# Audio-Visual and Technology Systems

## Display Technologies

### Display Types
| Type | Use | Pros | Cons |
|------|-----|------|------|
| LCD/LED | General | Bright, affordable | Limited size |
| OLED | Premium | Contrast, thin | Cost |
| Projector | Large venues | Scalable | Dark room needed |
| LED wall | High-end | Seamless, bright | Very expensive |
| Interactive | Collaboration | Touch input | Cost, size limits |

### Display Sizing
| Viewing Distance | Minimum Size |
|------------------|--------------|
| 8' | 55" |
| 10' | 65" |
| 12' | 75" |
| 15' | 85" |
| 20' | 100" or projector |
| 25'+ | Projector or LED wall |

### Resolution by Size
| Size | Minimum Resolution |
|------|-------------------|
| < 50" | 1080p |
| 50"-75" | 4K |
| 75"-100" | 4K |
| Projector | 1080p to 4K |
| LED wall | Pixel pitch based |

### Mounting Heights
| Location | Bottom of Display |
|----------|-------------------|
| Conference room | 36"-48" AFF |
| Training room | 48"-60" AFF |
| Digital signage | 60"-72" AFF |
| Auditorium | Per sight lines |

---

## Projection Systems

### Throw Distance
| Throw Type | Ratio |
|------------|-------|
| Ultra-short | < 0.4:1 |
| Short throw | 0.4-1.0:1 |
| Standard | 1.5-2.5:1 |
| Long throw | > 2.5:1 |

### Lumens by Application
| Application | Lumens |
|-------------|--------|
| Small conference | 3,000-4,000 |
| Medium conference | 4,000-6,000 |
| Training room | 5,000-7,000 |
| Auditorium | 8,000-15,000 |
| Large venue | 15,000-30,000 |

### Screen Types
| Type | Use |
|------|-----|
| Matte white | General purpose |
| High contrast | Ambient light |
| Acoustic | Behind speakers |
| Rear projection | Special applications |
| Motorized | Multi-use spaces |

### Screen Sizing
```
Image Width = Throw Distance / Throw Ratio

Example:
15' throw / 1.5 ratio = 10' wide image
```

---

## Audio Systems

### Sound Reinforcement
| Room Size | System Type |
|-----------|-------------|
| Small (< 20 people) | Soundbar/ceiling |
| Medium (20-50) | Distributed ceiling |
| Large (50-200) | Line array/clusters |
| Auditorium (200+) | Distributed + main |

### Speaker Placement
| Type | Spacing |
|------|---------|
| Ceiling (70V) | 1.5-2× ceiling height |
| Column | Per coverage pattern |
| Line array | Vertical array |
| Subwoofer | 1 per 1,000 SF |

### Microphones
| Type | Application |
|------|-------------|
| Tabletop | Small conference |
| Ceiling | Medium conference |
| Gooseneck | Lectern, desks |
| Lapel/lavalier | Presenter |
| Handheld | Audience Q&A |
| Boundary | Tables |

### Audio DSP
| Feature | Purpose |
|---------|---------|
| Echo cancellation | Video conferencing |
| Noise reduction | Clear audio |
| Automatic mixing | Multiple mics |
| Room correction | Acoustics |

---

## Video Conferencing

### Room Types
| Room | Equipment |
|------|-----------|
| Huddle (2-4) | All-in-one bar |
| Small (4-8) | Display, camera, soundbar |
| Medium (8-16) | Display, PTZ camera, ceiling mics |
| Large (16+) | Multiple displays, multiple cameras |
| Boardroom | Premium, custom |

### Camera Types
| Type | Coverage |
|------|----------|
| Webcam | 1-2 people |
| Soundbar camera | 4-8 people |
| PTZ | 8-20 people |
| Multiple PTZ | Large rooms |
| Tracking camera | Presenter capture |

### Bandwidth Requirements
| Quality | Bandwidth |
|---------|-----------|
| Standard (720p) | 1-2 Mbps |
| HD (1080p) | 2-4 Mbps |
| 4K | 8-20 Mbps |
| Content sharing | +1-5 Mbps |

### Lighting for Video
| Metric | Target |
|--------|--------|
| Face illumination | 30-50 FC |
| Lighting ratio | < 3:1 |
| Color temperature | 3200-4000K |
| Position | Front, 45° angles |

---

## Control Systems

### Control Types
| Type | Application |
|------|-------------|
| Simple switch | On/off only |
| Preset controller | Common settings |
| Touch panel | Full control |
| Scheduling | Automated |
| Occupancy-based | Auto on/off |

### Integration Points
| System | Integration |
|--------|-------------|
| Lighting | Scenes, dimming |
| Shades | Position control |
| HVAC | Occupancy, scheduling |
| Security | Access control |
| Digital signage | Content management |

### User Interfaces
| Interface | Application |
|-----------|-------------|
| Wall panel | Room control |
| Tabletop panel | Conference |
| Mobile app | Remote/personal |
| Voice control | Hands-free |
| Web interface | Administration |

---

## Digital Signage

### Display Locations
| Location | Content Type |
|----------|--------------|
| Lobby | Welcome, wayfinding |
| Elevator | News, events |
| Cafeteria | Menu, info |
| Conference rooms | Room schedule |
| Common areas | General info |

### Screen Specifications
| Feature | Commercial Grade |
|---------|------------------|
| Brightness | 500-700 nits |
| Operating hours | 16-24/7 |
| Warranty | 3 years |
| Connectivity | Network |
| Orientation | Portrait or landscape |

### Content Management
| Feature | Purpose |
|---------|---------|
| Scheduling | Time-based content |
| Zoning | Multiple content areas |
| Emergency | Alert override |
| Remote update | Central control |
| Templates | Easy creation |

---

## Infrastructure

### Cabling
| Cable Type | Application |
|------------|-------------|
| HDMI | Short runs (< 25') |
| HDBaseT | Long runs (up to 330') |
| Fiber | Very long runs |
| Cat6A | AV over IP |
| Coax | Legacy systems |

### Power Requirements
| Equipment | Power |
|-----------|-------|
| Display (55"-75") | 200-400W |
| Projector | 300-1,500W |
| Amplifier | 100-500W |
| Control system | 50-100W |
| Total per room | 500-2,000W |

### HVAC Considerations
| Equipment | Heat Load |
|-----------|-----------|
| Display | 200-500 BTU/hr |
| Projector | 1,000-5,000 BTU/hr |
| Rack equipment | Per device |
| LED wall | Significant |

### Equipment Rooms
| Room Type | Size |
|-----------|------|
| AV closet | 30-50 SF |
| Small rack room | 60-100 SF |
| Central AV | 150-300 SF |
| Data center | Per design |

---

## Room Types

### Conference Room (Small)
| Equipment | Quantity |
|-----------|----------|
| Display (55"-65") | 1 |
| Video bar | 1 |
| Control | Simple |
| Network drops | 2-4 |

### Conference Room (Medium)
| Equipment | Quantity |
|-----------|----------|
| Display (75"-85") | 1 |
| PTZ camera | 1 |
| Ceiling mics | 2-4 |
| Speakers (ceiling) | 2-4 |
| Touch panel | 1 |

### Boardroom
| Equipment | Quantity |
|-----------|----------|
| Displays | 2-4 |
| Cameras | 2+ |
| Ceiling mics | 4-8 |
| Sound system | Custom |
| Touch panels | 2+ |
| Video switching | Matrix |

### Training Room
| Equipment | Quantity |
|-----------|----------|
| Projector or display | 1-2 |
| Lectern | 1 |
| Audience mics | Optional |
| Recording | Optional |
| Document camera | 1 |

### Auditorium
| Equipment | Quantity |
|-----------|----------|
| Projection | Large format |
| Sound system | Line array |
| Presenter mics | Multiple |
| Audience mics | Wireless |
| Recording | Multi-camera |
| Streaming | Optional |
| Lighting | Stage + house |

---

## Acoustics for AV

### Background Noise
| Room Type | Max NC |
|-----------|--------|
| Conference | NC-25 to NC-30 |
| Boardroom | NC-25 |
| Training | NC-30 to NC-35 |
| Auditorium | NC-20 to NC-25 |

### Reverberation
| Room Type | RT60 |
|-----------|------|
| Conference | 0.4-0.6 sec |
| Training | 0.5-0.8 sec |
| Auditorium (speech) | 0.8-1.2 sec |
| Auditorium (music) | 1.4-2.0 sec |

### Speech Intelligibility
| Metric | Target |
|--------|--------|
| STI | > 0.65 |
| STIPA | > 0.65 |
| %ALCons | < 10% |

---

## Standards

### Video Standards
| Standard | Resolution | Use |
|----------|------------|-----|
| 720p | 1280×720 | Legacy |
| 1080p | 1920×1080 | Standard |
| 4K UHD | 3840×2160 | Premium |
| 4K DCI | 4096×2160 | Cinema |
| 8K | 7680×4320 | Future |

### Audio Standards
| Standard | Application |
|----------|-------------|
| 70V/100V | Distributed audio |
| Low impedance | Professional |
| Dante | AV over IP |
| AES67 | Interoperability |

### Control Standards
| Standard | Use |
|----------|-----|
| RS-232 | Legacy control |
| IP | Network control |
| CEC | HDMI control |
| IR | Remote control |
