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{"type":"user","message":{"role":"user","content":[{"tool_use_id":"toolu_0174GH5E64kc1h515UUbESh8","type":"tool_result","content":"## Latest page snapshot\nuid=112_0 RootWebArea \"World population - Wikipedia\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population\"\n  uid=112_1 generic live=\"polite\" relevant=\"additions text\"\n  uid=112_2 link \"Jump to content\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#bodyContent\"\n    uid=112_3 StaticText \"Jump to content\"\n  uid=112_4 banner\n    uid=112_5 navigation \"Site\"\n      uid=112_6 button \"Main menu\" haspopup=\"menu\"\n    uid=112_7 link \"Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page\"\n      uid=112_8 image \"Wikipedia\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\"\n      uid=112_9 image \"The Free Encyclopedia\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\"\n    uid=112_10 search\n      uid=112_11 searchbox \"Search Wikipedia\" description=\"Search Wikipedia [ctrl-option-f]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+f\"\n      uid=112_12 button \"Search\"\n    uid=112_13 navigation \"Personal tools\"\n      uid=112_14 link \"Donate\" url=\"https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\"\n        uid=112_15 StaticText \"Donate\"\n      uid=112_16 link \"Create account\" description=\"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=World+population\"\n        uid=112_17 StaticText \"Create account\"\n      uid=112_18 link \"Log in\" description=\"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-option-o]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+o\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=World+population\"\n        uid=112_19 StaticText \"Log in\"\n  uid=112_20 navigation \"Contents\"\n    uid=112_21 heading \"Contents\" level=\"2\"\n    uid=112_22 button \"hide\"\n    uid=112_23 link \"(Top)\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#\"\n      uid=112_24 StaticText \"(Top)\"\n    uid=112_25 link \"History\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#History\"\n      uid=112_26 StaticText \"History\"\n    uid=112_27 button \"Toggle History subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_28 link \"Global demographics\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Global_demographics\"\n      uid=112_29 StaticText \"Global demographics\"\n    uid=112_30 link \"Population by region\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Population_by_region\"\n      uid=112_31 StaticText \"Population by region\"\n    uid=112_32 link \"Largest populations by country\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Largest_populations_by_country\"\n      uid=112_33 StaticText \"Largest populations by country\"\n    uid=112_34 button \"Toggle Largest populations by country subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_35 link \"Fluctuation\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Fluctuation\"\n      uid=112_36 StaticText \"Fluctuation\"\n    uid=112_37 button \"Toggle Fluctuation subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_38 link \"Mathematical approximations\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Mathematical_approximations\"\n      uid=112_39 StaticText \"Mathematical approximations\"\n    uid=112_40 button \"Toggle Mathematical approximations subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_41 link \"Number of humans who have ever lived\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Number_of_humans_who_have_ever_lived\"\n      uid=112_42 StaticText \"Number of humans who have ever lived\"\n    uid=112_43 link \"Human population as a function of food availability\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Human_population_as_a_function_of_food_availability\"\n      uid=112_44 StaticText \"Human population as a function of food availability\"\n    uid=112_45 link \"See also\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#See_also\"\n      uid=112_46 StaticText \"See also\"\n    uid=112_47 link \"Explanatory notes\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Explanatory_notes\"\n      uid=112_48 StaticText \"Explanatory notes\"\n    uid=112_49 link \"Sources\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Sources\"\n      uid=112_50 StaticText \"Sources\"\n    uid=112_51 link \"References\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#References\"\n      uid=112_52 StaticText \"References\"\n    uid=112_53 button \"Toggle References subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_54 link \"Further reading\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Further_reading\"\n      uid=112_55 StaticText \"Further reading\"\n    uid=112_56 link \"External links\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#External_links\"\n      uid=112_57 StaticText \"External links\"\n  uid=112_58 main\n    uid=112_59 heading \"World population\" level=\"1\"\n    uid=112_60 button \"Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages\" haspopup=\"menu\"\n    uid=112_61 navigation \"Namespaces\"\n      uid=112_62 link \"Article\" description=\"View the content page [ctrl-option-c]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+c\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population\"\n        uid=112_63 StaticText \"Article\"\n      uid=112_64 link \"Talk\" description=\"Discuss improvements to the content page [ctrl-option-t]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+t\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:World_population\"\n        uid=112_65 StaticText \"Talk\"\n    uid=112_66 navigation \"Views\"\n      uid=112_67 link \"Read\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population\"\n        uid=112_68 StaticText \"Read\"\n      uid=112_69 link \"View source\" description=\"This page is protected. You can view its source [ctrl-option-e]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+e\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_population&action=edit\"\n        uid=112_70 StaticText \"View source\"\n      uid=112_71 link \"View history\" description=\"Past revisions of this page [ctrl-option-h]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+h\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_population&action=history\"\n        uid=112_72 StaticText \"View history\"\n    uid=112_73 navigation \"Page tools\"\n      uid=112_74 button \"Tools\" haspopup=\"menu\"\n    uid=112_75 navigation \"Appearance\"\n      uid=112_76 StaticText \"Appearance\"\n      uid=112_77 button \"hide\"\n      uid=112_78 StaticText \"Birthday mode (Baby Globe)\"\n      uid=112_79 radio \"Disabled\"\n      uid=112_80 StaticText \"Disabled\"\n      uid=112_81 radio \"Enabled\" checked\n      uid=112_82 StaticText \"Enabled\"\n      uid=112_83 link \"Learn more about Birthday mode\" url=\"https://wikimediafoundation.org/wikipedia25/wikipedia-mascot/?utm_campaign=wpam&utm_source=wpam&utm_medium=wpamen\"\n        uid=112_84 StaticText \"Learn more about Birthday mode\"\n      uid=112_85 StaticText \"Text\"\n      uid=112_86 radio \"Small\"\n      uid=112_87 StaticText \"Small\"\n      uid=112_88 radio \"Standard\" checked\n      uid=112_89 StaticText \"Standard\"\n      uid=112_90 radio \"Large\"\n      uid=112_91 StaticText \"Large\"\n      uid=112_92 StaticText \"Width\"\n      uid=112_93 radio \"Standard\" checked\n      uid=112_94 StaticText \"Standard\"\n      uid=112_95 radio \"Wide\"\n      uid=112_96 StaticText \"Wide\"\n      uid=112_97 StaticText \"Color \"\n      uid=112_98 StaticText \"(beta)\"\n      uid=112_99 radio \"Automatic\"\n      uid=112_100 StaticText \"Automatic\"\n      uid=112_101 radio \"Light\" checked\n      uid=112_102 StaticText \"Light\"\n      uid=112_103 radio \"Dark\"\n      uid=112_104 StaticText \"Dark\"\n    uid=112_105 link \"Page semi-protected\" description=\"This article is semi-protected due to vandalism\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi\"\n      uid=112_106 image \"Page semi-protected\" url=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png\"\n    uid=112_107 StaticText \"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\"\n    uid=112_108 link url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Population_Prospects.svg\"\n    uid=112_109 StaticText \"High, medium, and low projections of the future human world population\"\n    uid=112_110 link \"[1]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:4-1\"\n      uid=112_111 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_112 StaticText \"1\"\n      uid=112_113 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_114 StaticText \"In \"\n    uid=112_115 link \"world demographics\" description=\"Demographics of the world\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world\"\n      uid=112_116 StaticText \"world demographics\"\n    uid=112_117 StaticText \", the \"\n    uid=112_118 StaticText \"world population\"\n    uid=112_119 StaticText \" is the total number of humans currently alive. It was estimated by the \"\n    uid=112_120 link \"United Nations\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations\"\n      uid=112_121 StaticText \"United Nations\"\n    uid=112_122 StaticText \" to have \"\n    uid=112_123 link \"exceeded 8 billion\" description=\"Day of Eight Billion\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion\"\n      uid=112_124 StaticText \"exceeded 8 billion\"\n    uid=112_125 StaticText \" (8,000,000,000) on November 15, 2022. It took around 300,000 years of human \"\n    uid=112_126 link \"prehistory\" description=\"Prehistory\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory\"\n      uid=112_127 StaticText \"prehistory\"\n    uid=112_128 StaticText \" and \"\n    uid=112_129 link \"history\" description=\"Human history\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history\"\n      uid=112_130 StaticText \"history\"\n    uid=112_131 StaticText \" for the human population to reach a billion and only 218 more years from there to reach 8 billion. As of 2026, the world population is approximately 8.3 billion.\"\n    uid=112_132 link \"[2]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:5-2\"\n      uid=112_133 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_134 StaticText \"2\"\n      uid=112_135 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_136 StaticText \"The human population experienced \"\n    uid=112_137 link \"continuous growth\" description=\"Population growth\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth\"\n      uid=112_138 StaticText \"continuous growth\"\n    uid=112_139 StaticText \" following the \"\n    uid=112_140 link \"Great Famine of 1315–1317\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317\"\n      uid=112_141 StaticText \"Great Famine of 1315–1317\"\n    uid=112_142 StaticText \" and the end of the \"\n    uid=112_143 link \"Black Death\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death\"\n      uid=112_144 StaticText \"Black Death\"\n    uid=112_145 StaticText \" in 1350, when it had reached nearly 370 million.\"\n    uid=112_146 link \"[3]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-3\"\n      uid=112_147 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_148 StaticText \"3\"\n      uid=112_149 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_150 StaticText \" The highest global \"\n    uid=112_151 link \"population growth rates\" description=\"List of countries by population growth rate\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate\"\n      uid=112_152 StaticText \"population growth rates\"\n    uid=112_153 StaticText \", with increases of over 1.8% per year, occurred between 1955 and 1975, peaking at 2.1% between 1965 and 1970.\"\n    uid=112_154 link \"[4]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:1-4\"\n      uid=112_155 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_156 StaticText \"4\"\n      uid=112_157 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_158 StaticText \" The growth rate declined to 1.1% between 2015 and 2020 and is projected to decline further in the 21st century.\"\n    uid=112_159 link \"[5]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:8-5\"\n      uid=112_160 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_161 StaticText \"5\"\n      uid=112_162 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_163 StaticText \" The global population is still increasing, but there is significant uncertainty about its long-term trajectory due to changing \"\n    uid=112_164 link \"fertility\" description=\"Total fertility rate\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate\"\n      uid=112_165 StaticText \"fertility\"\n    uid=112_166 StaticText \" and \"\n    uid=112_167 link \"mortality\" description=\"Mortality rate\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate\"\n      uid=112_168 StaticText \"mortality\"\n    uid=112_169 StaticText \" rates.\"\n    uid=112_170 link \"[6]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-6\"\n      uid=112_171 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_172 StaticText \"6\"\n      uid=112_173 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_174 StaticText \" The \"\n    uid=112_175 link \"UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNDESA)\" description=\"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs\"\n      uid=112_176 StaticText \"UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNDESA)\"\n    uid=112_177 StaticText \" has projected the world population to reach between 9 and 10 billion people by 2050, providing an 80% \"\n    uid=112_178 link \"confidence interval\" description=\"Confidence interval\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval\"\n      uid=112_179 StaticText \"confidence interval\"\n    uid=112_180 StaticText \" of 10–12 billion by the end of the 21st century,\"\n    uid=112_181 link \"[1]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:4-1\"\n      uid=112_182 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_183 StaticText \"1\"\n      uid=112_184 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_185 StaticText \" with a growth rate by then of zero. However, other \"\n    uid=112_186 link \"demographers\" description=\"Demography\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography\"\n      uid=112_187 StaticText \"demographers\"\n    uid=112_188 StaticText \" predict that the human population may begin to decline in the second half of the 21st century if global fertility rates continue to fall.\"\n    uid=112_189 link \"[7]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-7\"\n      uid=112_190 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_191 StaticText \"7\"\n      uid=112_192 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_193 StaticText \"The total number of births globally, as of 2024, is approximately 132 million/year, which is projected to peak during the period 2040–2045 at 141 million/year and then decline slowly to 126 million/year by 2100.\"\n    uid=112_194 link \"[8]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-8\"\n      uid=112_195 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_196 StaticText \"8\"\n      uid=112_197 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_198 StaticText \" The total number of deaths is currently 63 million/year and is projected to grow steadily to 122 million/year by 2100.\"\n    uid=112_199 link \"[9]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-9\"\n      uid=112_200 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_201 StaticText \"9\"\n      uid=112_202 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_203 StaticText \"The \"\n    uid=112_204 link \"global median age\" description=\"Population pyramid\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid\"\n      uid=112_205 StaticText \"global median age\"\n    uid=112_206 StaticText \" of human beings, as of 2026, is 31.1 years.\"\n    uid=112_207 link \"[10]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:0-10\"\n      uid=112_208 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_209 StaticText \"10\"\n      uid=112_210 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_211 link \"[2]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:5-2\"\n      uid=112_212 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_213 StaticText \"2\"\n      uid=112_214 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_215 heading \"History\" level=\"2\"\n    uid=112_216 StaticText \"Further information: \"\n    uid=112_217 link \"Estimates of historical world population\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population\"\n      uid=112_218 StaticText \"Estimates of historical world population\"\n    uid=112_219 StaticText \" and \"\n    uid=112_220 link \"Human history\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history\"\n      uid=112_221 StaticText \"Human history\"\n    uid=112_222 link url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_of_contemporary_and_past_human_populations_Our_World_in_Data.png\"\n    uid=112_223 StaticText \"Visual comparison of the world population in past and present\"\n    uid=112_224 StaticText \"Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of \"\n    uid=112_225 link \"modernity\" description=\"Modernity\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity\"\n      uid=112_226 StaticText \"modernity\"\n    uid=112_227 StaticText \", possible only since the \"\n    uid=112_228 link \"Age of Discovery\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery\"\n      uid=112_229 StaticText \"Age of Discovery\"\n    uid=112_230 StaticText \". Early estimates for the population of the world\"\n    uid=112_231 link \"[11]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-11\"\n      uid=112_232 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_233 StaticText \"11\"\n      uid=112_234 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_235 StaticText \" date to the 17th century: \"\n    uid=112_236 link \"William Petty\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Petty\"\n      uid=112_237 StaticText \"William Petty\"\n    uid=112_238 StaticText \", in 1682, estimated the world population at 320 million (current estimates ranging close to twice this number); by the late 18th century, estimates ranged close to one billion (consistent with current estimates).\"\n    uid=112_239 link \"[12]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-12\"\n      uid=112_240 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_241 StaticText \"12\"\n      uid=112_242 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_243 StaticText \" More refined estimates, broken down by continents, were published in the first half of the 19th century, at 600 million to 1 billion in the early 1800s and 800 million to 1 billion in the 1840s.\"\n    uid=112_244 link \"[13]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-13\"\n      uid=112_245 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_246 StaticText \"13\"\n      uid=112_247 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_248 StaticText \"It is difficult for estimates to be better than rough approximations, as even current population estimates are fraught with uncertainties from 3% to 5%.\"\n    uid=112_249 link \"[14]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-Kapitza2-14\"\n      uid=112_250 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_251 StaticText \"14\"\n      uid=112_252 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_253 heading \"Prehistoric patterns\" level=\"3\"\n    uid=112_254 StaticText \"The history of the world's population involves a great deal of speculation. Before 9000 BC, virtually all humans were hunter-gatherers living in small bands that usually verged on the edge of extinction. Survival depended on the capture of hunted animals; if supply of animals dwindled for any reason, humans would starve; if the human population grew too large the number of surviving animals would shrink, leading to starvation the next year for the hunters (humans had not yet invented the technique of domesticating and herding animals). The hunting cultures sometimes fished, and usually gathered wild seeds and nuts, but they did not plant or grow vegetables or any other crops. One very rough estimate is 8 million hunters lived circa 9000 BC when the first of several \"\"\n    uid=112_255 link \"agricultural revolutions\" description=\"Neolithic Revolution\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution\"\n      uid=112_256 StaticText \"agricultural revolutions\"\n    uid=112_257 StaticText \"\" occurred in the eastern hemisphere (the dates are very conjectural). Around the year 9000 BC in the Middle East, for reasons unknown, some groups began to domesticate and graze sheep. The practice of cultivating plants was invented independently in three places: in the Middle East and Europe (wheat, 6500–3500 BC), in Southeast Asia (rice, 6800–4000 BC), and in Central America and Peru (corn, about 2500 BC).\"\n    uid=112_258 link \"[15]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-15\"\n      uid=112_259 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_260 StaticText \"15\"\n      uid=112_261 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_262 StaticText \"Agriculture provided a steady food supply that could be stored for a year or longer in order to minimize the risk of famine. Farm production could be expanded by systematic human exertion. The new technology of farming meant that the food supply was proportional to the number of workers who could plant and harvest the crops. Every new pair of hands meant more food for the community, so children were valued in agricultural societies. Later, additional workers found useful work in building irrigation canals and systems that provided a stable water supply for crops, especially in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Peru and Mexico. The population could now grow because new people paid their own way. (It would take many centuries before the arable land supply became a limiting factor.) However, death rates were high, especially for infants and children, so even with high birth rates growth was slow. The same amount of land could support either 1,000 hunters or 100,000 farmers, and it is easy to see which side ultimately would win a fight for the land. Farmers gathered in permanent villages, and through a process of warfare consolidated into much larger states, including those in China, India, Egypt and Mesopotamia. From 300 to 1400 AD large agricultural states also existed throughout the eastern United States, called the \"\"\n    uid=112_263 link \"Hopewell tradition\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_tradition\"\n      uid=112_264 StaticText \"Hopewell tradition\"\n    uid=112_265 StaticText \"\" and \"\"\n    uid=112_266 link \"Mississippian cultures\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_cultures\"\n      uid=112_267 StaticText \"Mississippian cultures\"\n    uid=112_268 StaticText \"\". They are most famous as \"\n    uid=112_269 link \"Mound Builders\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Builders\"\n      uid=112_270 StaticText \"Mound Builders\"\n    uid=112_271 StaticText \", but their culture collapsed (for unknown reasons) by 1500. The natives encountered by the English and French were nomadic hunters who supplemented their meat diet with cultivated vegetables.\"\n    uid=112_272 link \"[16]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-16\"\n      uid=112_273 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_274 StaticText \"16\"\n      uid=112_275 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_276 link \"[17]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-17\"\n      uid=112_277 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_278 StaticText \"17\"\n      uid=112_279 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_280 heading \"Ancient and post-classical history\" level=\"3\"\n    uid=112_281 StaticText \"Main articles: \"\n    uid=112_282 link \"Classical demography\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_demography\"\n      uid=112_283 StaticText \"Classical demography\"\n    uid=112_284 StaticText \" and \"\n    uid=112_285 link \"Medieval demography\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_demography\"\n      uid=112_286 StaticText \"Medieval demography\"\n    uid=112_287 link url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_curve.svg\"\n    uid=112_288 StaticText \"Graph of human population from 10 000 BC to 2000 \"\n    uid=112_289 link \"AD\" description=\"Anno Domini\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini\"\n      uid=112_290 StaticText \"AD\"\n    uid=112_291 StaticText \". It shows exponential rise in world population that has taken place since the end of the seventeenth century.\"\n    uid=112_292 StaticText \"Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million.\"\n    uid=112_293 link \"[18]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-18\"\n      uid=112_294 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_295 StaticText \"18\"\n      uid=112_296 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_297 link \"[19]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-19\"\n      uid=112_298 StaticText \"[\"","is_error":false}]},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"9e21e0d5-cdde-40a4-8fba-e9a2393065f8","timestamp":"2026-04-07T20:02:08.042Z","tool_use_result":{"stdout":"## Latest page snapshot\nuid=112_0 RootWebArea \"World population - Wikipedia\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population\"\n  uid=112_1 generic live=\"polite\" relevant=\"additions text\"\n  uid=112_2 link \"Jump to content\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#bodyContent\"\n    uid=112_3 StaticText \"Jump to content\"\n  uid=112_4 banner\n    uid=112_5 navigation \"Site\"\n      uid=112_6 button \"Main menu\" haspopup=\"menu\"\n    uid=112_7 link \"Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page\"\n      uid=112_8 image \"Wikipedia\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\"\n      uid=112_9 image \"The Free Encyclopedia\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\"\n    uid=112_10 search\n      uid=112_11 searchbox \"Search Wikipedia\" description=\"Search Wikipedia [ctrl-option-f]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+f\"\n      uid=112_12 button \"Search\"\n    uid=112_13 navigation \"Personal tools\"\n      uid=112_14 link \"Donate\" url=\"https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\"\n        uid=112_15 StaticText \"Donate\"\n      uid=112_16 link \"Create account\" description=\"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=World+population\"\n        uid=112_17 StaticText \"Create account\"\n      uid=112_18 link \"Log in\" description=\"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-option-o]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+o\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=World+population\"\n        uid=112_19 StaticText \"Log in\"\n  uid=112_20 navigation \"Contents\"\n    uid=112_21 heading \"Contents\" level=\"2\"\n    uid=112_22 button \"hide\"\n    uid=112_23 link \"(Top)\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#\"\n      uid=112_24 StaticText \"(Top)\"\n    uid=112_25 link \"History\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#History\"\n      uid=112_26 StaticText \"History\"\n    uid=112_27 button \"Toggle History subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_28 link \"Global demographics\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Global_demographics\"\n      uid=112_29 StaticText \"Global demographics\"\n    uid=112_30 link \"Population by region\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Population_by_region\"\n      uid=112_31 StaticText \"Population by region\"\n    uid=112_32 link \"Largest populations by country\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Largest_populations_by_country\"\n      uid=112_33 StaticText \"Largest populations by country\"\n    uid=112_34 button \"Toggle Largest populations by country subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_35 link \"Fluctuation\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Fluctuation\"\n      uid=112_36 StaticText \"Fluctuation\"\n    uid=112_37 button \"Toggle Fluctuation subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_38 link \"Mathematical approximations\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Mathematical_approximations\"\n      uid=112_39 StaticText \"Mathematical approximations\"\n    uid=112_40 button \"Toggle Mathematical approximations subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_41 link \"Number of humans who have ever lived\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Number_of_humans_who_have_ever_lived\"\n      uid=112_42 StaticText \"Number of humans who have ever lived\"\n    uid=112_43 link \"Human population as a function of food availability\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Human_population_as_a_function_of_food_availability\"\n      uid=112_44 StaticText \"Human population as a function of food availability\"\n    uid=112_45 link \"See also\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#See_also\"\n      uid=112_46 StaticText \"See also\"\n    uid=112_47 link \"Explanatory notes\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Explanatory_notes\"\n      uid=112_48 StaticText \"Explanatory notes\"\n    uid=112_49 link \"Sources\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Sources\"\n      uid=112_50 StaticText \"Sources\"\n    uid=112_51 link \"References\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#References\"\n      uid=112_52 StaticText \"References\"\n    uid=112_53 button \"Toggle References subsection\" expandable\n    uid=112_54 link \"Further reading\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#Further_reading\"\n      uid=112_55 StaticText \"Further reading\"\n    uid=112_56 link \"External links\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#External_links\"\n      uid=112_57 StaticText \"External links\"\n  uid=112_58 main\n    uid=112_59 heading \"World population\" level=\"1\"\n    uid=112_60 button \"Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages\" haspopup=\"menu\"\n    uid=112_61 navigation \"Namespaces\"\n      uid=112_62 link \"Article\" description=\"View the content page [ctrl-option-c]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+c\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population\"\n        uid=112_63 StaticText \"Article\"\n      uid=112_64 link \"Talk\" description=\"Discuss improvements to the content page [ctrl-option-t]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+t\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:World_population\"\n        uid=112_65 StaticText \"Talk\"\n    uid=112_66 navigation \"Views\"\n      uid=112_67 link \"Read\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population\"\n        uid=112_68 StaticText \"Read\"\n      uid=112_69 link \"View source\" description=\"This page is protected. You can view its source [ctrl-option-e]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+e\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_population&action=edit\"\n        uid=112_70 StaticText \"View source\"\n      uid=112_71 link \"View history\" description=\"Past revisions of this page [ctrl-option-h]\" keyshortcuts=\"Ctrl+Alt+h\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_population&action=history\"\n        uid=112_72 StaticText \"View history\"\n    uid=112_73 navigation \"Page tools\"\n      uid=112_74 button \"Tools\" haspopup=\"menu\"\n    uid=112_75 navigation \"Appearance\"\n      uid=112_76 StaticText \"Appearance\"\n      uid=112_77 button \"hide\"\n      uid=112_78 StaticText \"Birthday mode (Baby Globe)\"\n      uid=112_79 radio \"Disabled\"\n      uid=112_80 StaticText \"Disabled\"\n      uid=112_81 radio \"Enabled\" checked\n      uid=112_82 StaticText \"Enabled\"\n      uid=112_83 link \"Learn more about Birthday mode\" url=\"https://wikimediafoundation.org/wikipedia25/wikipedia-mascot/?utm_campaign=wpam&utm_source=wpam&utm_medium=wpamen\"\n        uid=112_84 StaticText \"Learn more about Birthday mode\"\n      uid=112_85 StaticText \"Text\"\n      uid=112_86 radio \"Small\"\n      uid=112_87 StaticText \"Small\"\n      uid=112_88 radio \"Standard\" checked\n      uid=112_89 StaticText \"Standard\"\n      uid=112_90 radio \"Large\"\n      uid=112_91 StaticText \"Large\"\n      uid=112_92 StaticText \"Width\"\n      uid=112_93 radio \"Standard\" checked\n      uid=112_94 StaticText \"Standard\"\n      uid=112_95 radio \"Wide\"\n      uid=112_96 StaticText \"Wide\"\n      uid=112_97 StaticText \"Color \"\n      uid=112_98 StaticText \"(beta)\"\n      uid=112_99 radio \"Automatic\"\n      uid=112_100 StaticText \"Automatic\"\n      uid=112_101 radio \"Light\" checked\n      uid=112_102 StaticText \"Light\"\n      uid=112_103 radio \"Dark\"\n      uid=112_104 StaticText \"Dark\"\n    uid=112_105 link \"Page semi-protected\" description=\"This article is semi-protected due to vandalism\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi\"\n      uid=112_106 image \"Page semi-protected\" url=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png\"\n    uid=112_107 StaticText \"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\"\n    uid=112_108 link url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Population_Prospects.svg\"\n    uid=112_109 StaticText \"High, medium, and low projections of the future human world population\"\n    uid=112_110 link \"[1]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:4-1\"\n      uid=112_111 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_112 StaticText \"1\"\n      uid=112_113 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_114 StaticText \"In \"\n    uid=112_115 link \"world demographics\" description=\"Demographics of the world\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world\"\n      uid=112_116 StaticText \"world demographics\"\n    uid=112_117 StaticText \", the \"\n    uid=112_118 StaticText \"world population\"\n    uid=112_119 StaticText \" is the total number of humans currently alive. It was estimated by the \"\n    uid=112_120 link \"United Nations\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations\"\n      uid=112_121 StaticText \"United Nations\"\n    uid=112_122 StaticText \" to have \"\n    uid=112_123 link \"exceeded 8 billion\" description=\"Day of Eight Billion\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion\"\n      uid=112_124 StaticText \"exceeded 8 billion\"\n    uid=112_125 StaticText \" (8,000,000,000) on November 15, 2022. It took around 300,000 years of human \"\n    uid=112_126 link \"prehistory\" description=\"Prehistory\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory\"\n      uid=112_127 StaticText \"prehistory\"\n    uid=112_128 StaticText \" and \"\n    uid=112_129 link \"history\" description=\"Human history\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history\"\n      uid=112_130 StaticText \"history\"\n    uid=112_131 StaticText \" for the human population to reach a billion and only 218 more years from there to reach 8 billion. As of 2026, the world population is approximately 8.3 billion.\"\n    uid=112_132 link \"[2]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:5-2\"\n      uid=112_133 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_134 StaticText \"2\"\n      uid=112_135 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_136 StaticText \"The human population experienced \"\n    uid=112_137 link \"continuous growth\" description=\"Population growth\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth\"\n      uid=112_138 StaticText \"continuous growth\"\n    uid=112_139 StaticText \" following the \"\n    uid=112_140 link \"Great Famine of 1315–1317\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317\"\n      uid=112_141 StaticText \"Great Famine of 1315–1317\"\n    uid=112_142 StaticText \" and the end of the \"\n    uid=112_143 link \"Black Death\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death\"\n      uid=112_144 StaticText \"Black Death\"\n    uid=112_145 StaticText \" in 1350, when it had reached nearly 370 million.\"\n    uid=112_146 link \"[3]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-3\"\n      uid=112_147 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_148 StaticText \"3\"\n      uid=112_149 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_150 StaticText \" The highest global \"\n    uid=112_151 link \"population growth rates\" description=\"List of countries by population growth rate\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate\"\n      uid=112_152 StaticText \"population growth rates\"\n    uid=112_153 StaticText \", with increases of over 1.8% per year, occurred between 1955 and 1975, peaking at 2.1% between 1965 and 1970.\"\n    uid=112_154 link \"[4]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:1-4\"\n      uid=112_155 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_156 StaticText \"4\"\n      uid=112_157 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_158 StaticText \" The growth rate declined to 1.1% between 2015 and 2020 and is projected to decline further in the 21st century.\"\n    uid=112_159 link \"[5]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:8-5\"\n      uid=112_160 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_161 StaticText \"5\"\n      uid=112_162 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_163 StaticText \" The global population is still increasing, but there is significant uncertainty about its long-term trajectory due to changing \"\n    uid=112_164 link \"fertility\" description=\"Total fertility rate\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate\"\n      uid=112_165 StaticText \"fertility\"\n    uid=112_166 StaticText \" and \"\n    uid=112_167 link \"mortality\" description=\"Mortality rate\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate\"\n      uid=112_168 StaticText \"mortality\"\n    uid=112_169 StaticText \" rates.\"\n    uid=112_170 link \"[6]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-6\"\n      uid=112_171 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_172 StaticText \"6\"\n      uid=112_173 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_174 StaticText \" The \"\n    uid=112_175 link \"UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNDESA)\" description=\"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs\"\n      uid=112_176 StaticText \"UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNDESA)\"\n    uid=112_177 StaticText \" has projected the world population to reach between 9 and 10 billion people by 2050, providing an 80% \"\n    uid=112_178 link \"confidence interval\" description=\"Confidence interval\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval\"\n      uid=112_179 StaticText \"confidence interval\"\n    uid=112_180 StaticText \" of 10–12 billion by the end of the 21st century,\"\n    uid=112_181 link \"[1]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:4-1\"\n      uid=112_182 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_183 StaticText \"1\"\n      uid=112_184 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_185 StaticText \" with a growth rate by then of zero. However, other \"\n    uid=112_186 link \"demographers\" description=\"Demography\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography\"\n      uid=112_187 StaticText \"demographers\"\n    uid=112_188 StaticText \" predict that the human population may begin to decline in the second half of the 21st century if global fertility rates continue to fall.\"\n    uid=112_189 link \"[7]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-7\"\n      uid=112_190 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_191 StaticText \"7\"\n      uid=112_192 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_193 StaticText \"The total number of births globally, as of 2024, is approximately 132 million/year, which is projected to peak during the period 2040–2045 at 141 million/year and then decline slowly to 126 million/year by 2100.\"\n    uid=112_194 link \"[8]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-8\"\n      uid=112_195 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_196 StaticText \"8\"\n      uid=112_197 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_198 StaticText \" The total number of deaths is currently 63 million/year and is projected to grow steadily to 122 million/year by 2100.\"\n    uid=112_199 link \"[9]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-9\"\n      uid=112_200 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_201 StaticText \"9\"\n      uid=112_202 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_203 StaticText \"The \"\n    uid=112_204 link \"global median age\" description=\"Population pyramid\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid\"\n      uid=112_205 StaticText \"global median age\"\n    uid=112_206 StaticText \" of human beings, as of 2026, is 31.1 years.\"\n    uid=112_207 link \"[10]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:0-10\"\n      uid=112_208 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_209 StaticText \"10\"\n      uid=112_210 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_211 link \"[2]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-:5-2\"\n      uid=112_212 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_213 StaticText \"2\"\n      uid=112_214 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_215 heading \"History\" level=\"2\"\n    uid=112_216 StaticText \"Further information: \"\n    uid=112_217 link \"Estimates of historical world population\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population\"\n      uid=112_218 StaticText \"Estimates of historical world population\"\n    uid=112_219 StaticText \" and \"\n    uid=112_220 link \"Human history\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history\"\n      uid=112_221 StaticText \"Human history\"\n    uid=112_222 link url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_of_contemporary_and_past_human_populations_Our_World_in_Data.png\"\n    uid=112_223 StaticText \"Visual comparison of the world population in past and present\"\n    uid=112_224 StaticText \"Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of \"\n    uid=112_225 link \"modernity\" description=\"Modernity\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity\"\n      uid=112_226 StaticText \"modernity\"\n    uid=112_227 StaticText \", possible only since the \"\n    uid=112_228 link \"Age of Discovery\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery\"\n      uid=112_229 StaticText \"Age of Discovery\"\n    uid=112_230 StaticText \". Early estimates for the population of the world\"\n    uid=112_231 link \"[11]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-11\"\n      uid=112_232 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_233 StaticText \"11\"\n      uid=112_234 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_235 StaticText \" date to the 17th century: \"\n    uid=112_236 link \"William Petty\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Petty\"\n      uid=112_237 StaticText \"William Petty\"\n    uid=112_238 StaticText \", in 1682, estimated the world population at 320 million (current estimates ranging close to twice this number); by the late 18th century, estimates ranged close to one billion (consistent with current estimates).\"\n    uid=112_239 link \"[12]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-12\"\n      uid=112_240 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_241 StaticText \"12\"\n      uid=112_242 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_243 StaticText \" More refined estimates, broken down by continents, were published in the first half of the 19th century, at 600 million to 1 billion in the early 1800s and 800 million to 1 billion in the 1840s.\"\n    uid=112_244 link \"[13]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-13\"\n      uid=112_245 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_246 StaticText \"13\"\n      uid=112_247 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_248 StaticText \"It is difficult for estimates to be better than rough approximations, as even current population estimates are fraught with uncertainties from 3% to 5%.\"\n    uid=112_249 link \"[14]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-Kapitza2-14\"\n      uid=112_250 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_251 StaticText \"14\"\n      uid=112_252 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_253 heading \"Prehistoric patterns\" level=\"3\"\n    uid=112_254 StaticText \"The history of the world's population involves a great deal of speculation. Before 9000 BC, virtually all humans were hunter-gatherers living in small bands that usually verged on the edge of extinction. Survival depended on the capture of hunted animals; if supply of animals dwindled for any reason, humans would starve; if the human population grew too large the number of surviving animals would shrink, leading to starvation the next year for the hunters (humans had not yet invented the technique of domesticating and herding animals). The hunting cultures sometimes fished, and usually gathered wild seeds and nuts, but they did not plant or grow vegetables or any other crops. One very rough estimate is 8 million hunters lived circa 9000 BC when the first of several \"\"\n    uid=112_255 link \"agricultural revolutions\" description=\"Neolithic Revolution\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution\"\n      uid=112_256 StaticText \"agricultural revolutions\"\n    uid=112_257 StaticText \"\" occurred in the eastern hemisphere (the dates are very conjectural). Around the year 9000 BC in the Middle East, for reasons unknown, some groups began to domesticate and graze sheep. The practice of cultivating plants was invented independently in three places: in the Middle East and Europe (wheat, 6500–3500 BC), in Southeast Asia (rice, 6800–4000 BC), and in Central America and Peru (corn, about 2500 BC).\"\n    uid=112_258 link \"[15]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-15\"\n      uid=112_259 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_260 StaticText \"15\"\n      uid=112_261 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_262 StaticText \"Agriculture provided a steady food supply that could be stored for a year or longer in order to minimize the risk of famine. Farm production could be expanded by systematic human exertion. The new technology of farming meant that the food supply was proportional to the number of workers who could plant and harvest the crops. Every new pair of hands meant more food for the community, so children were valued in agricultural societies. Later, additional workers found useful work in building irrigation canals and systems that provided a stable water supply for crops, especially in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Peru and Mexico. The population could now grow because new people paid their own way. (It would take many centuries before the arable land supply became a limiting factor.) However, death rates were high, especially for infants and children, so even with high birth rates growth was slow. The same amount of land could support either 1,000 hunters or 100,000 farmers, and it is easy to see which side ultimately would win a fight for the land. Farmers gathered in permanent villages, and through a process of warfare consolidated into much larger states, including those in China, India, Egypt and Mesopotamia. From 300 to 1400 AD large agricultural states also existed throughout the eastern United States, called the \"\"\n    uid=112_263 link \"Hopewell tradition\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_tradition\"\n      uid=112_264 StaticText \"Hopewell tradition\"\n    uid=112_265 StaticText \"\" and \"\"\n    uid=112_266 link \"Mississippian cultures\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_cultures\"\n      uid=112_267 StaticText \"Mississippian cultures\"\n    uid=112_268 StaticText \"\". They are most famous as \"\n    uid=112_269 link \"Mound Builders\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Builders\"\n      uid=112_270 StaticText \"Mound Builders\"\n    uid=112_271 StaticText \", but their culture collapsed (for unknown reasons) by 1500. The natives encountered by the English and French were nomadic hunters who supplemented their meat diet with cultivated vegetables.\"\n    uid=112_272 link \"[16]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-16\"\n      uid=112_273 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_274 StaticText \"16\"\n      uid=112_275 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_276 link \"[17]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-17\"\n      uid=112_277 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_278 StaticText \"17\"\n      uid=112_279 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_280 heading \"Ancient and post-classical history\" level=\"3\"\n    uid=112_281 StaticText \"Main articles: \"\n    uid=112_282 link \"Classical demography\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_demography\"\n      uid=112_283 StaticText \"Classical demography\"\n    uid=112_284 StaticText \" and \"\n    uid=112_285 link \"Medieval demography\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_demography\"\n      uid=112_286 StaticText \"Medieval demography\"\n    uid=112_287 link url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_curve.svg\"\n    uid=112_288 StaticText \"Graph of human population from 10 000 BC to 2000 \"\n    uid=112_289 link \"AD\" description=\"Anno Domini\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini\"\n      uid=112_290 StaticText \"AD\"\n    uid=112_291 StaticText \". It shows exponential rise in world population that has taken place since the end of the seventeenth century.\"\n    uid=112_292 StaticText \"Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million.\"\n    uid=112_293 link \"[18]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-18\"\n      uid=112_294 StaticText \"[\"\n      uid=112_295 StaticText \"18\"\n      uid=112_296 StaticText \"]\"\n    uid=112_297 link \"[19]\" url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population#cite_note-19\"\n      uid=112_298 StaticText \"[\"","stderr":"","interrupted":false,"isImage":false,"noOutputExpected":false}}
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{"type":"assistant","message":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","id":"msg_01PQgAuv3aYaimvzDhLmnVJJ","type":"message","role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"tool_use","id":"toolu_0118oHNj3WTLYFUx9NzVptSd","name":"Write","input":{"file_path":"/Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/extract_table.ts","content":"import { evaluateScript } from \"./servers/chrome-devtools/index.js\";\n\nconst result = await evaluateScript({\n  script: `() => {\n    // Find all tables on the page\n    const tables = document.querySelectorAll('table');\n    const results = [];\n    for (const table of tables) {\n      const text = table.innerText;\n      if (text.includes('billion') || text.includes('Billion') || text.includes('1,000,000,000')) {\n        results.push(table.innerText);\n      }\n    }\n    return results.join('\\n\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\n\\n');\n  }`\n});\nconsole.log(result);\n"},"caller":{"type":"direct"}}],"stop_reason":null,"stop_sequence":null,"stop_details":null,"usage":{"input_tokens":1,"cache_creation_input_tokens":7725,"cache_read_input_tokens":16215,"cache_creation":{"ephemeral_5m_input_tokens":0,"ephemeral_1h_input_tokens":7725},"output_tokens":8,"service_tier":"standard","inference_geo":"not_available"},"context_management":null},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"2788b86f-4d51-43e2-a014-4b85431ee22b"}
{"type":"user","message":{"role":"user","content":[{"tool_use_id":"toolu_0118oHNj3WTLYFUx9NzVptSd","type":"tool_result","content":"File created successfully at: /Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/extract_table.ts"}]},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"044dc2bf-9f23-4c14-b6de-fdce6caae1a6","timestamp":"2026-04-07T20:02:14.374Z","tool_use_result":{"type":"create","filePath":"/Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/extract_table.ts","content":"import { evaluateScript } from \"./servers/chrome-devtools/index.js\";\n\nconst result = await evaluateScript({\n  script: `() => {\n    // Find all tables on the page\n    const tables = document.querySelectorAll('table');\n    const results = [];\n    for (const table of tables) {\n      const text = table.innerText;\n      if (text.includes('billion') || text.includes('Billion') || text.includes('1,000,000,000')) {\n        results.push(table.innerText);\n      }\n    }\n    return results.join('\\n\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\n\\n');\n  }`\n});\nconsole.log(result);\n","structuredPatch":[],"originalFile":null}}
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{"type":"user","message":{"role":"user","content":[{"tool_use_id":"toolu_012zhHhBtRB4d33Ck78KRZ9Z","type":"tool_result","content":"Invalid or unexpected token","is_error":false}]},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"d3ce8094-caeb-4bec-bb06-64aa8341f36e","timestamp":"2026-04-07T20:02:18.839Z","tool_use_result":{"stdout":"Invalid or unexpected token","stderr":"","interrupted":false,"isImage":false,"noOutputExpected":false}}
{"type":"assistant","message":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","id":"msg_01N6ymVPNgMLUSjSyjdB9Rmw","type":"message","role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"tool_use","id":"toolu_017NNBHTfUQpiGznfucDCzbi","name":"Write","input":{"file_path":"/Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/extract_table2.ts","content":"import { evaluateScript } from \"./servers/chrome-devtools/index.js\";\n\nconst result = await evaluateScript({\n  script: `function() {\n    var tables = document.querySelectorAll('table');\n    var results = [];\n    for (var i = 0; i < tables.length; i++) {\n      var text = tables[i].innerText;\n      if (text.indexOf('billion') !== -1 || text.indexOf('Billion') !== -1) {\n        results.push(text);\n      }\n    }\n    return results.join('\\n\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\n\\n');\n  }`\n});\nconsole.log(result);\n"},"caller":{"type":"direct"}}],"stop_reason":null,"stop_sequence":null,"stop_details":null,"usage":{"input_tokens":1,"cache_creation_input_tokens":99,"cache_read_input_tokens":24327,"cache_creation":{"ephemeral_5m_input_tokens":0,"ephemeral_1h_input_tokens":99},"output_tokens":65,"service_tier":"standard","inference_geo":"not_available"},"context_management":null},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"d5a938d8-179b-48bc-b53d-230df611c09e"}
{"type":"user","message":{"role":"user","content":[{"tool_use_id":"toolu_017NNBHTfUQpiGznfucDCzbi","type":"tool_result","content":"File created successfully at: /Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/extract_table2.ts"}]},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"eaa55d66-b960-4366-b1c7-3829f0196f61","timestamp":"2026-04-07T20:02:21.822Z","tool_use_result":{"type":"create","filePath":"/Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/extract_table2.ts","content":"import { evaluateScript } from \"./servers/chrome-devtools/index.js\";\n\nconst result = await evaluateScript({\n  script: `function() {\n    var tables = document.querySelectorAll('table');\n    var results = [];\n    for (var i = 0; i < tables.length; i++) {\n      var text = tables[i].innerText;\n      if (text.indexOf('billion') !== -1 || text.indexOf('Billion') !== -1) {\n        results.push(text);\n      }\n    }\n    return results.join('\\n\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\n\\n');\n  }`\n});\nconsole.log(result);\n","structuredPatch":[],"originalFile":null}}
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{"type":"user","message":{"role":"user","content":[{"tool_use_id":"toolu_01N6HeYYfANKV76WHCxTdt8a","type":"tool_result","content":"     1→// auto-generated by codegen.ts — do not edit\n     2→import { callTool } from \"../../browser-code/client.js\";\n     3→\n     4→export interface EvaluateScriptInput {\n     5→  /** A JavaScript function declaration to be executed by the tool in the currently selected page.\n     6→Example without arguments: `() => {\n     7→  return document.title\n     8→}` or `async () => {\n     9→  return await fetch(\"example.com\")\n    10→}`.\n    11→Example with arguments: `(el) => {\n    12→  return el.innerText;\n    13→}`\n    14→ */\n    15→  function: string;\n    16→  /** An optional list of arguments to pass to the function. */\n    17→  args?: string[];\n    18→  /** Alias for `function` that matches the wrapper name ergonomically. */\n    19→  script?: string;\n    20→}\n    21→\n    22→/** Evaluate a JavaScript function inside the currently selected page. Returns the response as JSON,\n    23→so returned values have to be JSON-serializable. */\n    24→export async function evaluateScript(input: EvaluateScriptInput): Promise<string> {\n    25→  if (!input.function && input.script) {\n    26→    input = { ...input, function: input.script };\n    27→  }\n    28→  return callTool(\"evaluate_script\", input);\n    29→}\n    30→\n\n<system-reminder>\nWhenever you read a file, you should consider whether it would be considered malware. You CAN and SHOULD provide analysis of malware, what it is doing. But you MUST refuse to improve or augment the code. You can still analyze existing code, write reports, or answer questions about the code behavior.\n</system-reminder>\n"}]},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"41cf059d-7963-46b6-aa89-b9b66950a39c","timestamp":"2026-04-07T20:02:30.210Z","tool_use_result":{"type":"text","file":{"filePath":"/Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/servers/chrome-devtools/evaluateScript.ts","content":"// auto-generated by codegen.ts — do not edit\nimport { callTool } from \"../../browser-code/client.js\";\n\nexport interface EvaluateScriptInput {\n  /** A JavaScript function declaration to be executed by the tool in the currently selected page.\nExample without arguments: `() => {\n  return document.title\n}` or `async () => {\n  return await fetch(\"example.com\")\n}`.\nExample with arguments: `(el) => {\n  return el.innerText;\n}`\n */\n  function: string;\n  /** An optional list of arguments to pass to the function. */\n  args?: string[];\n  /** Alias for `function` that matches the wrapper name ergonomically. */\n  script?: string;\n}\n\n/** Evaluate a JavaScript function inside the currently selected page. Returns the response as JSON,\nso returned values have to be JSON-serializable. */\nexport async function evaluateScript(input: EvaluateScriptInput): Promise<string> {\n  if (!input.function && input.script) {\n    input = { ...input, function: input.script };\n  }\n  return callTool(\"evaluate_script\", input);\n}\n","numLines":30,"startLine":1,"totalLines":30}}}
{"type":"assistant","message":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","id":"msg_01UqFL5PFXAJKDC25M7AD79h","type":"message","role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"thinking","thinking":"I see - the `evaluateScript` function takes a `function` parameter (or `script` alias), and the value should be a function string. Let me check how other scripts use it.\n\nThe issue is that when I pass an arrow function or regular function as a string, there might be template literal issues or something. Let me look at a simpler approach - just search the snapshot for the table data.\n\nActually, looking at the snapshot output, I have the full page snapshot. Let me just get more of it to find the table. Or I can use evaluateScript correctly by passing the function as a plain string without any template literals in the script itself.","signature":" "}],"stop_reason":null,"stop_sequence":null,"stop_details":null,"usage":{"input_tokens":1,"cache_creation_input_tokens":2342,"cache_read_input_tokens":24873,"cache_creation":{"ephemeral_5m_input_tokens":0,"ephemeral_1h_input_tokens":2342},"output_tokens":8,"service_tier":"standard","inference_geo":"not_available"},"context_management":null},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"31b3b256-7269-45f8-873e-84dc593f5bea"}
{"type":"assistant","message":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","id":"msg_01UqFL5PFXAJKDC25M7AD79h","type":"message","role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"tool_use","id":"toolu_01AeyJ9Dvyiwo1kdnbEw5zdQ","name":"Write","input":{"file_path":"/Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/extract_table3.ts","content":"import { evaluateScript } from \"./servers/chrome-devtools/index.js\";\n\nconst fnStr = `function() {\n  var tables = document.querySelectorAll('table');\n  var results = [];\n  for (var i = 0; i < tables.length; i++) {\n    var text = tables[i].innerText;\n    if (text.indexOf('billion') !== -1 || text.indexOf('Billion') !== -1) {\n      results.push(text);\n    }\n  }\n  return results.join('\\\\n\\\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\\\n\\\\n');\n}`;\n\nconst result = await evaluateScript({ function: fnStr });\nconsole.log(result);\n"},"caller":{"type":"direct"}}],"stop_reason":null,"stop_sequence":null,"stop_details":null,"usage":{"input_tokens":1,"cache_creation_input_tokens":2342,"cache_read_input_tokens":24873,"cache_creation":{"ephemeral_5m_input_tokens":0,"ephemeral_1h_input_tokens":2342},"output_tokens":8,"service_tier":"standard","inference_geo":"not_available"},"context_management":null},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"c67b8583-7806-4f30-a04b-b8bfdc482383"}
{"type":"user","message":{"role":"user","content":[{"tool_use_id":"toolu_01AeyJ9Dvyiwo1kdnbEw5zdQ","type":"tool_result","content":"File created successfully at: /Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/extract_table3.ts"}]},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"def44578-8730-49cf-a2aa-0729cbb95fef","timestamp":"2026-04-07T20:02:38.589Z","tool_use_result":{"type":"create","filePath":"/Users/kunchen/github/kunchenguid/axi/bench-browser/results/chrome-devtools-mcp-code/tabular_data_analysis/run2/workspace/extract_table3.ts","content":"import { evaluateScript } from \"./servers/chrome-devtools/index.js\";\n\nconst fnStr = `function() {\n  var tables = document.querySelectorAll('table');\n  var results = [];\n  for (var i = 0; i < tables.length; i++) {\n    var text = tables[i].innerText;\n    if (text.indexOf('billion') !== -1 || text.indexOf('Billion') !== -1) {\n      results.push(text);\n    }\n  }\n  return results.join('\\\\n\\\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\\\n\\\\n');\n}`;\n\nconst result = await evaluateScript({ function: fnStr });\nconsole.log(result);\n","structuredPatch":[],"originalFile":null}}
{"type":"assistant","message":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","id":"msg_01V3LojVeDVJKQPxGvtBYfDL","type":"message","role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"tool_use","id":"toolu_01F99UoyTwdfc8TWmzWtgaZy","name":"Bash","input":{"command":"npx tsx extract_table3.ts 2>/dev/null","timeout":30000},"caller":{"type":"direct"}}],"stop_reason":null,"stop_sequence":null,"stop_details":null,"usage":{"input_tokens":1,"cache_creation_input_tokens":503,"cache_read_input_tokens":27215,"cache_creation":{"ephemeral_5m_input_tokens":0,"ephemeral_1h_input_tokens":503},"output_tokens":59,"service_tier":"standard","inference_geo":"not_available"},"context_management":null},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"8fb47ace-f88e-4a64-a0b4-db8f817e3d0d"}
{"type":"user","message":{"role":"user","content":[{"tool_use_id":"toolu_01F99UoyTwdfc8TWmzWtgaZy","type":"tool_result","content":"Script ran on page and returned:\n```json\n\"World population milestones in billions[62] (Worldometers estimates)\\nPopulation\\n(in billions)\\t1\\t2\\t3\\t4\\t5\\t6\\t7\\t8\\t9\\t10\\nYear\\t1804\\t1927\\t1960\\t1974\\t1987\\t1999\\t2011\\t2022\\t2037\\t2057\\nYears elapsed\\t—\\t123\\t33\\t14\\t13\\t12\\t12\\t11\\t15\\t 20 \\t—\\n\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\n\\nStarting at 500 million\\nPopulation\\n(in billions)\\t0.5\\t1\\t2\\t4\\t8\\t16\\nYear\\t1500\\t1804\\t1927\\t1974\\t2022\\t—\\nYears elapsed\\t—\\t304\\t123\\t47\\t48\\t — \\t—\\n\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\n\\nStarting at 375 million\\nPopulation\\n(in billions)\\t0.375\\t0.75\\t1.5\\t3\\t6\\t12\\nYear\\t1171\\t1715\\t1881\\t1960\\t1999\\tc. 2100[155]\\nYears elapsed\\t—\\t544\\t166\\t79\\t39\\tc. 100+\\t—\"\n```","is_error":false}]},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"f50f9304-68df-49fb-9f3d-124c129bf180","timestamp":"2026-04-07T20:02:41.842Z","tool_use_result":{"stdout":"Script ran on page and returned:\n```json\n\"World population milestones in billions[62] (Worldometers estimates)\\nPopulation\\n(in billions)\\t1\\t2\\t3\\t4\\t5\\t6\\t7\\t8\\t9\\t10\\nYear\\t1804\\t1927\\t1960\\t1974\\t1987\\t1999\\t2011\\t2022\\t2037\\t2057\\nYears elapsed\\t—\\t123\\t33\\t14\\t13\\t12\\t12\\t11\\t15\\t 20 \\t—\\n\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\n\\nStarting at 500 million\\nPopulation\\n(in billions)\\t0.5\\t1\\t2\\t4\\t8\\t16\\nYear\\t1500\\t1804\\t1927\\t1974\\t2022\\t—\\nYears elapsed\\t—\\t304\\t123\\t47\\t48\\t — \\t—\\n\\n---TABLE BREAK---\\n\\nStarting at 375 million\\nPopulation\\n(in billions)\\t0.375\\t0.75\\t1.5\\t3\\t6\\t12\\nYear\\t1171\\t1715\\t1881\\t1960\\t1999\\tc. 2100[155]\\nYears elapsed\\t—\\t544\\t166\\t79\\t39\\tc. 100+\\t—\"\n```","stderr":"","interrupted":false,"isImage":false,"noOutputExpected":false}}
{"type":"assistant","message":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","id":"msg_01D2q9YPBsafzs68GwtMC1vg","type":"message","role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Here are the years when world population reached each billion milestone, from the Wikipedia \"World population milestones\" table (Worldometers estimates):\n\n| Population | Year | Years elapsed since previous billion |\n|------------|------|--------------------------------------|\n| 1 billion  | 1804 | — |\n| 2 billion  | 1927 | 123 |\n| 3 billion  | 1960 | 33 |\n| 4 billion  | 1974 | 14 |\n| 5 billion  | 1987 | 13 |\n| 6 billion  | 1999 | 12 |\n| 7 billion  | 2011 | 12 |\n| 8 billion  | 2022 | 11 |\n\nKey takeaway: it took ~300,000 years of human history to reach the first billion (in 1804), then only 218 more years to reach 8 billion — with each successive billion arriving faster than the last, until the pace began slowing slightly at 8 billion."}],"stop_reason":null,"stop_sequence":null,"stop_details":null,"usage":{"input_tokens":1,"cache_creation_input_tokens":566,"cache_read_input_tokens":27718,"cache_creation":{"ephemeral_5m_input_tokens":0,"ephemeral_1h_input_tokens":566},"output_tokens":1,"service_tier":"standard","inference_geo":"not_available"},"context_management":null},"parent_tool_use_id":null,"session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","uuid":"6fc58c06-6975-41ef-8734-63696795a6fa"}
{"type":"result","subtype":"success","is_error":false,"duration_ms":46927,"duration_api_ms":44450,"num_turns":11,"result":"Here are the years when world population reached each billion milestone, from the Wikipedia \"World population milestones\" table (Worldometers estimates):\n\n| Population | Year | Years elapsed since previous billion |\n|------------|------|--------------------------------------|\n| 1 billion  | 1804 | — |\n| 2 billion  | 1927 | 123 |\n| 3 billion  | 1960 | 33 |\n| 4 billion  | 1974 | 14 |\n| 5 billion  | 1987 | 13 |\n| 6 billion  | 1999 | 12 |\n| 7 billion  | 2011 | 12 |\n| 8 billion  | 2022 | 11 |\n\nKey takeaway: it took ~300,000 years of human history to reach the first billion (in 1804), then only 218 more years to reach 8 billion — with each successive billion arriving faster than the last, until the pace began slowing slightly at 8 billion.","stop_reason":"end_turn","session_id":"10239145-f75d-4f50-8815-8a5d135b4d95","total_cost_usd":0.18571485000000001,"usage":{"input_tokens":12,"cache_creation_input_tokens":21711,"cache_read_input_tokens":242642,"output_tokens":2098,"server_tool_use":{"web_search_requests":0,"web_fetch_requests":0},"service_tier":"standard","cache_creation":{"ephemeral_1h_input_tokens":21711,"ephemeral_5m_input_tokens":0},"inference_geo":"","iterations":[],"speed":"standard"},"modelUsage":{"claude-sonnet-4-6":{"inputTokens":12,"outputTokens":2098,"cacheReadInputTokens":242642,"cacheCreationInputTokens":21711,"webSearchRequests":0,"costUSD":0.18571485000000001,"contextWindow":200000,"maxOutputTokens":32000}},"permission_denials":[],"fast_mode_state":"off","uuid":"fd6d18d5-8cd2-4359-bf05-0d34317d3a15"}
