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---
name: creative-thinking-for-research
description: Creative thinking frameworks applied to ML research. Use when breaking through research blocks or exploring unconventional approaches.
---

# Creative Thinking for Research

Eight empirically grounded frameworks from cognitive science, applied to computer science and AI research. Unlike ad-hoc brainstorming, each framework here is backed by decades of creativity research — from Koestler's bisociation to Kauffman's adjacent possible. They target distinct cognitive operations: combining, reformulating, analogizing, constraining, inverting, abstracting, exploring boundaries, and holding contradictions.

## When to Use This Skill

- Generating genuinely novel ideas, not incremental extensions of prior work
- Feeling trapped in a local optimum of thinking within a single subfield
- Wanting to systematically apply creativity heuristics rather than waiting for inspiration
- Preparing for a research retreat or PhD-level ideation session
- Bridging between fields and seeking structural (not superficial) connections

**Do NOT use this skill when**:
- You need structured project-level brainstorming workflows (use `brainstorming-research-ideas`)
- You have a well-defined problem and need execution help (use domain-specific skills)
- You need a literature survey (use `scientific-skills:literature-review`)

**Relationship to Brainstorm skill**: The brainstorm skill provides operational workflows (diverge → converge → refine) and practical filters. This skill provides the deeper cognitive engines that power creative leaps. Use them together: creative-thinking to generate raw insight, brainstorm to structure and evaluate it.

---

## Framework 1: Combinatorial Creativity (Bisociation)

Novel ideas arise from combining existing concepts in unexpected ways. Arthur Koestler called this **bisociation** — connecting two previously unrelated frames of reference, as distinct from routine association within a single frame.

**Why it works**: Meta-research consistently shows that breadth of knowledge is a precursor to creative output. People who read across disciplines produce more novel work. The combination itself is the creative act.

**In CS Research**:
- Biological evolution → optimization (genetic algorithms)
- Game theory → networking (mechanism design for routing)
- Statistical physics → machine learning (Boltzmann machines, energy-based models)
- Linguistics → programming (type theory, formal grammars)

**Systematic Bisociation Workflow**:

1. **Select two domains** you have at least passing familiarity with
2. **List core primitives** in each domain (5-10 fundamental concepts per domain)
3. **Create a cross-product matrix**: row = concepts from Domain A, column = concepts from Domain B
4. **For each cell**, ask: "What would it mean to apply A's concept to B's problem?"
5. **Filter**: Which combinations produce a non-trivial, testable research question?
6. **Validate structural depth**: Is the connection mechanistic or merely metaphorical?

**Cross-Product Example**:

| | Caching | Load Balancing | Fault Tolerance |
|---|---------|---------------|-----------------|
| **Natural Selection** | Evict least-fit entries | Adaptive allocation via fitness | Population-level redundancy |
| **Immune Memory** | Learned threat signatures | Distributed detection | Self/non-self discrimination |
| **Symbiosis** | Cooperative prefetching | Mutualistic resource sharing | Co-dependent resilience |

**Quality Test**: A strong bisociation is not a surface metaphor ("the network is like a brain") but a structural mapping where the mechanism transfers ("attention mechanisms implement a form of selective gating analogous to cognitive attention filtering").

**Self-Check**:
- [ ] Is the connection structural (mechanisms map) or merely verbal (labels map)?
- [ ] Does the combination generate testable predictions?
- [ ] Would an expert in both fields find the connection non-obvious but sound?

---

## Framework 2: Problem Reformulation (Representational Change)

Gestalt psychologists identified that breakthroughs often come not from solving the problem as stated, but from **re-representing the problem itself**. Kaplan and Simon's work on insight shows that changing the problem space — the constraints, the abstraction level, the formalism — is often where creativity lives.

**The Key Shift**: From "How do I solve this problem?" to "Am I even thinking about this problem correctly?"

**Reformulation Strategies**:

| Strategy | Example |
|----------|---------|
| **Change the objective** | "Make the algorithm faster" → "Eliminate the need for this computation" |
| **Change the formalism** | Graph problem → linear algebra problem (spectral methods) |
| **Change the granularity** | Per-token prediction → per-span prediction |
| **Change the agent** | "How should the model learn?" → "How should the data teach?" (curriculum learning) |
| **Change the timescale** | Real-time optimization → amortized inference |
| **Invert the direction** | Forward simulation → inverse problem (learning from observations) |

**Workflow**:

1. State your current problem in one sentence
2. Identify the **hidden assumptions** in that statement:
   - What formalism are you using? (Could you use a different one?)
   - What is the objective? (Is it the right objective?)
   - What level of granularity? (Could you go coarser or finer?)
   - Who is the agent? (Could you shift perspective?)
3. For each assumption, **generate the alternative**: "What if [opposite assumption]?"
4. For each alternative, ask: "Does this reformulation make the problem easier, harder, or different in a useful way?"
5. A reformulation that makes a hard problem easy is often a publishable insight on its own

**Classic CS Examples**:
- **PageRank**: Reformulated "find important web pages" from content analysis to graph eigenvalue problem
- **Dropout**: Reformulated "prevent overfitting" from regularization to approximate ensemble
- **Attention**: Reformulated "handle long sequences" from remembering everything to selectively querying

---

## Framework 3: Analogical Reasoning (Structure-Mapping)

Dedre Gentner's **structure-mapping theory** and Kevin Dunbar's studies of real scientists show that analogy is the core engine of scientific creativity. The critical finding: surface-level analogies are common but weak; **structural or relational analogies** — where the deep causal/relational structure maps across domains — produce the most powerful insights.

**Dunbar's Finding**: In the most successful labs, analogies from distant domains drove the most important discoveries. Nearby analogies refined ideas; distant analogies generated them.

**Levels of Analogical Depth**:

| Level | Description | Value | Example |
|-------|-------------|-------|---------|
| **Surface** | Things look similar | Low | "A neural network is like a brain" |
| **Relational** | Relationships between entities match | Medium | "Attention allocation in models parallels resource allocation in economics" |
| **Structural** | Deep causal mechanisms map | High | "Diffusion models reverse a thermodynamic process; the math of non-equilibrium stat-mech directly applies" |

**Structure-Mapping Workflow**:

1. **Describe your problem** using only relational/causal language (strip domain-specific nouns)
   - Bad: "We need to improve transformer attention efficiency"
   - Good: "We have a system that must selectively aggregate information from a large set, where relevance is context-dependent and the cost scales quadratically with set size"
2. **Search for structural matches**: What other systems selectively aggregate from large sets?
   - Database query optimization, visual attention in neuroscience, information retrieval, resource allocation
3. **Pick the most distant match** with genuine structural fidelity
4. **Map the solution mechanism**: How does the source domain solve this?
5. **Transfer and adapt**: What changes when you bring that mechanism into your domain?
6. **Generate predictions**: The analogy should tell you something you didn't already know

**Validation Checklist**:
- [ ] Does the mapping preserve causal/relational structure (not just labels)?
- [ ] Can I identify at least one prediction the analogy makes in my domain?
- [ ] Would an expert in the source domain confirm the mechanism is correctly understood?
- [ ] Is the analogy non-obvious to my target audience?

---

## Framework 4: Constraint Manipulation (Boden's Framework)

Margaret Boden's framework distinguishes three forms of creativity based on how they interact with constraints:

| Type | Operation | CS Example |
|------|-----------|------------|
| **Exploratory** | Search within the existing conceptual space | Hyperparameter tuning, architecture search within a fixed paradigm |
| **Combinational** | Combine elements from different spaces | Multi-task learning, neuro-symbolic methods |
| **Transformational** | Change the rules of the space itself | Dropping the assumption that training requires labels (self-supervised learning) |

**Transformational creativity is the rarest and highest-impact.** It happens when you change what is even considered a valid solution.

**Constraint Analysis Workflow**:

1. **List the constraints** of your current approach (5-10 constraints):
   - Computational: "Must fit in GPU memory"
   - Methodological: "Requires labeled data"
   - Architectural: "Uses fixed-length context"
   - Evaluative: "Measured by accuracy on benchmark X"
2. **Classify each constraint**:
   - **Hard**: Physically or logically necessary (cannot violate)
   - **Soft**: Convention or historical accident (can question)
   - **Hidden**: Not stated but implicitly assumed (most fertile for innovation)
3. **For each soft/hidden constraint**, ask:
   - What if we relaxed it? (streaming algorithms from relaxing "fits in memory")
   - What if we tightened it? (efficiency research from tightening compute budgets)
   - What if we replaced it with a different constraint entirely?
4. **The most productive move** is often exposing and dropping a hidden constraint

**Classic Examples of Constraint Transformation**:
- "Data must fit in memory" → dropped → streaming algorithms, external memory
- "Training requires human labels" → dropped → self-supervised learning
- "Models must be deterministic" → dropped → variational methods, diffusion
- "Inference must happen in one pass" → dropped → iterative refinement, chain-of-thought

---

## Framework 5: Negation and Inversion

Take a core assumption in your field and negate it. This is formalized in De Bono's lateral thinking and the **TRIZ methodology** from engineering.

**The Pattern**: "What if [widely held assumption] is wrong, unnecessary, or invertible?"

**Systematic Negation Workflow**:

1. **List 5-10 core assumptions** in your subfield (the things "everyone knows")
2. **Negate each one** and ask: What system would you build?
3. **Evaluate each negation**:
   - Incoherent → discard
   - Already explored → check if conditions have changed (see brainstorm skill, Framework 5)
   - Unexplored and coherent → potential research direction

**Negation Hall of Fame in CS**:

| Assumption | Negation | Result |
|-----------|----------|--------|
| "We need strong consistency" | What if we don't? | Eventual consistency, CRDTs |
| "We need exact answers" | What if approximate is fine? | Sketches, LSH, approximate nearest neighbors |
| "Labels are necessary" | What if we learn without them? | Self-supervised learning, contrastive methods |
| "More parameters = more compute" | What if we don't use all parameters? | Mixture of Experts, sparse models |
| "Training and inference are separate" | What if the model keeps learning? | Online learning, test-time training |
| "Errors must be prevented" | What if we embrace and correct them? | Speculative decoding, self-correction |

**TRIZ-Inspired Principles for CS**:

| TRIZ Principle | CS Application |
|---------------|----------------|
| **Inversion** | Reverse the process (generative vs. discriminative) |
| **Segmentation** | Break monolithic into modular (microservices, mixture of experts) |
| **Merging** | Combine separate steps (end-to-end learning) |
| **Universality** | One component serves multiple functions (multi-task models) |
| **Nesting** | Place one system inside another (meta-learning) |
| **Dynamization** | Make static things adaptive (dynamic architectures, adaptive computation) |

---

## Framework 6: Abstraction and Generalization Laddering

Moving up and down the abstraction ladder is a fundamental creative act. Polya's heuristics formalize this: *"Can you solve a more general problem? A more specific one? An analogous one?"*

**Three Moves**:

| Move | Question | Outcome |
|------|----------|---------|
| **Generalize** | "Is my solution a special case of something broader?" | Framework papers, unifying theories |
| **Specialize** | "What happens when I add extreme constraints?" | Niche applications, surprising edge cases |
| **Analogize** | "Where else does this abstract pattern appear?" | Cross-domain transfer (see Framework 3) |

**Generalization Workflow**:
1. State your specific result
2. Replace each specific element with a variable: "ResNet works for ImageNet" → "Architecture X works for distribution Y"
3. Ask: Under what conditions does this hold? What is the general principle?
4. If the general principle is novel → that is the contribution

**Specialization Workflow**:
1. Take a general method
2. Add extreme constraints: tiny data, huge dimensionality, adversarial inputs, real-time requirements
3. Ask: Does the method still work? If not, why not?
4. The failure case often reveals the method's true assumptions

**When to Generalize vs. Specialize**:
- Generalize when you have results but no explanation
- Specialize when you have theory but no grounding
- Analogize when you are stuck in either direction

---

## Framework 7: The Adjacent Possible (Kauffman / Johnson)

Stuart Kauffman's concept, popularized by Steven Johnson: innovation happens at the boundary of what is currently reachable — the **adjacent possible**. New ideas become thinkable once their prerequisites exist. This explains why simultaneous independent discovery is so common — multiple people reach the same boundary.

**Practical Implication**: Map what has recently become possible and explore the space those enablers open.

**Adjacent Possible Mapping Workflow**:

1. **List recent enablers** (last 1-3 years):
   - New hardware capabilities (longer context, faster inference, new accelerators)
   - New datasets or benchmarks
   - New open-source tools or frameworks
   - New theoretical results
   - New regulatory or social conditions
2. **For each enabler, ask**: "What was previously impossible or impractical that this now permits?"
3. **Combine enablers**: The most powerful adjacent possibles arise from the intersection of multiple new enablers
4. **Check for competition**: If many people can see the same adjacent possible, speed or a unique angle matters

**Current Adjacent Possibles (2025-2026)**:

| Enabler | Newly Possible |
|---------|---------------|
| 1M+ token context windows | Full-codebase reasoning, book-length analysis |
| Inference cost drops (100x in 2 years) | Real-time agentic loops, always-on AI assistants |
| Open-weight models at GPT-4 level | Reproducible research on frontier capabilities |
| Multimodal models (vision + language + audio) | Unified perception-reasoning systems |
| Synthetic data at scale | Training data for domains with no natural data |
| Tool-using models | Research automation, self-improving systems |

**Timing Signal**: If your idea requires technology that doesn't exist yet, it's beyond the adjacent possible — park it. If your idea could have been done 5 years ago, someone probably did — check the literature. The sweet spot is ideas that became feasible in the last 6-18 months.

---

## Framework 8: Janusian and Dialectical Thinking

Albert Rothenberg's studies of eminent creators found that **holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously** is a hallmark of creative thinking. Named after Janus, the two-faced Roman god, this mode of thinking doesn't resolve contradictions by choosing a side — it generates new frameworks that transcend the opposition.

**In CS**: The most influential results often emerge from tensions previously thought irreconcilable.

| Contradiction | Resolution | Impact |
|--------------|------------|--------|
| Consistency AND Availability (distributed systems) | CAP theorem: formalized the trade-off, then Raft/CRDTs found practical middle grounds | Foundation of distributed systems theory |
| Security AND Usability | Zero-knowledge proofs: prove knowledge without revealing it | Enabled private computation |
| Expressiveness AND Tractability | Probabilistic programming: express complex models, automate inference | New programming paradigm |
| Memorization AND Generalization | Grokking: models memorize first, then generalize with more training | New understanding of learning dynamics |
| Compression AND Quality | Neural codecs that compress beyond information-theoretic limits via learned priors | Redefined compression research |

**Dialectical Thinking Workflow**:

1. **Identify a binary** in your field: A vs. B (two approaches, goals, or paradigms treated as opposites)
2. **Resist choosing a side**. Instead ask:
   - "What would a system look like that achieves both A and B?"
   - "Under what conditions is the A-B trade-off not fundamental?"
   - "Is the opposition an artifact of how we formalized the problem?"
3. **Seek synthesis**: The resolution often requires a new abstraction that reframes the relationship
4. **Test the synthesis**: Can you demonstrate empirically that both goals are achievable?

**Self-Check**:
- [ ] Am I holding the contradiction genuinely (not prematurely resolving it)?
- [ ] Is the synthesis a new idea, not just a compromise (splitting the difference)?
- [ ] Does the resolution change how people think about the problem, not just the solution?

---

## Combining Frameworks: A Creative Thinking Protocol

These frameworks are most powerful in combination. Here is a systematic protocol for a deep creative thinking session:

### Phase 1: Map the Space (15 min)
1. **Constraint Manipulation** (F4): List all constraints of the current paradigm. Mark which are hard, soft, hidden.
2. **Adjacent Possible** (F7): List recent enablers that change the feasibility landscape.

### Phase 2: Generate Disruptions (30 min)
3. **Negation** (F5): Negate 3 soft/hidden constraints. What systems emerge?
4. **Bisociation** (F1): Pick a distant field and create a cross-product matrix with your domain.
5. **Problem Reformulation** (F2): Restate your problem 3 different ways (change objective, formalism, agent).

### Phase 3: Deepen Promising Leads (30 min)
6. **Analogical Reasoning** (F3): For each promising idea, find a structural analogy and extract predictions.
7. **Abstraction Laddering** (F6): Move each idea up (generalize) and down (specialize).
8. **Janusian Thinking** (F8): Identify any tensions. Can you synthesize rather than choose?

### Phase 4: Evaluate (15 min)
Apply the two-sentence test (from the brainstorm skill):
> "**[Domain] currently struggles with [problem] because [reason].** We [approach] by [mechanism], which works because [insight]."

Any idea that survives all four phases and passes the two-sentence test is worth pursuing.

---

## Common Creative Blocks and Unblocking Strategies

| Block | Symptom | Framework to Apply |
|-------|---------|-------------------|
| **Fixation** | Cannot stop thinking about the problem one way | Problem Reformulation (F2) — force a different representation |
| **Tunnel vision** | All ideas come from the same subfield | Bisociation (F1) or Analogical Reasoning (F3) — import from elsewhere |
| **Self-censoring** | Dismissing ideas as "too weird" before exploring | Negation (F5) — weird is the point; evaluate after generating |
| **Incrementalism** | Every idea is "+2% on benchmark X" | Constraint Manipulation (F4) — change the rules, not the parameters |
| **Analysis paralysis** | Too many options, cannot commit | Adjacent Possible (F7) — what is feasible right now? |
| **False dichotomy** | Stuck choosing between two approaches | Janusian Thinking (F8) — seek synthesis, not selection |

---

## Usage Instructions for Agents

When a researcher asks for help with creative thinking or novel ideation:

1. **Assess the block**: What kind of thinking are they stuck in? (See Common Creative Blocks table)
2. **Select 2-3 frameworks** based on the block type
3. **Walk through each framework interactively**, asking the researcher to supply domain-specific content
4. **Push for structural depth**: If an analogy or combination is surface-level, probe deeper
5. **Maintain a running list** of all generated ideas, even unusual ones
6. **Apply the two-sentence test** to candidates that survive exploration
7. **Hand off to the brainstorm skill** for systematic evaluation (diverge → converge → refine)

**Key Principles**:
- Generative mode first, evaluative mode second — do not filter prematurely
- Distant analogies are more valuable than nearby ones, but require more validation
- The researcher's domain expertise is essential — the agent provides the cognitive scaffolding, not the domain knowledge
- Encourage the researcher to sit with contradictions rather than resolve them quickly

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