# Elevator and Conveying Systems

## Elevator Types

### Traction Elevators
| Type | Description | Rise | Speed |
|------|-------------|------|-------|
| Geared traction | Motor with gearbox | Low-mid rise | 100-450 fpm |
| Gearless traction | Direct drive | High rise | 500-2000 fpm |
| Machine-room-less (MRL) | Motor in hoistway | Low-mid rise | 200-500 fpm |

### Hydraulic Elevators
| Type | Description | Rise | Speed |
|------|-------------|------|-------|
| In-ground hydraulic | Piston in ground | 2-6 floors | 100-200 fpm |
| Holeless hydraulic | No pit cylinder | 2-4 floors | 100-150 fpm |
| Roped hydraulic | Cables with hydraulic | 2-6 floors | 100-200 fpm |

### Selection Guide
| Floors | Speed Needed | Recommended |
|--------|--------------|-------------|
| 2-4 | Low | Hydraulic or MRL |
| 4-10 | Medium | MRL or geared traction |
| 10-25 | Medium-high | Gearless traction |
| 25+ | High | Gearless traction |

---

## Elevator Sizing

### Cab Dimensions
| Capacity | Platform (W × D) | Door Width |
|----------|------------------|------------|
| 2,000 lb | 5'-4" × 4'-3" | 3'-0" |
| 2,500 lb | 5'-8" × 4'-5" | 3'-0" |
| 3,000 lb | 6'-4" × 4'-3" | 3'-0" |
| 3,500 lb | 6'-8" × 4'-5" | 3'-6" |
| 4,000 lb | 7'-0" × 5'-1" | 3'-6" |
| 4,500 lb | 8'-0" × 5'-1" | 4'-0" |

### ADA Requirements
| Requirement | Dimension |
|-------------|-----------|
| Min cab size | 54" deep × 36" wide (existing) |
| Min cab size | 54" deep × 80" wide (new, stretcher) |
| Door width | 36" min |
| Door timing | 3 sec min per foot |
| Control height | 35"-48" AFF |
| Call button | 42" max AFF |
| Handrail | Required |

### Stretcher Elevator (Healthcare)
- Minimum 84" × 54" cab
- 4,000 lb minimum capacity
- Required for new healthcare buildings

---

## Hoistway Dimensions

### Clear Inside Dimensions
| Capacity | Hoistway (W × D) | Notes |
|----------|------------------|-------|
| 2,500 lb | 6'-8" × 6'-4" | Single entry |
| 3,500 lb | 7'-8" × 6'-4" | Single entry |
| 3,500 lb | 7'-8" × 8'-0" | Front/rear entry |
| 4,000 lb | 8'-4" × 7'-4" | Single entry |

### Pit and Overhead
| Type | Min Pit | Min Overhead |
|------|---------|--------------|
| Hydraulic | 4'-6" | 14'-0" |
| Traction | 5'-0" | 18'-0" |
| MRL | 4'-6" | 14'-0" |
| High-speed | 8'-0"+ | 22'-0"+ |

### Machine Room (Traction)
| Elevators | Room Size |
|-----------|-----------|
| 1 | 12' × 15' |
| 2 | 14' × 20' |
| 3 | 16' × 24' |
| 4 | 18' × 28' |

Location: Directly above or adjacent to hoistway

---

## Traffic Analysis

### Handling Capacity
```
HC = (300 × P × RT) / I

HC = Handling capacity (persons/5 min)
P = Number of passengers per trip
RT = Round trip time (seconds)
I = Interval (seconds between cars)

Target: 12-15% of population in 5 minutes
```

### Population Estimates
| Use | Persons/1000 SF |
|-----|-----------------|
| Office | 8-10 |
| Residential | 2-3 per unit |
| Hotel | 1.5-2 per room |
| Hospital | 3-5 per bed |

### Number of Elevators
| Building Height | Minimum Elevators |
|-----------------|-------------------|
| 2-3 floors | 1 (may not require) |
| 4-6 floors | 1-2 |
| 7-10 floors | 2-3 |
| 11-20 floors | 3-4 |
| 20+ floors | Zone with sky lobby |

---

## Fire Service

### Firefighter's Elevator
| Feature | Requirement |
|---------|-------------|
| Required | High-rise (> 75' occupied floor) |
| Location | Within 200' of fire dept access |
| Capacity | 3,500 lb minimum |
| Power | Standby power required |
| Features | Phase I and II recall |

### Phase I Operation
- Activated by smoke detector or manual switch
- All elevators return to designated level
- Doors remain open

### Phase II Operation
- Firefighter control in car
- Bypasses normal controls
- Key switch in car required

---

## Escalators

### Standard Dimensions
| Component | Dimension |
|-----------|-----------|
| Width (between balustrades) | 32", 40", or 48" |
| Step width | 24", 32", or 40" |
| Speed | 90-120 fpm |
| Inclination | 30° or 35° |
| Rise (typical max) | 20'-0" per unit |

### Capacity
| Width | Capacity (persons/hour) |
|-------|------------------------|
| 32" step | 4,500 @ 100 fpm |
| 40" step | 6,750 @ 100 fpm |
| 48" step | 9,000 @ 100 fpm |

### Space Requirements
```
Horizontal run = Rise / tan(angle)

For 30° escalator:
15' rise = 26' horizontal run + landings

Add 8'-10' for landing at each end
```

### Escalator Placement
- Group with stairs
- Clear signage at top/bottom
- Fire barriers may be required
- Shutdown on fire alarm

---

## Moving Walks

### Types
| Type | Inclination | Use |
|------|-------------|-----|
| Horizontal | 0° | Airports, long corridors |
| Inclined (walkway) | Up to 12° | Level changes |
| Inclined (ramp) | Up to 15° | With carts |

### Dimensions
| Component | Dimension |
|-----------|-----------|
| Width | 32"-48" |
| Speed | 90-180 fpm |
| Length | Varies (up to 300') |

---

## Dumbwaiters

### Applications
- Restaurant service
- Library book transfer
- Hospital supply
- Residential (luxury)

### Dimensions
| Capacity | Platform Size |
|----------|---------------|
| 75 lb | 24" × 24" |
| 100-200 lb | 30" × 30" |
| 300-500 lb | 36" × 36" |

### Hoistway
- 2-hour fire-rated enclosure
- Self-closing doors
- Interlocks required

---

## Accessibility

### Elevator Requirements (ADA)
- [ ] Call buttons: 42" max AFF
- [ ] Hall lanterns: Visible and audible
- [ ] Cab position indicators
- [ ] Braille on controls
- [ ] Two-way communication
- [ ] Door reopening device
- [ ] Handrail in cab

### Limited Use/Limited Application (LULA)
| Feature | Allowance |
|---------|-----------|
| Rise | 25' max |
| Speed | 30 fpm max |
| Capacity | 1,400 lb max |
| Use | Not public transportation |

---

## Electrical Requirements

### Power Supply
| Type | Power | Notes |
|------|-------|-------|
| Hydraulic | 30-60 HP | 3-phase |
| Traction (geared) | 30-75 HP | 3-phase |
| Traction (gearless) | 50-200 HP | 3-phase |
| MRL | 20-50 HP | 3-phase |

### Emergency Power
- Required for firefighter elevator
- May be required for egress
- Size for all elevators or subset
- Auto transfer required

---

## Structural Considerations

### Pit Requirements
- Waterproofing required
- Sump pump (2" drain not acceptable)
- Ladder access
- Lighting and outlet

### Loading
| Component | Load |
|-----------|------|
| Guide rails | Per manufacturer |
| Machine room floor | 150-300 psf |
| Pit floor | Standard |
| Hoistway walls | Deflection limits |

### Vibration Isolation
- Machine mounting
- Guide rail attachments
- Compensating cables

---

## Elevator Lobby Design

### Dimensions
| Lobby Type | Depth |
|------------|-------|
| Single bank | 6' min, 8' preferred |
| Opposed banks | 8' min, 10' preferred |
| Through cars | N/A (opens both sides) |

### Features
- Fire-rated separation
- Smoke detection
- Emergency signage
- Accessible controls
- Hall lanterns visible from accessible approach

---

## Maintenance and Inspection

### Inspection Schedule
| Inspection | Frequency |
|------------|-----------|
| Category 1 (routine) | Monthly to quarterly |
| Category 3 (annual) | Annually |
| Category 5 (full load) | Every 5 years |
| Witnessing | Per AHJ |

### Machine Room Requirements
- Climate control (50-90°F)
- Lighting (20 FC min)
- Fire suppression coordination
- No other equipment stored
- Access only for authorized personnel
