# Laboratory Design

## Laboratory Types

### By Function
| Type | Description |
|------|-------------|
| Research | Discovery, variable needs |
| Teaching | Education, demonstrations |
| Clinical | Diagnostic testing |
| Quality control | Manufacturing support |
| Clean room | Contamination control |
| BSL (1-4) | Biosafety containment |

### By Discipline
| Discipline | Key Features |
|------------|--------------|
| Chemistry | Fume hoods, chemical storage |
| Biology | BSC, autoclaves, incubators |
| Physics | Power, vibration control |
| Electronics | ESD, clean power |
| Materials | Heavy equipment |
| Imaging | Dark, vibration control |

---

## Space Planning

### Module Dimensions
| Element | Dimension |
|---------|-----------|
| Module width | 10'-6" or 11'-0" |
| Module depth | 24'-30' |
| Corridor width | 6'-8' |
| Ceiling height | 10'-12' |
| Floor loading | 100-150 PSF |

### Bench Layouts
| Type | Description |
|------|-------------|
| Fixed island | Traditional, permanent |
| Movable casework | Reconfigurable |
| Peninsula | One end attached |
| Wall-mounted | Maximum floor space |
| Mobile | Completely flexible |

### Bench Dimensions
| Element | Dimension |
|---------|-----------|
| Bench height | 36" or 30" (seated) |
| Bench depth | 24"-30" |
| Aisle (back to back) | 5'-0" minimum |
| Aisle (to fume hood) | 5'-0" minimum |
| Knee space | 30" wide, 27" high |

### Support Ratios
| Support Space | % of Lab Space |
|---------------|----------------|
| Office | 15-25% |
| Equipment rooms | 10-20% |
| Chemical storage | 5-10% |
| Support labs | 10-15% |
| Core facilities | 5-15% |

---

## Fume Hoods

### Types
| Type | Use |
|------|-----|
| Standard bypass | General chemistry |
| Reduced air volume | Energy efficient |
| High performance | Low-flow |
| Walk-in | Large equipment |
| Canopy | Non-toxic vapors |
| Perchloric acid | Special exhaust |
| Radioisotope | Containment |

### Sizing
| Hood Width | CFM (100 fpm) |
|------------|---------------|
| 4' | 440 |
| 5' | 550 |
| 6' | 660 |
| 8' | 880 |

### Placement
| Requirement | Dimension |
|-------------|-----------|
| From door | 10' minimum |
| From HVAC supply | Per airflow |
| Aisle in front | 5' minimum |
| Between hoods | 4' minimum |

### Face Velocity
| Condition | FPM |
|-----------|-----|
| Standard operation | 80-100 |
| Sash open 18" | Reduced flow |
| High hazard | 100-150 |

---

## Biosafety Cabinets

### Classes
| Class | Protection |
|-------|------------|
| Class I | Personnel, environment |
| Class II Type A1/A2 | Personnel, product, environment |
| Class II Type B1/B2 | Same + hard-ducted exhaust |
| Class III | Maximum containment (glove box) |

### Placement
| Requirement | Description |
|-------------|-------------|
| Distance from door | 10' minimum |
| Distance from supply | Avoid disruption |
| Traffic | Away from paths |
| Clearance | 12" sides, 14" back |

### Utilities
| Utility | Requirement |
|---------|-------------|
| Electrical | Dedicated circuit |
| Exhaust (Type B) | Hard-ducted |
| Gas (if needed) | Per use |

---

## HVAC Systems

### Air Change Rates
| Space | ACH |
|-------|-----|
| General lab | 8-12 |
| Chemistry lab | 10-15 |
| BSL-2 | 10-12 |
| BSL-3 | 15-20 |
| Clean room (ISO 7) | 60-90 |
| Clean room (ISO 5) | 200-400 |

### Pressure Relationships
| Space | Pressure |
|-------|----------|
| General lab | Neutral or negative |
| Chemical storage | Negative |
| BSL-2 | Negative to corridor |
| BSL-3 | Negative cascade |
| Clean room | Positive |

### Temperature/Humidity
| Space | Temperature | RH |
|-------|-------------|-----|
| General lab | 68-72°F | 30-60% |
| Sensitive equipment | ±1°F | ±5% RH |
| Animal facility | 68-72°F | 30-70% |
| Clean room | Per class | 30-50% |

### 100% Exhaust
| Reason | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| Fume hoods | All exhaust |
| BSC (Type B) | Hard-ducted |
| Chemical storage | Exhaust only |
| Hazardous | No recirculation |

---

## Utilities

### Laboratory Gases
| Gas | Symbol | Use |
|-----|--------|-----|
| Nitrogen | N2 | Inert atmosphere |
| Compressed air | CA | Instruments |
| Vacuum | VAC | Filtration |
| Natural gas | NG | Bunsen burners |
| Specialty | Various | Research |

### Electrical
| Lab Type | W/SF |
|----------|------|
| General lab | 15-25 |
| Instrument-intensive | 25-50 |
| Clean room | 50-100 |
| Data center | 100-300 |

### Emergency Power
| Equipment | Priority |
|-----------|----------|
| Freezers (-80°C) | Critical |
| Environmental rooms | Critical |
| Fume hoods | Life safety |
| BSCs | Life safety |

### Plumbing
| Fixture | Purpose |
|---------|---------|
| Lab sink | General use |
| Cup sink | Small volumes |
| Emergency shower | Safety |
| Eyewash | Safety |
| DI water | Purified |
| Chilled water | Equipment |

---

## Safety Features

### Emergency Equipment
| Item | Location |
|------|----------|
| Eyewash | Within 10 sec (55') |
| Safety shower | Within 10 sec (55') |
| Fire extinguisher | Per code |
| First aid | Per code |
| Spill kit | Each lab |

### Chemical Storage
| Storage | Requirement |
|---------|-------------|
| Flammables | Approved cabinet |
| Acids | Separate cabinet |
| Bases | Separate from acids |
| Oxidizers | Separate storage |
| Compressed gas | Secured, ventilated |

### Waste
| Type | Handling |
|------|----------|
| Chemical | Segregated, labeled |
| Biohazardous | Autoclaved |
| Radioactive | Per license |
| Sharps | Sharps container |

---

## Biosafety Levels

### BSL-1
| Feature | Requirement |
|---------|-------------|
| Containment | Open bench |
| HVAC | General building |
| Access | Unrestricted |
| PPE | Lab coat, gloves |
| Waste | Standard |

### BSL-2
| Feature | Requirement |
|---------|-------------|
| Containment | BSC for aerosols |
| HVAC | Directional airflow |
| Access | Controlled |
| PPE | Lab coat, gloves, face |
| Waste | Decontaminated |

### BSL-3
| Feature | Requirement |
|---------|-------------|
| Containment | All work in BSC |
| HVAC | 100% exhaust, HEPA |
| Access | Restricted, airlock |
| PPE | Respirator possible |
| Waste | Autoclaved on-site |

### BSL-4
| Feature | Requirement |
|---------|-------------|
| Containment | Suit or Class III BSC |
| HVAC | Double HEPA, incineration |
| Access | Shower out, isolated |
| PPE | Positive pressure suit |
| Waste | Chemical + autoclave |

---

## Clean Rooms

### ISO Classifications
| Class | Particles (≥0.5µm/m³) |
|-------|----------------------|
| ISO 1 | 10 |
| ISO 2 | 100 |
| ISO 3 | 1,000 |
| ISO 4 | 10,000 |
| ISO 5 | 100,000 |
| ISO 6 | 1,000,000 |
| ISO 7 | 10,000,000 |
| ISO 8 | 100,000,000 |

### Design Requirements
| Element | ISO 5-6 | ISO 7-8 |
|---------|---------|---------|
| Air changes | 200-600 | 30-100 |
| HEPA coverage | 60-80% | 15-25% |
| Pressure | +0.05" | +0.03" |
| Construction | Sealed | Cleanable |

### Gowning
| Class | Gowning |
|-------|---------|
| ISO 7-8 | Coveralls, booties, cap |
| ISO 5-6 | Full bunny suit, gloves |
| ISO 4 | Double gowning |

---

## Vivarium (Animal Facility)

### Space Requirements
| Animal | SF/Animal |
|--------|-----------|
| Mouse | 0.05-0.1 |
| Rat | 0.25-0.5 |
| Rabbit | 2-4 |
| Dog | 8-16 |
| Primate (small) | 4-6 |

### Support Spaces
| Space | Purpose |
|-------|---------|
| Cage wash | Decontamination |
| Food storage | Clean, dry |
| Bedding storage | Bulk storage |
| Surgery | Procedures |
| Necropsy | Post-mortem |
| Quarantine | Isolation |

### HVAC Requirements
| Parameter | Requirement |
|-----------|-------------|
| Air changes | 10-15 ACH |
| Temperature | 68-72°F |
| Humidity | 30-70% |
| Pressure | Negative to corridor |
| 100% OA | Recommended |

---

## Flexibility Planning

### Strategies
| Strategy | Description |
|----------|-------------|
| Open labs | Shared, flexible |
| Modular casework | Movable |
| Interstitial space | Above-ceiling access |
| Utility corridors | Service access |
| Zoned utilities | Distributed capacity |

### Future-Proofing
| Element | Approach |
|---------|----------|
| Structure | Higher floor load |
| Ceiling height | Generous clearance |
| Shaft space | Extra capacity |
| Electrical | Spare circuits |
| HVAC | Modular systems |
