# Interior Design Standards

## Space Planning

### Furniture Clearances
| Function | Minimum |
|----------|---------|
| Walking path | 36" |
| Seated person (chair back to wall) | 32" |
| Dining chair pullout | 32" |
| Desk chair pullout | 42" |
| Dresser access | 36" |
| Bed making (side) | 24" |
| Coffee table to sofa | 18" |
| Between facing sofas | 48" |

### Circulation Widths
| Space | Minimum | Preferred |
|-------|---------|-----------|
| Primary path | 42" | 48" |
| Secondary path | 36" | 42" |
| Between furniture | 30" | 36" |
| Doorway approach | 36" | 44" |

### Room Dimensions
| Room | Minimum Size | Comfortable |
|------|--------------|-------------|
| Living room | 12' x 14' | 14' x 18' |
| Dining (6 people) | 10' x 12' | 12' x 14' |
| Master bedroom | 12' x 14' | 14' x 16' |
| Secondary bedroom | 10' x 11' | 11' x 12' |
| Home office | 8' x 10' | 10' x 12' |
| Kitchen (galley) | 8' x 10' | 8' x 12' |
| Kitchen (L-shape) | 10' x 10' | 12' x 12' |

---

## Color and Finishes

### Color Temperature
| Color Type | Temperature | Effect |
|------------|-------------|--------|
| Warm (red, orange, yellow) | Advancing | Cozy, intimate |
| Cool (blue, green, purple) | Receding | Calm, spacious |
| Neutral (white, gray, beige) | Variable | Versatile, timeless |

### Color Schemes
| Scheme | Description | Use |
|--------|-------------|-----|
| Monochromatic | Single hue, varied values | Sophisticated |
| Analogous | Adjacent hues | Harmonious |
| Complementary | Opposite hues | Dynamic |
| Split-complementary | One hue + two adjacents | Balanced |
| Triadic | Three equidistant hues | Vibrant |

### 60-30-10 Rule
| Proportion | Application |
|------------|-------------|
| 60% | Dominant (walls, large surfaces) |
| 30% | Secondary (upholstery, curtains) |
| 10% | Accent (accessories, art) |

### Light Reflectance Values (LRV)
| Surface | Recommended LRV |
|---------|-----------------|
| Ceiling | 80-90% |
| Walls | 50-70% |
| Floors | 20-40% |
| Furniture | 25-45% |

---

## Lighting Design

### Lighting Layers
| Layer | Purpose | Examples |
|-------|---------|----------|
| Ambient | General illumination | Ceiling fixtures, recessed |
| Task | Specific activities | Desk lamps, under-cabinet |
| Accent | Highlight features | Track, picture lights |
| Decorative | Visual interest | Chandeliers, pendants |

### Foot-Candle Levels
| Space/Task | FC |
|------------|-----|
| Living room | 10-20 |
| Kitchen (general) | 30-50 |
| Kitchen (task) | 50-100 |
| Dining | 10-30 |
| Bedroom | 10-20 |
| Bathroom (general) | 20-50 |
| Bathroom (grooming) | 50-100 |
| Home office | 50-75 |
| Reading | 50-100 |

### Color Temperature
| Kelvin | Description | Application |
|--------|-------------|-------------|
| 2700K | Warm white | Residential, hospitality |
| 3000K | Soft white | Residential, retail |
| 3500K | Neutral | Office, commercial |
| 4000K | Cool white | Healthcare, work areas |
| 5000K+ | Daylight | Task, garage, outdoor |

### CRI (Color Rendering Index)
| CRI | Quality | Use |
|-----|---------|-----|
| 95-100 | Excellent | Art, retail display |
| 90-95 | Very good | Residential, hospitality |
| 80-90 | Good | Commercial, office |
| <80 | Fair | Industrial, storage |

---

## Furniture Standards

### Seating Heights
| Type | Seat Height |
|------|-------------|
| Dining chair | 17"-19" |
| Lounge chair | 15"-17" |
| Bar stool | 28"-30" |
| Counter stool | 24"-26" |
| Task chair | 16"-21" (adjustable) |

### Table Heights
| Type | Height |
|------|--------|
| Dining table | 28"-30" |
| Coffee table | 16"-18" |
| End table | 22"-26" |
| Desk | 28"-30" |
| Bar height | 40"-42" |
| Counter height | 34"-36" |

### Sofa Dimensions
| Type | Width | Depth | Height |
|------|-------|-------|--------|
| Loveseat | 52"-66" | 34"-38" | 30"-36" |
| 3-seat sofa | 72"-84" | 34"-38" | 30"-36" |
| Sectional (per section) | 60"-80" | 34"-42" | 30"-36" |

### Bed Sizes
| Size | Mattress | Room Min |
|------|----------|----------|
| Twin | 38" x 75" | 8' x 10' |
| Twin XL | 38" x 80" | 8' x 10' |
| Full | 54" x 75" | 10' x 10' |
| Queen | 60" x 80" | 10' x 12' |
| King | 76" x 80" | 12' x 14' |
| Cal King | 72" x 84" | 12' x 14' |

---

## Casework Standards

### Kitchen Base Cabinets
| Element | Dimension |
|---------|-----------|
| Standard height | 34-1/2" |
| With countertop | 36" |
| Depth | 24" |
| Toe kick height | 4" |
| Toe kick depth | 3" |

### Kitchen Upper Cabinets
| Element | Dimension |
|---------|-----------|
| Standard height | 30", 36", 42" |
| Depth | 12" |
| Bottom above counter | 18" |
| Bottom above range | 24"-30" |

### Vanity Cabinets
| Type | Height | Depth |
|------|--------|-------|
| Standard | 32" | 21" |
| Comfort height | 36" | 21"-24" |
| Floating | Per design | 18"-21" |

### Closet Standards
| Element | Dimension |
|---------|-----------|
| Shelf depth | 12"-16" |
| Hanging rod height (single) | 66" |
| Hanging rod height (double-upper) | 80"-84" |
| Hanging rod height (double-lower) | 40"-42" |
| Depth for hangers | 24" minimum |

---

## Wall Finishes

### Paint Types
| Type | Sheen | Use |
|------|-------|-----|
| Flat/Matte | 0-10% | Ceilings, low-traffic walls |
| Eggshell | 10-25% | Living areas, bedrooms |
| Satin | 25-35% | Kitchens, bathrooms |
| Semi-gloss | 35-70% | Trim, doors, cabinets |
| Gloss | 70%+ | Furniture, accents |

### Wall Coverings
| Type | Durability | Application |
|------|------------|-------------|
| Vinyl (Type I) | Light duty | Residential, low traffic |
| Vinyl (Type II) | Medium duty | Commercial, hospitality |
| Vinyl (Type III) | Heavy duty | Healthcare, corridors |
| Fabric | Varies | Acoustics, upscale |
| Natural (grass, silk) | Low | Accent walls |

### Wainscot Heights
| Style | Height |
|-------|--------|
| Chair rail only | 32"-36" |
| Traditional | 32"-36" |
| Classic | 36"-42" |
| Tall | 48"-60" |
| Full height | To plate line |

---

## Flooring

### Residential Recommendations
| Room | Preferred | Alternative |
|------|-----------|-------------|
| Living/Dining | Hardwood, LVP | Tile, carpet |
| Kitchen | Tile, LVP | Hardwood |
| Bathroom | Tile, LVP | Natural stone |
| Bedroom | Carpet, hardwood | LVP |
| Entry | Tile, stone | LVP |
| Laundry | Tile, LVP | Sheet vinyl |

### Commercial Durability
| Traffic Level | Options |
|---------------|---------|
| Light | Carpet, hardwood, LVP |
| Medium | Commercial LVT, tile |
| Heavy | Porcelain, terrazzo, polished concrete |
| Extreme | Epoxy, rubber, quarry tile |

### Carpet Specifications
| Metric | Residential | Commercial |
|--------|-------------|------------|
| Face weight | 30-50 oz | 20-32 oz |
| Density | 3,000-5,000 | 5,000+ |
| Pile height | 3/4"-1" | 1/4"-3/8" |
| Fiber | Nylon, polyester | Nylon |

### Hardwood Grades
| Grade | Description | Use |
|-------|-------------|-----|
| Select | Minimal variation | Formal, traditional |
| #1 Common | Some variation | Casual, cottage |
| #2 Common | More variation | Rustic, character |
| Character | Maximum variation | Industrial, rustic |

---

## Window Treatments

### Mounting Heights
| Condition | Height |
|-----------|--------|
| Standard | 4"-6" above frame |
| For height illusion | At ceiling |
| Architectural header | Below header |

### Width Extensions
| Mounting | Extension |
|----------|-----------|
| Inside mount | Frame width |
| Outside mount | 4"-8" each side |
| Wide appearance | 8"-12" each side |

### Treatment Types
| Type | Light Control | Privacy |
|------|---------------|---------|
| Sheer curtains | Low | Low |
| Drapes | High | High |
| Roman shades | Medium-high | High |
| Roller shades | High | High |
| Blinds | Adjustable | High |
| Shutters | Adjustable | High |

### Drapery Lengths
| Style | Length |
|-------|--------|
| Sill | To sill |
| Below sill | 4" below sill |
| Floor | 1/2" above floor |
| Puddled | 2"-6" on floor |

---

## Millwork Details

### Baseboard Heights
| Style | Height |
|-------|--------|
| Minimal/Modern | 3"-4" |
| Standard | 5"-6" |
| Traditional | 7"-8" |
| Formal | 10"+ |

### Crown Molding
| Ceiling Height | Crown Size |
|----------------|------------|
| 8' | 3"-5" |
| 9' | 5"-7" |
| 10'+ | 7"-12" |

### Casing Widths
| Style | Width |
|-------|-------|
| Modern | 2-1/4"-3" |
| Transitional | 3"-4" |
| Traditional | 4"-5" |
| Formal | 5"+ |

### Panel Proportions
| Element | Rule |
|---------|------|
| Stile width | 1/5 to 1/4 of panel width |
| Rail height | Match stile width |
| Bottom rail | 1.5x top rail |
| Golden ratio | 1:1.618 height to width |

---

## Acoustic Considerations

### NRC (Noise Reduction Coefficient)
| Material | NRC Range |
|----------|-----------|
| Drywall | 0.05 |
| Carpet | 0.25-0.55 |
| Acoustic tile | 0.50-0.90 |
| Fabric panels | 0.60-0.85 |
| Curtains | 0.35-0.55 |

### Room Treatments
| Issue | Solution |
|-------|----------|
| Echo | Add soft surfaces |
| Noise transfer | Mass, sealing |
| HVAC noise | Duct lining, silencers |
| Impact noise | Underlayment, carpet |

---

## Sustainability

### VOC Limits
| Product | g/L Max |
|---------|---------|
| Flat paint | 50 |
| Non-flat paint | 100 |
| Primer | 100 |
| Adhesives (carpet) | 50 |
| Sealants | 250 |

### Sustainable Materials
| Material | Certification |
|----------|---------------|
| Wood | FSC, SFI |
| Carpet | Cradle to Cradle |
| Fabric | OEKO-TEX |
| Paint | GREENGUARD |
| Flooring | FloorScore |

### Recycled Content
| Material | Typical Content |
|----------|-----------------|
| Carpet | 20-40% |
| Tile (ceramic) | 40-60% |
| Steel | 25-90% |
| Aluminum | 30-50% |
| Glass tile | 50-100% |
