---
name: car-buying-guide
description: |
  Comprehensive car buying advisor covering new vs used decision frameworks, total cost of ownership analysis, negotiation strategies, financing options comparison, trade-in value maximization, used car inspection checklists, test drive checklists, lease vs buy analysis, and best time to buy.
  Use when the user asks about car buying guide, or needs help with comprehensive car buying advisor covering new vs used decision frameworks, total cost of ownership analysis, negotiation strategies, financing options comparison, trade-in value maximization, used car inspection checklists, test drive checklists, lease vs buy analysis, and best time to buy.
  Do NOT use when the request requires professional specialized advice or falls outside the scope of car buying guide.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: foundry-skills
  version: "1.0.0"
  tags: "automotive home-maintenance guide"
  category: "home-household"
  subcategory: "home-maintenance"
  depends: ""
  disclaimer: "none"
  difficulty: "beginner"
---

# Car Buying Guide
> **NOTE:** Car prices, interest rates, and incentives change frequently. Always verify current pricing and financing options at the time of purchase. This skill provides frameworks and strategies, not specific price guarantees.
## When to Use

**Use this skill when:**
- User asks about car buying guide
- User needs guidance on car buying guide topics
- User wants a structured approach to car buying guide

**Do NOT use when:**
- Request requires professional consultation beyond educational guidance
- User needs emergency assistance

## Questions to Ask the User First

1. **What is your budget?** (Monthly payment target / Total budget)
2. **New or used?** (New / Certified Pre-Owned / Used / Open to all)
3. **Buy or lease?** (Buy / Lease / Undecided)
4. **What type of vehicle do you need?** (Sedan / SUV / Truck / Van / Sports car / Electric)
5. **How will you use the vehicle?** (Commuting / Family / Off-road / Towing / Mixed)
6. **How many miles do you drive annually?** (Under 10K / 10-15K / 15-20K / 20K+)
7. **Do you have a trade-in?** (Year/Make/Model/Mileage/Condition)
8. **What is your credit score range?** (Excellent 750+ / Good 700-749 / Fair 650-699 / Below 650)
9. **How long do you plan to keep the vehicle?** (1-3 years / 3-5 years / 5-7 years / 7+ years)
10. **What features are must-haves?** (Safety / Tech / Comfort / Performance / Fuel economy)
---
## Phase 1: New vs Used Decision Framework

### Comparison Matrix

| Factor | New Vehicle | Used (1-3 years) | Used (4-7 years) |
|--------|-----------|------------------|------------------|
| Price | Highest | 20-35% less | 40-60% less |
| Depreciation (Year 1) | 20-30% | Already absorbed | Minimal |
| Warranty | Full manufacturer | Some remaining or CPO | Likely expired |
| Interest Rate | Lowest (0% sometimes) | Low-Moderate | Moderate-Higher |
| Maintenance | Included sometimes | Low | Increasing |
| Technology | Latest | Recent | May be dated |
| Selection | Full options | Limited inventory | Limited |
| Unknown History | None | Minimal concern | Check carefully |
| Insurance | Higher | Moderate | Lower |
| Peace of Mind | High | Moderate-High (CPO) | Lower |

### When to Buy New
```
BUY NEW IF:
- You want latest safety features and technology
- You plan to keep the vehicle 7+ years (amortize higher cost)
- 0% financing is available (free money)
- You want full warranty coverage
- You have specific customization requirements
- Reliability and known history are paramount
- You can afford the higher cost without strain
```

### When to Buy Used
```
BUY USED IF:
- You want the best value per dollar
- Depreciation concerns you (let someone else take the hit)
- You drive high mileage (depreciation matters less)
- Budget is a primary concern
- You're comfortable with some unknowns
- You want a vehicle class you couldn't afford new
- CPO is available (best of both worlds)

CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED (CPO):
- Manufacturer-backed warranty extension
- Multi-point inspection performed
- Vehicle history reviewed
- Typically 1-4 years old, under 60K miles
- Costs more than regular used but less than new
- Usually worth the premium for peace of mind
```
---
## Phase 2: Total Cost of Ownership Analysis

### TCO Calculator Template
```
TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (5-Year Analysis)
VEHICLE: _______________
Purchase Price: $____________
ACQUISITION COSTS:
Purchase price or cap cost:     $__________
Down payment:                   -$__________
Trade-in credit:                -$__________
Amount financed:                $__________
Interest rate:         ____%
Loan term:             ___ months
Total interest paid:            $__________
Tax and registration:           $__________
Dealer fees:                    $__________
TOTAL ACQUISITION:              $__________
ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS (x5 years):
Insurance (annual):             $__________
Fuel (annual):                  $__________
Maintenance (annual avg):       $__________
  Year 1-3: Lower  |  Year 4-5: Higher
Registration renewal:           $__________
Parking/tolls:                  $__________
TOTAL OPERATING (5 yr):         $__________
DEPRECIATION:
Purchase price:                 $__________
Estimated value at 5 years:     -$__________
DEPRECIATION COST:              $__________
TOTAL 5-YEAR COST OF OWNERSHIP:
Acquisition + Operating + Depreciation = $__________
Monthly cost: $__________ / 60 = $__________
COMPARE TWO VEHICLES:
Vehicle A TCO: $__________  |  Vehicle B TCO: $__________
```

### Depreciation by Vehicle Type
```
AVERAGE DEPRECIATION (from new):
After 1 year: 20-30%
After 3 years: 35-50%
After 5 years: 50-65%
After 7 years: 60-75%

BEST RESALE VALUE (BRANDS):
1. Toyota / Lexus
2. Honda / Acura
3. Subaru
4. Porsche
5. Tacoma, 4Runner, Wrangler (specific models retain extremely well)

WORST DEPRECIATION:
- Luxury sedans (BMW 7-series, Mercedes S-class, etc.)
- Full-size American sedans
- Luxury electric vehicles (first generation)
- High-volume rental fleet vehicles

```

### Insurance Cost Factors
```
FACTORS AFFECTING PREMIUM:
1. Vehicle value (higher = more expensive)
2. Safety ratings (IIHS Top Safety Pick = discounts)
3. Repair costs for the model (luxury parts = higher premiums)
4. Theft rates for the model
5. Your driving record
6. Your age and location
7. Credit score (in most states)
8. Coverage levels chosen

GET INSURANCE QUOTES BEFORE BUYING:
- Call your insurer with the specific vehicle VIN
- Compare 3+ insurance companies
- Ask about discounts: multi-policy, safety features, low mileage
- A car that costs $2,000 less but $1,200 more annually to insure
  costs MORE over 5 years
```
---
## Phase 3: Financing Options

### Loan vs Lease vs Cash

| Factor | Loan | Lease | Cash |
|--------|------|-------|------|
| Monthly Cost | Moderate | Lowest | None |
| Total Cost (5 yr) | Moderate | Highest (if repeating) | Lowest |
| Ownership | You own it | You return it | You own it |
| Mileage Limits | None | 10-15K/year typically | None |
| Customization | Full | Very limited | Full |
| End of Term | Paid-off vehicle | Return or buy | Already yours |
| Equity | Building equity | No equity | Full equity |
| Good For | Keeping 5+ years | Short-term, low miles | Best value overall |

### Lease vs Buy Analysis Template
```
LEASE SCENARIO:
Monthly payment:        $__________
Lease term:             ___ months
Down payment/due at signing: $__________
Total lease cost:       $__________ (monthly x months + down payment)
Miles allowed:          ______/year
Excess mile charge:     $____/mile
Disposition fee:        $__________
At end: Return vehicle, no equity
BUY SCENARIO:
Monthly payment:        $__________
Loan term:              ___ months
Down payment:           $__________
Total payments:         $__________ (monthly x months + down payment)
Interest paid:          $__________
Vehicle value at term end: $__________
At end: Own the vehicle, worth $________
5-YEAR COMPARISON:
Lease (rolling 3-yr leases):   $__________
Buy (5-yr loan, keep vehicle): $__________
Difference:                     $__________

LEASE MAKES SENSE IF:
- You want a new car every 2-3 years
- You drive under 12,000-15,000 miles/year
- You want lower monthly payments
- You don't want to deal with selling/trading
- Business use (tax advantages may apply, consult accountant)

BUY MAKES SENSE IF:
- You keep vehicles 5+ years
- You drive high mileage
- You want to customize
- You want to build equity
- You want the lowest long-term cost
```

### Financing Tips
```
BEFORE VISITING THE DEALER:

1. CHECK YOUR CREDIT SCORE
   - Free at: annualcreditreport.com, Credit Karma, etc.
   - 750+: Best rates available
   - 700-749: Good rates
   - 650-699: Fair rates, consider improving first
   - Below 650: Higher rates, consider building credit first

2. GET PRE-APPROVED
   - Your bank or credit union
   - Online lenders (LightStream, Capital One Auto, etc.)
   - Having a pre-approval gives you negotiating power
   - Credit unions often have the best rates

3. KNOW THE CURRENT RATES
   - Check bankrate.com for current average auto loan rates
   - New car rates are typically lower than used
   - Shorter terms = lower rates

4. NEGOTIATE PRICE BEFORE DISCUSSING FINANCING
   - Dealers WANT to discuss monthly payment
   - You should discuss TOTAL PRICE first
   - A low monthly payment can hide a terrible deal (long term, high rate)

LOAN TERM RECOMMENDATIONS:
New vehicle: 48-60 months maximum
Used vehicle: 36-48 months maximum
NEVER: 72-84 month loans (you'll be underwater for years)

THE 20/4/10 RULE:
- 20% down payment
- 4-year (48 month) loan or shorter
- Monthly payment no more than 10% of gross monthly income
```
---
## Phase 4: Negotiation Strategies

### Research Before Negotiating
```
KNOW THESE NUMBERS:

1. INVOICE PRICE (what the dealer paid):
   - TrueCar, Edmunds, KBB show this
   - Your goal: slightly above invoice

2. MSRP (Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price):
   - This is the starting asking price
   - Almost never pay full MSRP (exceptions: hot models with waitlists)

3. MARKET PRICE (what others are actually paying):
   - TrueCar "What Others Paid"
   - Edmunds "True Market Value"
   - This is your target range

4. TRADE-IN VALUE (if applicable):
   - KBB Trade-In Value
   - Edmunds Trade-In Appraisal
   - Get offers from CarMax, Carvana, Vroom first

5. REBATES AND INCENTIVES:
   - Manufacturer incentives (check manufacturer website)
   - Dealer cash (not always advertised)
   - Military, college grad, loyalty discounts
   - Low-APR vs rebate (calculate which saves more)
```

### Negotiation Tactics
```
STRATEGY 1: EMAIL NEGOTIATION (Recommended)
1. Identify 3-5 dealers within driving distance
2. Email their internet sales department with:
   "I'm looking to purchase a [Year Make Model Trim].
   I have pre-approved financing. I'm reaching out to
   several dealers for their best out-the-door price.
   Please provide your best price including all fees."
3. Collect all responses
4. Share the best offer with other dealers, ask if they can beat it
5. Visit the dealer with the best price to finalize
STRATEGY 2: END-OF-MONTH/QUARTER
- Dealers have monthly/quarterly quotas
- Last 3 days of the month = most motivated
- December/end of year = clearance on current year models
- This alone can save $500-2,000
STRATEGY 3: TARGET THE OUT-THE-DOOR PRICE
- Always negotiate on TOTAL OUT-THE-DOOR price
- This includes: vehicle price + tax + title + registration + all fees
- Dealers add "doc fees," "dealer prep," "paint protection" -- negotiate these off
- Say: "What is your out-the-door price, everything included?"
STRATEGY 4: ONE THING AT A TIME
- Negotiate the purchase price FIRST
- Negotiate the trade-in SEPARATELY
- Negotiate financing SEPARATELY
- Never let the dealer combine these (they'll juggle numbers)
THINGS TO SAY:
- "What is your best out-the-door price?"
- "I have pre-approved financing at X%. Can you beat that?"
- "I'm getting a quote from [competing dealer] too."
- "I'm ready to buy today if the price is right."
- "Can you remove the [add-on/fee]?"
THINGS TO AVOID:
- "I love this car!" (shows emotional attachment)
- "What can you do for my monthly payment?" (opens manipulation)
- "I need a car today" (removes your leverage)
- Discussing your trade-in before agreeing on purchase price
```

### Dealer Add-Ons to Decline
```
ALMOST ALWAYS DECLINE:
- Dealer-applied paint protection ($300-1,000): A $30 bottle of wax works
- Fabric protection ($200-500): Scotchgard costs $10
- VIN etching ($100-400): A $25 DIY kit exists
- Nitrogen tire fill ($50-200): Air is 78% nitrogen already
- Dealer prep fee ($200-500): Negotiate this off
- Market adjustment/ADM: Walk away and wait (or find another dealer)
- Extended warranty at signing: Can buy later for less (up to original warranty end)

CONSIDER (but negotiate price down or buy elsewhere):
- Gap insurance ($200-400 from dealer, often $20-50/yr from your insurer)
- Extended warranty (useful for out-of-warranty used cars, buy from third party cheaper)
- Maintenance plans (do the math vs pay-as-you-go)
```
---
## Phase 5: Trade-In Value Maximization

### Preparation Checklist
```
BEFORE GETTING TRADE-IN OFFERS:
1. CLEAN THE VEHICLE
   [ ] Professional detail or thorough self-clean
   [ ] Exterior wash and wax
   [ ] Interior vacuum and shampoo
   [ ] Clean windows inside and out
   [ ] Clean engine bay (light rinse, no power wash)
   [ ] Remove all personal items
   [ ] Remove bumper stickers if possible
   Cost: $100-200 for professional detail
   Potential return: $500-1,500 in perceived value
2. HANDLE MINOR REPAIRS
   [ ] Replace burnt-out bulbs ($5-20)
   [ ] Touch up minor scratches ($10-20)
   [ ] Ensure all features work (AC, radio, windows)
   [ ] Replace worn wiper blades ($20)
   [ ] Check and top off all fluids
3. GATHER DOCUMENTATION
   [ ] Title (or payoff amount if financed)
   [ ] Maintenance records (shows care)
   [ ] All sets of keys
   [ ] Owner's manual
   [ ] Any warranty documentation
4. GET MULTIPLE OFFERS
   [ ] CarMax (in-person appraisal, good baseline)
   [ ] Carvana (online offer)
   [ ] Vroom (online offer)
   [ ] KBB Instant Cash Offer (backed by participating dealers)
   [ ] Private sale (highest price but most effort)
PRIVATE SALE VS TRADE-IN:
Private sale typically gets 10-20% more than trade-in.
Trade-in is more convenient and may save sales tax
(in some states, trade-in value reduces taxable purchase price).
```
---
## Phase 6: Used Car Inspection

### Pre-Purchase Inspection Checklist
```
EXTERIOR:
[ ] Walk around looking for dents, scratches, rust, mismatched paint
[ ] Check panel gaps (should be even - uneven may indicate accident repair)
[ ] Open and close all doors (smooth operation?)
[ ] Check all glass for chips and cracks
[ ] Check tires (tread depth, even wear, matching brand/age)
[ ] Check underneath for rust, leaks, damage
[ ] Check all lights (headlights, turn signals, brake lights, reverse)

INTERIOR:
[ ] Check all seat adjustments and condition
[ ] Test AC and heat (both should blow cold/hot within 30 seconds)
[ ] Test all windows (up and down)
[ ] Test all locks (power and manual)
[ ] Check dashboard for warning lights (after starting)
[ ] Test radio, Bluetooth, navigation
[ ] Check trunk/cargo area
[ ] Smell for mustiness (water leak), smoke, or unusual odors
[ ] Check headliner for sagging or stains

UNDER THE HOOD:
[ ] Check oil (level, color, milky = head gasket issue)
[ ] Check coolant (level, color, oily = possible head gasket)
[ ] Check brake fluid level
[ ] Look for leaks (oil spots, coolant puddles)
[ ] Check battery (corrosion, age sticker)
[ ] Look for modified or missing parts
[ ] Check belts and hoses (cracking, bulging, wear)

DOCUMENTS:
[ ] Vehicle History Report (Carfax or AutoCheck)
[ ] Title (clean, no salvage/flood/rebuilt)
[ ] Maintenance records
[ ] How many previous owners
[ ] Accident history
[ ] Service history
```

### Test Drive Checklist
```
BEFORE STARTING:
[ ] Adjust mirrors and seat
[ ] Note mileage on odometer
[ ] Check all warning lights (should illuminate then turn off)
[ ] Test parking brake
STARTING:
[ ] Engine starts smoothly (no grinding, clicking, or excessive cranking)
[ ] No unusual smells (burning, gas, sweetness)
[ ] Idle is smooth (no shaking or rough idle)
DRIVING:
[ ] Acceleration is smooth (no hesitation or jerking)
[ ] Transmission shifts smoothly (no hard shifts, slipping, or delay)
[ ] Steering is straight (car doesn't pull left or right)
[ ] No vibrations at any speed
[ ] Brakes feel firm (no spongy pedal, grinding, or pulling)
[ ] No unusual sounds (knocking, whining, clunking)
[ ] Test at highway speeds (stability, wind noise, road noise)
[ ] Test parking maneuvers (steering, visibility, turning radius)
SPECIFIC TESTS:
[ ] Sharp turns: Listen for clicking (CV joints)
[ ] Speed bumps: Listen for clunking (suspension)
[ ] Emergency stop from 30 mph: ABS engagement, straight stop
[ ] Hill start: Clutch or transmission holds properly
[ ] Reverse: Smooth, no grinding
AFTER TEST DRIVE:
[ ] Park and let engine idle 5 minutes
[ ] Check under car for new drips or leaks
[ ] Smell exhaust (no burning oil smell, no white smoke persisting)
[ ] Re-check engine bay for leaks
ALWAYS GET A PRE-PURCHASE INSPECTION (PPI):
- Hire an independent mechanic to inspect before buying ($100-200)
- This is the single best investment you can make when buying used
- If the seller refuses an independent inspection, WALK AWAY
```
---
## Phase 7: Best Time to Buy

### Timing Your Purchase
```
BEST TIMES TO BUY:

December / Year End:
- Dealers clearing inventory for new model year
- Year-end sales quotas create motivation
- Best overall time for new cars

End of Month:
- Salespeople have monthly quotas
- Last 3-5 days of any month
- Especially effective combined with end of quarter (March, June, September, December)

Model Year Changeover (August - October):
- Previous year models discounted significantly
- New model year arriving, dealers need floor space
- Savings: $2,000-5,000+ on outgoing models

Holiday Weekends:
- Memorial Day, July 4th, Labor Day, Black Friday
- Dealers run promotions and have extended hours
- Manufacturer incentives typically increase

Mondays and Tuesdays:
- Less foot traffic = more attention from salespeople
- Salespeople more willing to deal (slower days)

WORST TIMES TO BUY:
- When you MUST buy (desperation = bad deals)
- First month of a new model launch (no discounts)
- Spring/early summer (demand is highest)
- When your trade-in has a problem (fix it first or sell privately)
```
---
## Output Format

When providing car buying guidance, present it as:
```
CAR BUYING ANALYSIS
Budget: $[Monthly] / $[Total]
Need: [Vehicle type and primary use]
New/Used: [Recommendation with reasoning]
Financing: [Recommendation]

RECOMMENDED VEHICLES:
# | Vehicle | Price Range | TCO (5yr) | Key Strengths

## Example

**Input:** "Help me get started with car buying guide"

**Output:** A structured car buying guide plan tailored to the user's specific situation, following the process outlined above.

## Edge Cases

- **Incomplete information:** Ask clarifying questions before proceeding. Do not assume details the user has not provided.
- **Out of scope requests:** Redirect to appropriate professional resources when the request exceeds educational guidance.
- **Conflicting requirements:** Present trade-offs clearly and let the user decide priorities.
