requirements:** Identify trade-offs explicitly and present options with pros and cons
- **Scale mismatch:** Adapt recommendations to match the user's context (individual vs. team vs. organization)
- **Domain crossover:** When the request overlaps with other skill domains, address what falls within scope and reference specialized skills for the rest
