# Kitchen and Bathroom Design

## Kitchen Layout Principles

### Work Triangle
```
Refrigerator → Sink → Range

Rules:
- Each leg: 4' to 9'
- Total triangle: 13' to 26'
- No traffic through triangle
- No obstacles crossing legs
```

### Kitchen Layouts
| Layout | Min Size | Best For |
|--------|----------|----------|
| Galley | 8' × 10' | Apartments, small spaces |
| L-shaped | 10' × 10' | Open to living area |
| U-shaped | 10' × 12' | Serious cooks |
| G-shaped | 10' × 12' | Maximum storage |
| Island | 12' × 14' min | Entertaining, multiple cooks |

### Counter Space Requirements
| Location | Min Length |
|----------|------------|
| Each side of sink | 24" |
| Each side of range | 15" (one side 24") |
| Near refrigerator | 15" |
| Total countertop | 158" for one cook |

---

## Kitchen Dimensions

### Standard Clearances
| Clearance | Minimum | Preferred |
|-----------|---------|-----------|
| Between facing cabinets | 42" | 48" |
| In front of appliances | 36" | 42" |
| Aisle (one cook) | 42" | 48" |
| Aisle (two cooks) | 48" | 60" |
| Island to counter | 42" | 48" |

### Appliance Sizes
| Appliance | Width | Depth | Height |
|-----------|-------|-------|--------|
| Range (standard) | 30" | 25" | 36" |
| Range (pro) | 36"-48" | 27" | 36" |
| Refrigerator (standard) | 30"-36" | 30"-36" | 67"-70" |
| Refrigerator (built-in) | 36"-48" | 24" | 84" |
| Dishwasher | 24" | 24" | 34" |
| Microwave (OTR) | 30" | 16" | 17" |
| Microwave (built-in) | 24"-30" | 20" | 15" |
| Hood | 30"-48" | 20" | 6"-10" |

### Cabinet Heights
| Element | Height AFF |
|---------|------------|
| Counter | 36" |
| Bottom of upper cabinet | 54" (18" above counter) |
| Top of 30" upper | 84" |
| Top of 36" upper | 90" |
| Top of 42" upper | 96" |

---

## Kitchen Electrical

### Required Outlets
| Location | Requirement |
|----------|-------------|
| Counter (every 4') | 20A GFCI, at least 2 circuits |
| Island | 1 outlet minimum |
| Refrigerator | Dedicated 20A circuit |
| Dishwasher | Dedicated 20A circuit |
| Microwave | Dedicated 20A circuit |
| Range (electric) | Dedicated 50A circuit |
| Range (gas) | 120V for ignition |
| Disposal | 20A, switched or air switch |

### Outlet Placement
- 6" to 12" above counter
- No more than 24" from counter edge to outlet
- Within 4' of any point on counter
- Not directly above range or sink

---

## Bathroom Layouts

### Minimum Room Sizes
| Bathroom Type | Minimum Size |
|---------------|--------------|
| Half bath (powder) | 3'-6" × 6' (21 SF) |
| 3/4 bath | 5' × 6' (30 SF) |
| Full bath | 5' × 8' (40 SF) |
| Master bath | 6' × 10' (60 SF) |
| ADA bathroom | 5' × 8' with clearances |

### Fixture Spacing
| Between | Minimum | Preferred |
|---------|---------|-----------|
| Toilet to wall (side) | 15" center | 18" center |
| Toilet to vanity | 15" | 18" |
| Double sinks (centers) | 30" | 36" |
| Sink to wall | 4" | 6" |
| Front of toilet | 21" clear | 30" clear |
| Front of vanity | 21" clear | 30" clear |

### Fixture Dimensions
| Fixture | Width | Depth | Height |
|---------|-------|-------|--------|
| Toilet | 15"-20" | 26"-30" | 15"-17" (seat) |
| Pedestal sink | 18"-24" | 18"-22" | 34"-36" |
| Vanity sink | 24"-72" | 18"-22" | 34"-36" |
| Tub (standard) | 60" × 30" | 14" deep | |
| Tub (soaking) | 66"-72" | 32"-36" | 18"-22" |
| Shower (min) | 36" × 36" | | 80" (showerhead) |
| Shower (standard) | 48" × 36" | | |
| Shower (large) | 60" × 42" | | |

---

## Accessible Bathroom Design

### Clear Floor Space
- 60" turning radius or T-turn
- 30" × 48" at each fixture
- Clear floor space may overlap

### Toilet Requirements
- 17"-19" seat height (comfort height)
- 18" from side wall to centerline
- 42" grab bar on side wall
- 36" grab bar behind toilet
- 60" from side wall to other obstruction

### Roll-in Shower Requirements
- 36" × 60" minimum (30" × 60" alternate)
- No threshold (or 1/2" max)
- Fold-down seat
- Grab bars on three walls
- Handheld showerhead on slide bar

### Lavatory Requirements
- 34" max height
- Knee clearance: 27"H × 30"W × 19"D
- Insulated pipes
- Lever handles or motion sensor

---

## Bathroom Ventilation

### Exhaust Requirements
| Bathroom Size | CFM Required |
|---------------|--------------|
| Up to 100 SF | 1 CFM per SF (min 50 CFM) |
| Over 100 SF | Add 50 CFM per toilet, 50 per shower |
| Toilet room | 50 CFM |
| Steam shower | Calculate separately (larger fan) |

### Options
| Type | Noise Level | Best For |
|------|-------------|----------|
| Ceiling exhaust | 1.0-4.0 sones | Standard bath |
| Inline fan | 0.3-1.0 sones | Quiet requirement |
| Multi-port | Varies | Multiple bathrooms |
| ERV/HRV | Varies | Whole house |

---

## Bathroom Waterproofing

### Shower/Tub Surround
```
Layers (from structure out):
1. Framing
2. Cement board (not green board)
3. Waterproof membrane
4. Thin-set mortar
5. Tile
```

### Waterproof Membrane Options
| Type | Application | Cost |
|------|-------------|------|
| Sheet membrane | Bonded to substrate | $$$ |
| Liquid applied | Rolled/brushed on | $$ |
| Fabric membrane | Embedded in thin-set | $$ |
| Foam board | Pre-made shower pan | $$$ |

### Critical Details
- Pan membrane up walls min 6"
- Shower dam/curb waterproofed
- Corners and transitions reinforced
- Slope to drain: 1/4" per foot
- Weep holes in clamping ring

---

## Plumbing Rough-In

### Fixture Rough-In Dimensions
| Fixture | Supply Height | Drain Location |
|---------|---------------|----------------|
| Toilet | 6"-8" AFF | 12" from wall (typical) |
| Lavatory | 20"-24" AFF | 18"-20" AFF |
| Tub | 6" above rim | End of tub |
| Shower | 80" head, 48" valve | Center |
| Kitchen sink | 20"-24" AFF | Center |
| Dishwasher | N/A (from sink) | Left side of cabinet |

### Vent Requirements
- Every trap needs vent
- Max distance trap to vent (varies by size)
- Vent through roof or AAV

---

## Kitchen/Bath Finishes

### Counter Materials Comparison
| Material | Water | Heat | Stain | Maintenance |
|----------|-------|------|-------|-------------|
| Granite | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Medium |
| Quartz | Excellent | Good | Excellent | Low |
| Marble | Good | Fair | Poor | High |
| Solid surface | Good | Fair | Good | Low |
| Laminate | Good | Poor | Good | Low |
| Butcher block | Poor | Poor | Fair | High |
| Concrete | Good | Excellent | Fair | Medium |

### Tile Selection
| Location | Tile Type | Notes |
|----------|-----------|-------|
| Shower floor | Mosaic (2"×2" or smaller) | More grout = more grip |
| Shower wall | Any | Porcelain or ceramic |
| Bathroom floor | Porcelain (0.42 DCOF min) | Slip resistance |
| Kitchen backsplash | Any | Sealed grout |
| Kitchen floor | Porcelain | Durable, easy clean |

### Grout Selection
| Type | Use | Maintenance |
|------|-----|-------------|
| Sanded | Joints 1/8" or larger | Seal annually |
| Unsanded | Joints < 1/8" | Seal annually |
| Epoxy | Wet areas, commercial | No sealing needed |
| Urethane | Wet areas, flexibility | No sealing needed |

---

## Cabinet Accessories

### Kitchen
| Accessory | Location |
|-----------|----------|
| Lazy susan | Corner base cabinet |
| Pull-out pantry | Tall cabinet |
| Drawer organizers | Utensil/cutlery drawers |
| Pull-out trash | Base cabinet |
| Pot organizer | Deep drawer |
| Tray dividers | Tall narrow cabinet |
| Spice pull-out | Upper or base |
| Mixer lift | Base cabinet |

### Bathroom
| Accessory | Location |
|-----------|----------|
| Tilt-out tray | False front at sink |
| Drawer organizers | Vanity drawers |
| Pull-out hamper | Base cabinet |
| Medicine cabinet | Wall |
| Linen tower | Full height |

---

## Lighting

### Kitchen
| Location | Fixture | Notes |
|----------|---------|-------|
| General | Recessed or surface | 50+ FC |
| Task (counter) | Under-cabinet | 75+ FC |
| Island | Pendants or recessed | 50+ FC |
| Pantry | Recessed or surface | Door-activated |

### Bathroom
| Location | Fixture | Notes |
|----------|---------|-------|
| General | Recessed or surface | 30+ FC |
| Vanity | Side sconces or bar | 75+ FC, CRI 90+ |
| Shower | Wet-rated recessed | IP65 or better |
| Tub area | Wet-rated | |

---

## Common Mistakes to Avoid

### Kitchen
- Not enough counter space
- Refrigerator door blocking traffic
- Dishwasher too far from sink
- No landing space at appliances
- Island too large or too small
- Inadequate electrical
- Hood venting undersized

### Bathroom
- Door swings into fixture
- Toilet visible from door
- No storage
- Inadequate ventilation
- Non-waterproof materials in wet areas
- Insufficient lighting at mirror
- No accessible outlet for hair dryer
