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0,0,-4206,-4205,0,-4204,1126,-2064,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwFq",-4202,-4201,-3328,1125,-4200,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4199,-4198,0,-4197,1124,-4196,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwFu",-4194,-4193,-3328,1123,-4192,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4191,-4190,0,-4189,1122,-3681,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuKg",-4140,-4187,-3328,1121,-4186,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4185,-4184,0,-4183,1120,-4182,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuKu",-4140,-4180,-3328,1119,-4179,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4178,-4177,0,-4176,1118,-3501,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGg",-4140,-4174,-3328,1117,-4173,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4172,-4171,0,-4170,1116,-3997,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuKv",-4140,-4168,-3328,1115,-4167,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4166,-4165,0,-4164,937,-4163,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGM",-4104,-4161,-3328,1114,-4160,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4159,-4158,0,-4157,919,-4156,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwFt",-4140,-4154,-3328,1113,-4153,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4152,-4151,0,-4150,943,-4149,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwD2",-4140,-4147,-3328,1112,-4146,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4145,-4144,0,-4143,1111,-4142,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuKN",-4140,-4139,-3328,1110,-4138,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4137,-4136,0,-4135,1109,-4134,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwEr",-4083,-4132,-3328,1108,-4131,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4130,-4129,0,-4128,943,-4127,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwEp",-4075,-4125,-3328,1107,-4124,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4123,-4122,0,-4121,1106,-4120,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGA",-4083,-4118,-3328,1105,-4117,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4116,-4115,0,-4114,939,-4113,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwEo",-4075,-4111,-3328,1104,-4110,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4109,-4108,0,-4107,981,-4106,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwEq",-4104,-4103,-3328,1103,-4102,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4101,-4100,0,-4099,919,-4098,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGN",-4083,-4096,-3328,1102,-4095,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4094,-4093,0,-4092,1101,-4011,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwD3",-4075,-4090,-3328,1100,-4089,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4088,-4087,0,-4086,1099,-4085,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGP",-4083,-4082,-3328,1098,-4081,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4080,-4079,0,-4078,1097,-4077,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuKs",-4075,-4074,-3328,1096,-4073,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4072,-4071,0,-4070,947,-3407,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,19,"CwEK",-4049,-4068,-3328,1095,-4067,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4066,-4065,0,-4064,1094,-4063,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGO",-4029,-4061,-3328,1093,-4060,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4059,-4058,0,-4057,1092,-2064,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuIp",-4049,-4055,-3328,1091,-4054,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4053,-4052,0,-4051,1090,-3997,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuI7",-4049,-4048,-3328,1089,-4047,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4046,-4045,0,-4044,1088,-3515,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuKR",-4029,-4042,-3328,1087,-4041,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4040,-4039,0,-4038,1086,-2064,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwDu",-4029,-4036,-3328,1085,-4035,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4034,-4033,0,-4032,929,-4031,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwDq",-4029,-4028,-3328,1084,-4027,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4026,-4025,0,-4024,1083,-3437,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwE7",-3975,-4022,-3328,1082,-4021,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4020,-4019,0,-4018,1081,-3457,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwE3",-3975,-4016,-3328,1080,-4015,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4014,-4013,0,-4012,960,-4011,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuKZ",-3975,-4009,-3328,1079,-4008,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4007,-4006,0,-4005,1078,-4004,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwDm",-3975,-4002,-3328,1077,-4001,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-4000,-3999,0,-3998,1076,-3997,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGd",-3988,-3995,-3328,1075,-3994,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3993,-3992,0,-3991,1074,-3990,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuIv",-3988,-3987,-3328,1073,-3986,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3985,-3984,0,-3983,1072,-3515,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuI3",-3908,-3981,-3328,1071,-3980,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3979,-3978,0,-3977,1070,-3942,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwEj",-3975,-3974,-3328,1069,-3973,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3972,-3971,0,-3970,1022,-3969,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGZ",-3908,-3967,-3328,1068,-3966,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3965,-3964,0,-3963,1067,-3962,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuI_",-3908,-3960,-3328,1066,-3959,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3958,-3957,0,-3956,1065,-3922,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwD6",-3880,-3954,-3328,1064,-3953,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3952,-3951,0,-3950,1063,-3949,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwDi",-3880,-3947,-3328,1062,-3946,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3945,-3944,0,-3943,1061,-3942,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuIr",-3908,-3940,-3328,1060,-3939,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3938,-3937,0,-3936,1059,-3935,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuIn",-3908,-3933,-3328,1058,-3932,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3931,-3930,0,-3929,306,-3415,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGV",-3872,-3927,-3328,1057,-3926,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3925,-3924,0,-3923,1056,-3922,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CuIj",-3908,-3920,-3328,1055,-3919,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3918,-3917,0,-3916,1054,-2064,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwD$",-3880,-3914,-3328,1053,-3913,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-3912,-3911,0,-3910,1052,-3437,-3318,0,0,899,0,0,0,0,-3296,5,18,"CwGo",-3908,-3907,-3328,1051,-3906,0,0,0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0,0,0,-1731,5,1,"BtJPZ",-1771,0,74,0,-21,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1731,5,0,"Pvls",-1768,-1768,-62,0,-1767,0,0,0,0,15,36,0,-1766,0,0,0,0,0,-168,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1731,5,1,"Bt_sp",-1756,0,87,0,-162,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_so",-1756,0,86,0,-159,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sn",-1756,0,585,0,-44,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sm",-1756,0,584,0,-42,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sl",-1756,0,583,0,-40,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sk",-1751,0,582,0,-154,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sj",-1751,0,581,0,-37,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_si",-1751,0,580,0,-35,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sh",-1751,0,579,0,-33,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sg",-1749,0,191,190,-29,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sf",-1743,0,578,0,-27,-11,0,-1747,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_se",-1743,0,577,0,-23,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sd",-1743,0,74,0,-21,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sc",-1743,0,73,0,-18,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,2,"Bt_sb",-1741,0,576,0,-15,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sa",-1739,0,186,0,-12,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,1,"Bt_sZ",-1737,0,575,0,-1132,-11,0,0,0,0,-1733,0,5,3,"LQuj",-1762,-1761,586,0,0,586,0,0,-1735,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,-1734,574,-1731,5,10,"EUKU",-1781,-1780,591,-1779,0,0,4,383,0,-1769,588,587,-185,-1764,0,0,0,-1763,0,-1747,0,0,0,576,0,1,0,-1730,0,0,-1732,5,2,"BXt6Y",-1789,0,0,-122,0,0,588,-1788,-1787,-577,0,0,0,0,388,577,-1786,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-124,-206,0,0,-1782,-1731,5,0,"Cx5X",-1723,0,73,-116,0,-1695,5,1,"BXvn3",-1724,0,0,-122,0,0,552,0,0,-119,0,-1668,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-118,-1722,-114,0,-1721,0,5,1,"BuVkK",-1715,0,572,0,-106,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1669,5,1,"BtUE0",-1713,0,571,0,-27,-453,0,-1688,0,0,0,-1669,5,1,"BtT6j",-1709,0,555,0,-23,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1669,5,1,"BtT6i",-1709,0,73,0,-18,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1669,5,1,"BtT6h",-1709,0,554,0,-21,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1669,5,-95,565,564,563,562,-83,0,2147483647,15,-397,-1705,-1704,566,-1703,-93,-1701,-1695,0,0,0,0,-1699,1997,-1698,-1697,554,13678,"p",0,0,568,-397,-1704,-93,-1696,5,0,"Pxlc",-1694,-1694,-62,0,-1693,0,0,0,0,15,36,0,-1692,0,0,0,0,0,-235,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1669,5,1,"BuVkJ",-1681,0,559,0,-33,-11,0,0,0,0,-1671,0,5,1,"BuVkI",-1681,0,558,0,-162,-11,0,0,0,0,-1671,0,5,1,"BuVkH",-1677,0,557,556,-29,-11,0,0,0,0,-1671,0,5,1,"BuVkG",-1681,0,555,0,-23,-11,0,0,0,0,-1671,0,5,1,"BuVkF",-1681,0,554,0,-21,-11,0,0,0,0,-1671,0,5,1,"BuVkE",-1679,0,73,0,-18,-11,0,0,0,0,-1671,0,5,1,"BuVkD",-1677,0,553,552,-15,-11,0,0,0,0,-1671,0,5,1,"BuVkC",-1675,0,13,0,-12,-11,0,0,0,0,-1671,0,5,4,"LSQF",-1687,-1686,561,0,0,560,0,0,-1673,0,0,0,1,0,551,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,-1672,550,-1669,5,12,"EUqu",-1718,-1717,573,-1716,0,0,4,1847,0,-1707,570,569,-1695,-1690,3,6,0,-1689,0,-1688,0,0,0,552,0,0,0,-1668,0,0,-1670,5,2,"BXvmn",-1728,0,0,-122,0,0,570,-1727,-1726,-119,0,0,0,0,59,555,-1725,0,0,6,1,0,0,0,-124,-1722,0,0,-1719,-1669,5,1,"BXu7z",-1663,0,0,-122,0,0,533,0,0,-119,0,-1609,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-118,-206,-114,0,-1662,0,5,1,"BtQDx",-1650,0,548,0,-33,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1610,5,1,"BtQDw",-1650,0,537,0,-29,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1610,5,1,"BtQDv",-1650,0,535,0,-27,-11,0,-1625,0,0,0,-1610,5,1,"BtQDu",-1650,0,533,0,-15,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1610,5,1,"BtQDt",-1650,0,534,0,-23,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1610,5,1,"BtQDs",-1650,0,73,0,-18,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1610,5,1,"BtQDr",-1650,0,74,0,-21,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1610,5,0,"Pw1g",-1647,-1647,-62,0,-1646,0,0,0,0,15,36,0,-1645,0,0,0,0,0,-168,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1610,5,1,"BtQEB",-1639,0,87,0,-162,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQEA",-1634,0,86,0,-159,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD_",-1634,0,544,0,-44,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD$",-1634,0,543,0,-42,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD9",-1634,0,542,0,-40,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD8",-1629,0,541,0,-154,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD7",-1629,0,540,0,-37,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD6",-1629,0,539,0,-35,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD5",-1629,0,538,0,-33,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD4",-1627,0,537,536,-29,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD3",-1623,0,535,0,-27,-11,0,-1625,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD2",-1623,0,534,0,-23,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD1",-1620,0,74,0,-21,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQD0",-1620,0,73,0,-18,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,2,"BtQDz",-1618,0,533,0,-15,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,1,"BtQDy",-1616,0,186,0,-12,-11,0,0,0,0,-1612,0,5,3,"LM3v",-1641,-1640,545,0,0,545,0,0,-1614,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,-1613,532,-1610,5,12,"EUdo",-1659,-1658,549,-1657,0,0,4,1252,0,-1648,547,546,-185,-1643,3,5,0,-1642,0,-1625,0,0,0,533,0,0,0,-1609,0,0,-1611,5,5,"BXu7x",-1659,0,0,-122,0,0,547,-1666,-1665,-577,0,0,0,0,490,534,-1664,0,0,5,2,0,0,0,-124,-206,0,0,-1660,-1610,5,0,"Cx6D",-1604,0,73,-116,0,-1585,5,1,"BXxB0",-1605,0,0,-122,0,0,512,0,0,-119,0,-1550,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-118,-1603,-114,0,-1602,0,5,1,"Btctw",-1596,0,530,0,-106,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-1551,5,-83,0,2147483647,15,-196,-1592,-1591,15,-94,-93,-1590,-1585,0,0,0,0,-1588,0,-1587,-79,513,2,"L$",0,0,527,-196,-1591,-93,-1586,5,0,"PzNM",-1584,-1584,-62,0,-1583,0,0,0,0,15,36,0,-1582,0,0,0,0,0,-53,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1551,5,1,"Btctv",-1575,0,523,0,-44,-11,0,0,0,0,-1553,0,5,1,"Btctu",-1575,0,522,0,-42,-11,0,0,0,0,-1553,0,5,1,"Btctt",-1570,0,521,0,-40,-11,0,0,0,0,-1553,0,5,1,"Btcts",-1570,0,520,0,-37,-11,0,0,0,0,-1553,0,5,1,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0,5,1,"BuYMQ",-904,0,186,0,-12,-11,0,0,0,0,-899,0,5,4,"LSkT",-923,-922,347,0,0,346,0,0,-902,0,0,0,1,0,334,-901,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,-900,333,-897,5,26,"EXxC",-957,-956,355,-955,0,0,4,585,0,-952,353,352,-691,-925,3,6,0,-924,0,-901,0,0,0,335,0,1,0,-896,0,0,-898,5,16,"BX4ZO",-957,0,0,-122,0,0,353,-977,-976,-126,0,0,0,0,26,336,-975,0,0,6,6,0,0,0,-124,-714,0,0,-958,-897,5,0,"Cx6h",-889,0,73,-116,0,-869,5,1,"BX7VG",-890,0,0,-122,0,0,325,0,0,-119,0,-844,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-118,-888,-114,0,-887,0,5,2,"ButyK",-882,0,331,325,-15,-453,0,0,0,0,0,-845,5,3,"Butxw",-880,0,330,0,-106,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-845,5,-83,0,2147483647,15,-704,-876,-875,15,-446,-93,-874,-869,0,0,0,0,-872,2022,-871,-440,317,8,"Ko",0,0,327,-704,-875,-93,-870,5,1,"Butxv",-864,0,322,0,-37,-11,0,0,0,0,-847,0,5,1,"Butxu",-856,0,321,0,-31,-11,0,0,0,0,-847,0,5,2,"Butxt",-861,0,320,0,-29,-11,0,0,0,0,-847,0,5,1,"Butxs",-856,0,319,0,-27,-11,0,-859,0,0,-847,0,5,1,"Butxr",-856,0,318,0,-23,-11,0,0,0,0,-847,0,5,1,"Butxq",-856,0,317,0,-21,-11,0,0,0,0,-847,0,5,1,"Butxp",-854,0,73,0,-18,-11,0,0,0,0,-847,0,5,1,"Butxo",-852,0,316,15,-15,-11,0,0,0,0,-847,0,5,1,"Butxn",-850,0,13,0,-12,-11,0,0,0,0,-847,0,5,5,"LVBB",-866,-865,324,0,0,323,0,0,-848,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,315,-845,5,12,"EY6r",-884,-865,332,-883,0,0,4,238,0,-878,329,328,-869,-868,0,0,0,-867,0,-859,0,0,0,325,0,1,0,-844,0,0,-846,5,1,"BX7Ul",-894,0,0,-122,0,0,329,-893,-892,-126,0,0,0,0,104,318,-891,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-124,-888,0,0,-885,-845,5,0,"Cx6_",-840,0,73,-116,0,-814,5,2,"BX6RI",-841,0,0,-122,314,0,293,0,0,-119,0,-787,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-118,-839,-114,0,-838,0,5,1,"Buper",-832,0,292,0,-106,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-788,5,-95,307,306,15,305,-83,0,2147483647,15,-829,-826,-825,15,-824,-93,-820,-814,0,0,0,0,-818,2010,-817,-816,294,3,"Ep",0,0,310,-829,-825,-93,-815,5,1,"BunOz",-806,0,302,0,-33,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOy",-806,0,301,0,-40,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOx",-806,0,300,0,-154,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOw",-806,0,299,0,-42,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOv",-799,0,298,0,-44,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOu",-799,0,297,0,-31,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOt",-799,0,296,0,-27,-11,0,-792,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOs",-799,0,295,0,-23,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOr",-799,0,294,0,-21,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOq",-799,0,73,0,-18,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,2,"BunOp",-797,0,293,0,-15,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,1,"BunOo",-795,0,13,0,-12,-11,0,0,0,0,-790,0,5,5,"LUAJ",-811,-810,304,0,0,303,0,0,-793,0,0,0,1,0,292,-792,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,-791,291,-788,5,9,"EYP$",-835,-834,313,-833,0,0,4,299,0,-830,312,311,-814,-813,0,3,0,-812,0,-792,0,0,0,293,0,0,0,-787,0,0,-789,5,3,"BX6RC",-835,0,0,-122,0,0,312,0,0,-119,0,0,0,0,2,295,-842,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,-124,-839,0,0,-836,-788,5,-728,1973,9999,-771,0,1972,15,-397,-775,-774,15,-95,-731,-773,-766,0,0,0,0,-769,0,-768,-440,285,5,"Be",0,0,287,-397,-774,-731,-767,5,0,"CyAw",-778,0,0,-777,288,-766,5,1,"BYF0D",-779,0,0,-122,0,0,250,0,0,-126,0,-761,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-118,-765,-721,0,-764,0,5,3,"BYEkz",-781,0,-740,-122,0,0,290,0,0,-126,0,-653,-780,-780,391,289,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-738,-765,0,0,-762,0,5,-728,0,2147483647,15,-756,-754,-753,15,-95,-731,-752,-747,0,0,0,0,-750,0,-749,-440,279,3,"B1",0,0,281,-756,-753,-731,-748,5,0,"CyBx",-758,0,0,-757,282,-747,5,1,"BYCdw",-759,0,0,-122,0,0,250,0,0,-126,0,-742,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-118,-746,-721,0,-745,0,5,1,"BYCdv",-759,0,0,-122,0,0,284,0,0,-126,0,-653,-760,-760,44,283,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-738,-746,0,0,-743,0,5,-728,0,2147483647,15,-450,-733,-732,15,-95,-731,-729,-723,0,0,0,0,-726,0,-725,-440,273,5,"Bd",0,0,275,-450,-732,-731,-724,5,0,"Cx5t",-736,0,0,-735,276,-723,5,1,"BYCZ0",-737,0,0,-122,0,0,250,0,0,-126,0,-717,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-118,-722,-721,0,-720,0,5,2,"BYCZz",-741,0,-740,-122,0,0,278,0,0,-126,0,-653,-739,-739,1285,277,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-738,-722,0,0,-718,0,5,0,"Cx59",-715,0,73,-116,0,-691,5,2,"BX60K",-716,0,0,-122,272,0,250,0,0,-119,0,-653,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-118,-714,-114,0,-713,0,5,1,"Buriu",-707,0,270,0,-106,-11,0,0,0,0,0,-654,5,-83,0,2147483647,15,-704,-702,-701,15,-94,-93,-697,-691,0,0,0,0,-695,1903,-694,-693,251,19562,"F",0,0,267,-704,-701,-93,-692,5,1,"Xu",0,0,265,5,1,"TWDH",0,0,-689,-685,5,1,"P_iw",-690,-690,-62,0,-687,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-686,0,-376,0,0,0,-370,0,0,147,0,0,0,0,-654,5,1,"Burit",-676,0,262,0,-44,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Buris",-676,0,261,0,-42,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Burir",-676,0,260,0,-40,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Buriq",-676,0,259,0,-37,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Burip",-676,0,258,0,-33,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Burio",-669,0,257,0,-31,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Burin",-673,0,256,255,-29,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Burim",-669,0,254,0,-671,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Buril",-669,0,253,0,-27,-11,0,-658,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Burik",-665,0,252,0,-23,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Burij",-665,0,251,0,-21,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Burii",-665,0,73,0,-18,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,2,"Burih",-663,0,250,0,-15,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,1,"Burig",-661,0,186,0,-12,-11,0,0,0,0,-656,0,5,4,"LUZb",-682,-681,264,0,0,263,0,0,-659,0,0,0,1,0,249,-658,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,-657,248,-654,5,22,"EYZL",-710,-709,271,-708,0,0,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\u0026 Qodirova","2026","FedCFamC1A","1","12 January 2026","Riethmuller and Kari JJ; McClelland DCJ","MCCLELLAND DCJ, RIETHMULLER \u0026 KARI JJ","MS ARRIGHETTI\nAppellant\nMR QODIROVA\nRespondent","FAMILY LAW – APPEAL – PARENTING –– Change of residence – Moratorium on time with mother – Supervised time regime – Injunction restraining contact with maternal grandmother – Allegations of sexual abuse – Unacceptable risk – Emotional and psychological harm – Fixed beliefs – Best interests of child – Scope of trial judge’s discretion – Whether error of fact was material – Whether failure to consider alternative orders amounted to error – Appeal dismissed by majority - Costs","28 August 2025","Counsel for the Appellant: Ms Davison\nSolicitor for the Appellant: Clarity Legal Group\nCounsel for the Respondent: Mr Bunning","Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) s 15AA\nFamily Law Act 1975 (Cth) ss 60B, 60CA, 60CC, 65AA, 65D, 65DAAA\nFamily Law Amendment Act 2023 (Cth)\nFederal Circuit and Family Court of Australia Act 2021(Cth) s 36\nFederal Proceedings (Costs) Act 1981 (Cth)\nUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child arts 7, 9, 18","NAA 269 of 2025\nBRC 8111 of 2022\nFEDERAL CIRCUIT AND FAMILY COURT OF AUSTRALIA\nDIVISION 1 APPELLATE JURISDICTION\nBETWEEN:\nMS ARRIGHETTI\nAppellant\nAND:\nMR QODIROVA\nRespondent\nINDEPENDENT CHILDREN\u0027S LAWYER\nORDER MADE BY:\nMCCLELLAND DCJ, RIETHMULLER \u0026 KARI JJ\nDATE OF ORDER:\n12 JANUARY 2026\nTHE COURT ORDERS THAT:\n1. Appeal 269 of 2025 be dismissed.\n2. The appellant pay the costs of the respondent within 28 days of these orders, fixed in the amount of $13,979.86.\nNote: The form of the order is subject to the entry in the Court’s records.\nNote: This copy of the Court’s Reasons for judgment may be subject to review to remedy minor typographical or grammatical errors (r 10.14(b) Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Family Law) Rules 2021 (Cth)), or to record a variation to the order pursuant to r 10.13 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Family Law) Rules 2021 (Cth).\nPart XIVB of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) makes it an offence, except in very limited circumstances, to publish an account of proceedings that identify persons, associated persons, or witnesses involved in family law proceedings.","BRC 8111 of 2022","file://Arrighetti \u0026 Qodirova [2026] FedCFamC1A 1 (1).rtf","file:/Arrighetti+%26+Qodirova+%5B2026%5D+FedCFamC1A+1+%281%29.rtf","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Jademark/2376089287","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.JadeGroup/1630149514","Family Law Panel","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.JadeGroup$JadeGroupType/2755219153","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Jademark$PanelAssignment","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.JadeUser/2510924976","ATG","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.UserType/2805116910","Practice and Procedure Panel","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Journal/2894679428","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.trans.shared.JournalAttributes/1061273557","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.citable.ContentSourceOrganisation/4173994789","java.util.ArrayList/4159755760","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.shared.JournalSeriesEpoch/3737898483","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.shared.JournalSeriesType/430083264","java.util.LinkedHashSet/95640124","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.trans.shared.JournalGroup/3080717909","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.shared.JournalType/1567054466","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.trans.shared.LegislativeEntity/1423302837","AU_NAT","Commonwealth","Cth","Australia","AU","Federal Circuit \u0026 Family Court - Div 1 Appellate","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.trans.shared.JournalName/2101735471","java.lang.String/2004016611","Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 1 Appellate Jurisdiction","java.lang.Integer/3438268394","au-fed-fam-c1a","[2026] FedCFamC1A 0001","[2026] FedCFamC1A 1","Arrighetti \u0026 Qodirova [2026] FedCFamC1A 1","Arrighetti \u0026 Qodirova  [2026] FedCFamC1A 1 (12 January 2026) (Riethmuller and Kari JJ; McClelland DCJ)","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Citable$CitableNameType/80912662","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.CitableSeries/1916008149","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.shared.CitableType/1576180844","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Provenance/3546926310","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.citable.CitableValidityType/4101204986","9d7922c10406a7ba8f3e04921470e248","Dimer on behalf of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie Claim Group v State of Western Australia","2025","FCA","1641","19 December 2025","O\u0027Bryan J","O\u0027BRYAN J","NATIVE TITLE \u0096 overlapping applications for determination of native title in the Goldfields region of Western Australia \u0096 claims brought on behalf of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie claim group (the Karlamaya Kapurn people) and the Karratjibbin people \u0096 applications contested by indigenous respondents \u0096 trial of separate questions concerning the existence, possession and content of native title rights and interests in claim area \u0096 joint trial conducted pursuant to s 67 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) \u0096 whether the Aboriginal people who occupied the claim area at effective sovereignty were the Karlamaya Kapurn people or a Western Desert society \u0096 finding that the Karlamaya Kapurn people occupied the claim area at sovereignty \u0096 the apical ancestors of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie claim group were Karlamaya Kapurn people who held rights and interests in the claim area at sovereignty \u0096 adaptations to the traditional laws and customs of the Karlamaya Kapurn people necessitated by European settlement of the claim area \u0096 the Karlamaya Kapurn people presently possess native title rights and interests in the claim area under their traditional laws and customs \u0096 the Karlamaya Kapurn people, by their traditional laws and customs, have a connection with the claim area \u0096 separate questions answered in favour of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie claim group in relation to the whole of the land and waters of the claim area \u0096 Karratjibbin claim group failed to prove that any of their claimed apical ancestors were Karlamaya Kapurn people who held rights and interests in the claim area at sovereignty\n\nEVIDENCE \u0096 significance of evidence from forebears of native title claimants who were deceased at the time of trial \u0096 where evidence from deceased forebears demonstrates ongoing vitality of the Aboriginal society since sovereignty\n\nEVIDENCE \u0096 expert anthropological evidence \u0096 principles governing admissibility and probative value of expert anthropological evidence and basis material \u0096 where expert anthropological witness relied upon written opinions of other anthropologists who were not called as witnesses and whose reports were not tendered in evidence \u0096 considerations affecting the probative value of such written opinions\n\nEVIDENCE \u0096 expert anthropological evidence \u0096 where evidence demonstrated a lack of professionalism and independence \u0096 where expert witness\u0092s contribution to the preparation of an expert report was limited","20-23 February 2023; 2-19 October 2023; 5, 7, 11-15 December 2023; 18-20 March 2024","Counsel for the Applicant: A McAvoy SC with M Pudovskis\nSolicitor for the Applicant: Blackshield Lawyers\nCounsel for the State of Western Australia: C Taggart\nSolicitor for the State of Western Australia: State Solicitor\u0092s Office\nCounsel for Gary Cooper, Maria Bandry, Norman Cooper and Victor Cooper A Sharpe\nSolicitor for Gary Cooper, Maria Bandry, Norman Cooper and Victor Cooper MPS Law\nCounsel for Elizabeth Sambo A McLean (at the hearings on 2-10, 12-19 October 2023; 5, 11-15 December 2023; 18-20 March 2024) and C Beetham (at the hearing on 22 February 2023)\nSolicitor for Elizabeth Sambo Ross Mackay\nWAD 38 of 2022\nCounsel for the Applicant: S Hegedus\nSolicitor for the Applicant: Apix Law Group\nCounsel for the State of Western Australia: C Taggart\nSolicitor for the State of Western Australia: State Solicitor\u0092s Office","Alyawarr, Kaytetye, Warumungu, Wakay Native Title Claim Group v Northern Territory [2004] FCA 472; 207 ALR 539\nAnanda Marga Pracaraka Samgha Ltd v Tomar (No 4) (2012) 202 FCR 564\nBennell v State of Western Australia (2006) 153 FCR 120\nBlucher on behalf of the Gaangalu Nation People v State of Queensland [2025] FCAFC 177\nBodney v Bennell (2008) 167 FCR 84\nBradken Resources Pty Ltd v Lynx Engineering Consultants Pty Ltd (2012) 210 FCR 21\nBrownley on behalf of the Gulgoordi-Garlgurla Wongi People v State of Western Australia [2024] FCA 208\nCG (Deceased) on behalf of the Badimia People v State of Western Australia [2015] FCA 204\nColbung on behalf of the Karratjibbin People v State of Western Australia [2023] FCA 1065\nColbung on behalf of the Karratjibbin People v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2023] FCA 1449\nCroft (on behalf of the Barngarla Native Title Claim Group) v South Australia [2015] FCA 9; 325 ALR 213\nDaniels v Western Australia [2000] FCA 858; 178 ALR 542\nDaniel v Western Australia [2003] FCA 666\nDe Rose v State of South Australia [2002] FCA 1342\nDe Rose v South Australia (No 2) (2005) 145 FCR 290\nDimer on behalf of the Jardu Mar People v State of Western Australia [2022] FCA 64\nDimer on behalf of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie Claim Group v State of Western Australia [2023] FCA 930\nDimer on behalf of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie Claim Group v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2023] FCA 1060\nDimer on behalf of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie Claim Group v State of Western Australia (No 5) [2023] FCA 1417\nDrill on behalf of the Purnululu Native Title Claim Group v State of Western Australia [2020] FCA 1510\nGriffiths v Northern Territory (2006) 165 FCR 300\nGriffiths v Northern Territory of Australia (2007) 165 FCR 391\nGumana v Northern Territory of Australia (2005) 141 FCR 457\nHarrington-Smith on behalf of the Wongatha People v State of Western Australia (No 9) [2007] FCA 31; 238 ALR 1\nLewis on behalf of the Nyalpa Pirniku Native Title Claim Group v State of Western Australia [2023] FCA 1294\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1\nMalone on behalf of the Western Kangoulu People v State of Queensland (No 3) [2022] FCA 827\nMalone on behalf of the Western Kangoulu People v State of Queensland (No 6) [2025] FCA 363\nMalone v Queensland (2021) 287 FCR 240\nMalone v State of Queensland (the Clermont Belyando Area native title claim) (No 5) [2021] FCA 1539; 397 ALR 397\nManado (on behalf of Bindunbur Native Title Claim Group) v Western Australia [2017] FCA 1367\nMembers of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v State of Victoria (2002) 214 CLR 422\nNarrier v Western Australia [2016] FCA 1519\nNeowarra v State of Western Australia [2003] FCA 1402\nNorthern Territory v Alyawarr, Kaytetye, Warumungu, Wakaya Native Title Claim Group (2005) 145 FCR 442\nRush v Nationwide News Pty Ltd (No 5) [2018] FCA 1622\nSambo v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2010] FCA 927\nSambo v State of Western Australia [2009] FCA 940\nSambo v State of Western Australia [2015] FCA 954\nSampi (on behalf of the Bardi and Jawi People) v Western Australia [2005] FCA 777\nSampi (on behalf of the Bardi and Jawi People) v Western Australia [2010] FCAFC 26; 266 ALR 537\nSandy on behalf of the Yugara People v State of Queensland (2017) 254 FCR 107\nStarkey v South Australia (2018) 261 FCR 183\nState of Western Australia v Fazeldean on behalf of the Thalanyji People (No 2) (2013) 211 FCR 150\nState of Western Australia v Sebastian (2008) 173 FCR 1\nStrickland on behalf of the Maduwongga Claim Group v State of Western Australia [2023] FCA 270\nStuart v South Australia [2025] HCA 12; 99 ALJR 731\nVelickovic v State of Western Australia [2012] FCA 782\nWestern Australia v Ward (2002) 213 CLR 1\nWorimi Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister for Lands (NSW) (No 2) (2008) 181 FCR 300; [2008] FCA 1929\nWyman v Queensland (2015) 235 FCR 464\nWyman v Queensland (No 2) [2013] FCA 1229","Evidence Act 1995 (Cth), ss 60, 63, 79, 135\nNative Title Act 1993 (Cth), ss 61, 67, 84, 223, 225\nAborigines Act 1905 (WA)\nNoongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act 2016 (WA)","1. The application be dismissed in so far as it relates to land and waters within the claim area of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie native title determination application (WAD 647 of 2017).\n2. Within 60 days of the date of these orders, the applicant give written notification to the Court and all parties to this proceeding whether the applicant intends to proceed with the application in so far as it relates to land and waters outside the claim area of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie native title determination application (WAD 647 of 2017).\nNote: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.","WAD 647 of 2017\nWAD 38 of 2022","Native Title","General Division","file://J251641.rtf","file:/J251641.rtf","Native Title Panel","Evidence Panel","Federal Court of Australia","au-fca","[2025] FCA 1641","Dimer on behalf of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie Claim Group v State of Western Australia [2025] FCA 1641","Dimer on behalf of the Marlinyu Ghoorlie Claim Group v State of Western Australia  [2025] FCA 1641 (19 December 2025) (O\u0027Bryan J)","fa5ca7416b79c72914933d90ee72d7c2","ARTA","2720","MIGRATION – mandatory cancellation of Class TY Subclass 444 Special Category (temporary) visa under section 501(3A)- where Applicant does not pass the character test – Applicant has substantial criminal record – whether the original visa cancelation should be revoked under section 501CA (4) – consideration of Ministerial Direction No. 110 - decision under review is affirmed.","Advocate for the Applicant:\nSelf-Represented\n\nAdvocate for the Respondent:\nMr Anthony Westenberg\nSparke Helmore","https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/ARTA/2025/2720.rtf","file:/external/2025ARTA2720.rtf","Mitchell and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (Migration)","Immigration and Refugee Law Panel","Administrative Review Tribunal of Australia","au-art","[2025] ARTA 2720","16 December 2025","Mitchell and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (Migration) [2025] ARTA 2720","Mitchell and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (Migration)  [2025] ARTA 2720 (16 December 2025)","d5a090ae2c224f5e09e1e148b54a3587","Kauroo v Commonwealth of Australia [2025] FCA 1573 [SEC\u003DOFFICIAL]","Kauroo v Commonwealth of Australia","1573","18 November 2025","Logan J","LOGAN J","MIGRATION – where the applicant applied for an injunction staying deportation – where the applicant is not a citizen of Australia or in Australia on a visa – where the applicant claimed to be a non-citizen – where the respondent conceded balance of convenience favours granting injunction if prima facie case demonstrated – where the applicant has produced some evidence that went to indigeneity – whether there was a serious question to be tried as to whether the applicant satisfied the tripartite test in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 – whether there was sufficient likelihood of success to justify preservation of status quo pending trial – whether the applicant was likely to suffer injury for which damages would not be an adequate remedy – application granted","Counsel for the Applicant: Mr M Hosking\nSolicitor for the Applicant: Australian Government Solicitor\nCounsel for the Respondent: Ms E Tadros with Mr N Boyd-Caine\nSolicitor for the Respondent: Victorian Legal Aid","Love v Commonwealth (2020) 270 CLR 152\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1\nMcHugh v Minister for Immigration (2020) 283 FCR 602\nThoms v Commonwealth (2022) 236 CLR 466","Constitution s 51\nJudiciary Act 1903 (Cth) s 39B\nMigration Act 1958 (Cth) ss 116, 189, 198","1. Until the hearing and determination of the originating application as amended or further earlier orders, the respondent by its officers, delegates, employees, agents, or otherwise, including any person meeting the definition of officer under s 5 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) be restrained from removing the applicant from Australia.\n2. The applicant have leave to file and serve an amended originating application which application must specify and particularise the grounds relied upon and relief claimed on or before 2 December 2025.\n3. Thereafter the proceedings be listed for a case management hearing before the docket judge on a date to be fixed by the court after consultation with the parties.\n4. Liberty to apply.\n5. Costs be reserved.\nNote: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.","VID 1498 of 2025","Administrative and Constitutional Law and Human Rights","file://J251573.rtf","file:/J251573.rtf","[2025] FCA 1573","Kauroo v Commonwealth of Australia [2025] FCA 1573","Kauroo v Commonwealth of Australia  [2025] FCA 1573 (18 November 2025) (Logan J)","c2463c8536d3d67091cf6c2eba6eddac","R v Brown [2025] VSC 686","R v Brown","VSC","686","7 November 2025","27, 29 October 2025","CONTEMPT OF COURT – Application by originating motion and summons seeking orders that respondent guilty of 15 charges of contempt – Conduct comprising comments made by respondent in open court and by correspondence – Respondent made abusive and disrespectful comments to County Court judge in court – Respondent sent numerous emails to court containing threatening language and allegations of impropriety and corruption – Correspondence sent to judges’ chambers and court registries – Whether conduct had tendency to interfere with administration of justice or otherwise scandalise the court – Contempt found proven.\n\nSupreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 2015, r 75.08.1; Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006, ss 8, 15, 21 and 24; Evidence Act 2008, s 161.\n\nJohn Fairfax \u0026 Sons Pty Ltd v McRae (1955) 93 CLR 351; R v Dunbabin; ex parte Williams (1935) 53 CLR 434; Witham v Holloway (1995) 183 CLR 525; LCM Litigation Fund Pty Ltd v Coope [2017] NSWCA 200; R v Slaveski [2011] VSC 643; Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of New South Wales v Katelaris [2008] NSWSC 389; Re Dyce Sombre (1849) 1 MaC \u0026 G 116; 41 ER 1207; Gallagher v Durack (1983) 152 CLR 238; Ex parte Attorney-General; Re Goodwin(1969) 70 SR (NSW) 413; Re Wiseman [1969] NZLR 55; R v Collins [1954] VLR 46; McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2009] NSWSC 1058, considered.","Kaye JA","For the Applicant\nCounsel\nVictorian Government Solicitors Office\nFor the Respondent\nIn person via audio-visual link","S ECI 2024 06273","R (ON THE APPLICATION OF THE ATTORNEY\u2011GENERAL OF THE STATE OF VICTORIA)\nApplicant\nv\nROHAN BROWN\nRespondent","file://T0686.rtf","file:/T0686.rtf","GMcCarten","10.1774.4 - 2022.08.18","#D0E0E0","[Public]","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.JademarkType/494375351","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Tag/2341236414","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Tagtag/1991381586","Contempt","Vic","Victorian","Victoria","AU_VIC","Victorian Supreme Court","Supreme Court of Victoria","au-vic-sc","[2025] VSC 0686","[2025] VSC 686","R v Brown  [2025] VSC 686 (07 November 2025) (Kaye JA)","d79a57e82d045e54c5d2f5ee08fe0c9a","application/pdf","RICHARD TE POU MINHINNICK\n\nAND\nATTORNEY-GENERAL\n \nNEW ZEALAND STEEL LIMITED\n \nWAIKATO NORTH HEAD MINING\nLIMITED","6 November 2025 at 3.00 pm","Cooper P; French and Gilbert JJ","Cooper P, French and Gilbert JJ","RICHARD TE POU MINHINNICK\n\nAND\nATTORNEY-GENERAL\n \nNEW ZEALAND STEEL LIMITED\n \nWAIKATO NORTH HEAD MINING\nLIMITED\n \nHearing:\n26–29 February 2024","Wakatū v Attorney-General set out a “blueprint” for how to approach issues of","The New Zealand Settlements Act 1863\n[152]","file://584.pdf","file:/584.pdf","Minhinnick v Attorney-General","NZCA","NZ","New Zealand","Court of Appeal of New Zealand","nz-ca","[2025] NZCA 0584","[2025] NZCA 584","584","Minhinnick v Attorney-General [2025] NZCA 584","Minhinnick v Attorney-General  [2025] NZCA 584 (06 November 2025) (Cooper P; French and Gilbert JJ)","abe492ec9769ad44e6d3bb610998037e","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","Sumner on behalf of the Ngarrindjeri People and Birtwistle-Smith on behalf of the First Nations of the South East #2 v State of South Australia","1272","24 October 2025","Charlesworth J","CHARLESWORTH J","NATIVE TITLE – overlapping applications for determinations of native title over land and waters in the vicinity of the Coorong in South Australia – parties agreeing to a single determination to be made by consent under s 87 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) – orders sought within the powers of the Court – appropriate to make the orders sought","Counsel for the Applicant: Ms M Georgiou\nSolicitor for the Applicant: Chalk \u0026 Behrendt\nCounsel for the State of South Australia: Mr S Whitten\nSolicitor for the State of South Australia: Crown Solicitor’s Office South Australia\nCounsel for the Commercial Fishing Licence Holders and South Australian Apiarists Association Inc: Ms C Divakaran\nSolicitor for the Commercial Fishing Licence Holders and South Australian Apiarists Association Inc: Mellor Olsson\nCounsel for the Local Government Respondents: Ms T Kennedy\nSolicitor for the Local Government Respondents: Norman Waterhouse\nCounsel for Telstra Corporation Limited and Amplitel Pty Ltd: Telstra Corporation Limited and Amplitel Pty Ltd did not appear\nCounsel for SA Power Networks: SA Power Networks did not appear\nSAD 180 of 2017\nCounsel for the Applicant: Ms T Herrmann\nSolicitor for the Applicant: South Australian Native Title Services Ltd\nCounsel for the State of South Australia: Mr S Whitten\nSolicitor for the State of South Australia: Crown Solicitor’s Office South Australia\nCounsel for the Commercial Fishing Licence Holders: Ms C Divakaran\nSolicitor for the Commercial Fishing Licence Holders: Mellor Olsson\nCounsel for the Local Government Respondents: Ms T Kennedy\nSolicitor for the Local Government Respondents: Norman Waterhouse\nCounsel for Telstra Corporation Limited and Amplitel Pty Ltd: Telstra Corporation Limited and Amplitel Pty Ltd did not appear\nCounsel for SA Power Networks: SA Power Networks did not appear\nCounsel for the Pastoralists: The Pastoralists did not appear","Cox on behalf of the Yungngora People v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 588\nLovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria [2007] FCA 474\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1\nMunn (for and on behalf of the Gunggari People) v Queensland (2001) 115 FCR 109\nSumner v State of South Australia (Ngarrindjeri Native Title Claim Part A) [2017] FCA 1514\nThe Nyamal Palyku Proceeding (No 7) (2023) 296 FCR 169\nWard v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848","SAD 6027 of 1998\nSAD 180 of 2017","file://J251272.docx","https://jade.io/article/src/1160294/2990433","[2025] FCA 1272","Sumner on behalf of the Ngarrindjeri People and Birtwistle-Smith on behalf of the First Nations of the South East #2 v State of South Australia [2025] FCA 1272","Sumner on behalf of the Ngarrindjeri People and Birtwistle-Smith on behalf of the First Nations of the South East #2 v State of South Australia  [2025] FCA 1272 (24 October 2025) (Charlesworth J)","9a15f95de3003660a0c1bbd9f91f9b3f","Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council v Attorney General of New South Wales","1183","26 September 2025","McDonald J","MCDONALD J","NATIVE TITLE – non-claimant application for determination under s 61(1) of Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) – where applicant prevented from dealing with land by Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW) absent determination that native title does not exist – whether David Berry Hospital Act 1906 (Cth) vested in Crown estate in fee simple – determination that native title validly extinguished","13 May 2025","Counsel for the Applicant: Mr M L Wright SC with Mr O R Jones\nSolicitor for the Applicant: Chalk \u0026 Behrendt\nCounsel for the First Respondent: Mr J S Emmett SC with Mr R G M Hudson\nSolicitor for the First Respondent: Crown Solicitor (NSW)\nCounsel for the Second Respondent: Ms T L Jowett SC\nSolicitor for the Second Respondent: NTSCORP Limited","Allen v Western Australia (Nyamal Palyku Proceeding) (No 2) [2020] FCA 788\nAttorney-General (Quebec) v Attorney-General (Canada) [1921] 1 AC 401\nBreskvar v Wall (1971) 126 CLR 376\nDaniel v Western Australia [2003] FCA 666\nDeerubbin Aboriginal Land Council v Attorney-General (NSW) [2017] FCA 1067\nDungog Shire Council v Attorney-General (NSW) [2024] FCA 166\nFejo v Northern Territory of Australia (1998) 195 CLR 96; [1998] HCA 58\nGriffith Local Aboriginal Land Council v Attorney-General (NSW) [2020] FCA 1501\nHayes v Northern Territory (1999) 97 FCR 32; [1999] FCA 1248\nJango v Northern Territory (2006) 152 FCR 150; [2006] FCA 318\nLawson v Minister Assisting the Minister for Natural Resources (Lands) (2004) 139 FCR 548; [2004] FCAFC 308\nLeeton and District Local Aboriginal Land Council v Attorney-General (NSW) [2021] FCA 356\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1\nMace v Queensland (2019) 274 FCR 41; [2019] FCAFC 233\nNew South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Land Management Act – Waverton Bowling Club [2022] NSWLEC 130\nPeldan v Anderson (2006) 227 CLR 471; [2006] HCA 48\nWestern Australia v Commonwealth (Native Title Act Case) (1995) 183 CLR 373\nWestern Australia v Ward (2002) 213 CLR 1; [2002] HCA 28","Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) ss 13, 23B, 23E, 66, 81, 84, 86G, 225, 253\nAboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW) ss 36, 42, 50\nCrown Lands (Consolidation) Act 1913 (NSW)\nCrown Lands Act 1884 (NSW) s 4\nDavid Berry Hospital Act 1906 (NSW) ss 3, 4, 6, 7, 9\nInterpretation Act 1987 (NSW) ss 5, 34\nNative Title (New South Wales) Act 1994 (NSW) s 20\nReal Property Act 1862 (NSW) s 40\nReal Property Act 1900 (NSW) s 42","2. There be no order as to costs.\nNote: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.","NSD 1345 of 2023","https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2025/2025fca1183/2025fca1183","[2025] FCA 1183","26 Sep. 2025","NATIVE TITLE – non-claimant application for determination under s 61(1) of Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) – where applicant prevented from dealing with land by Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW) absent determination that native title does not exist – whether David Berry Hospital Act 1906 (Cth) vested in Crown estate in fee simple – determinationâ€¦","Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council v Attorney General of New South Wales  [2025] FCA 1183 (26 September 2025) (McDonald J)","9b9d8192200bbec49e194c32b63b5a2a","text/html","Nyangbul v State of New South Wales","NSWCA","214","19 September 2025","12 September 2025","Principal judgment","Appeal — leave to Appeal — where summary judgment granted in favour of plaintiff for possession of land — failure to establish arguable error in reasoning — failure to establish issue of principle, question of public importance or reasonably clear injustice — failure to establish error in the Courts exercise of jurisdiction — leave refused","Mitchelmore and Adamson JJA","Mitchelmore JA; Adamson JA","(1) The summons seeking leave to appeal is dismissed with costs.","Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), ss 56, 92\nConstitution Act 1902 (NSW), s 5\nJudiciary Act 1903 (Cth), s 40\nReal Property Act 1900 (NSW), s 52\nSupreme Court Act 1970 (NSW), ss 101(2)(e), 101(2)(l)\nUniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), r 14.28","Anderson v Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (2024) 384 FLR 394; [2024] NSWCA 9\nCommonwealth v Yunupingu [2025] HCA 6; 421 ALR 604\nGeneral Steel Industries Inc v Commissioner for Railways (NSW) (1964) 112 CLR 125; [1964] HCA 69\nIndigenous Land and Sea Corporation v Anderson [2022] NSWSC 1650; 406 ALR 484\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1; [1992] HCA 23\nNyangbul v State of New South Wales [2025] NSWCA 119\nOshlack v Richmond River Council (1998) 193 CLR 72; [1998] HCA 11\nRacing New South Wales v Fletcher (No 2) [2020] NSWCA 67\nThe Age Company Ltd v Liu (2013) 82 NSWLR 268; [2013] NSWCA 26\nWalker v South Australia (No 2) (2013) 215 FCR 254; [2013] FCA 700","2025/165853","Jaabarun Nyangbul (Applicant)\nState of New South Wales (Respondent)","Counsel:\nApplicant in person\nA Douglas-Baker (Respondent)\nSolicitors:\nDepartment of Planning, Housing and Infrastructure (Respondent)","Court or tribunal:\nSupreme Court\nJurisdiction:\nCommon Law\nCitation:\n[2025] NSWSC 429\nDate of Decision:\n22 April 2025\nBefore:\nFaulkner J\nFile Number(s):\n2024/00051618","http://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/1995a84568570bf6703a91f8","NSW","New South Wales","AU_NSW","NSW Court of Appeal","Supreme Court of New South Wales","Court of Appeal","au-nsw-ca","[2025] NSWCA 0214","[2025] NSWCA 214","Nyangbul v State of New South Wales  [2025] NSWCA 214 (19 September 2025) (Mitchelmore and Adamson JJA)","722725b246a244bc634eda4537f6b366","[2025] HCA 32 : La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council v Quarry Street Pty Ltd","La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council v Quarry Street Pty Ltd","HCA","32","3 September 2025","On appeal from the Supreme Court of New South Wales","Gageler CJ; Gordon, Edelman, Steward and Jagot JJ","GAGELER CJ, GORDON, EDELMAN, STEWARD AND JAGOT JJ","COUNCIL \u0026 ANOR APPELLANTS\nQUARRY STREET PTY LTD \u0026 ANOR RESPONDENTS","Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples – Land rights – Claimable Crown lands – Where land claimed under s 36(2) of Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW) (\"Act\") subject to lease granted by Crown – Where lessee had not undertaken purposeful activity on land – Where \"claimable Crown lands\" in s 36(1) of Act means lands vested in Crown that are \"not lawfully used\" – Whether land \"lawfully used\" for purpose of s 36(1)(b) of Act merely because land subject to existing lease from Crown.\n\nWords and phrases – \"actual use\", \"claimable Crown lands\", \"constructive use\", \"Crown lands\", \"doctrine of concurrent leases\", \"estate or interest in land\", \"exploitation of rights to land\", \"land\", \"land claim\", \"land vested\", \"lands\", \"lands vested\", \"lawfully used or occupied\", \"lease\", \"occupation\", \"occupied\", \"physical area\", \"possession\", \"purposeful interaction\", \"remedial or beneficial legislation\", \"reversionary interest\", \"rights to land\", \"rights to the physical area\", \"used\", \"vested\".","B W Walker SC with O R Jones for the appellants (instructed by Chalk \u0026 Behrendt, Lawyers \u0026 Consultants)\nB K Lim with C J Beshara for the first respondent (instructed by Hall \u0026 Wilcox)\nZ C Heger SC with O J Ronan for the second respondent (instructed by Crown Solicitor for NSW)","Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW), Pt 2, ss 4(1), 36, Sch 4, cl 8.\nConveyancing Act 1919 (NSW), ss 7(1), 117, 118, 119.\nCrown Land Management Act 2016 (NSW), ss 1.5(1), 1.7(a), 1.10, 1.12, 3.3, 3.13(1).\nCrown Lands Act 1989 (NSW), ss 3(1), 80(1), 87(1), Sch 7.\nCrown Lands Consolidation Act 1913 (NSW), s 5(1).\nInterpretation Act 1987 (NSW), ss 3(3), 5, 6, 8(c), 13, 68(3), Sch 4.\nNative Title Act 1993 (Cth), ss 10, 184, 186(1)(e), 223(1), 225, 253.\nReal Property Act 1900 (NSW), ss 3(1)(a), 13(2), 13D, 13J, 40(3), 42(1), 46C.","1. Appeal allowed.\n2. Set aside the orders made by the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of New South Wales on 10 May 2024 and, in lieu thereof, order that:\n(a) the appeal be dismissed; and\n(b) the appellant pay the second and third respondents\u0027 costs of and incidental to the appeal.\n3. The first respondent pay the appellants\u0027 costs of and incidental to the appeal.","S121/2024","file://La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council v Quarry Street Pty Ltd (S121-2024) [2025] HCA 32.docx","https://jade.io/article/src/1148491/0","Lease","High Court of Australia","au-hca","[2025] HCA 0032","[2025] HCA 32","La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council v Quarry Street Pty Ltd [2025] HCA 32","La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council v Quarry Street Pty Ltd  [2025] HCA 32 (03 September 2025) (Gageler CJ; Gordon, Edelman, Steward and Jagot JJ)","La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council v Quarry Street","ALJR","Australian Law Journal Reports","au-cr-aljr","99","1285","99 ALJR 1285","LGERA","Local Government and Environment Reports of Australia","au-cr-lgera","264","44","264 LGERA 44","ALR","Australian Law Reports","au-cr-alr","424","391","424 ALR 391","e0586522cbfd8abd82dbd4ebe29bf32a","Genamson Holdings Pty Ltd v Moreton Bay Regional Council [2025] QLAC 2","Genamson Holdings Pty Ltd v Moreton Bay Regional Council","QLAC","2","19 August 2025","Genamson Holdings Pty Ltd\nACN 053 174 271\n(appellant)\nv","LAC No 001-25\nLand Court No AQL037-23","The appeal is allowed. The preliminary question should be answered “no”.","Deputy Federal Commissioner of Taxes (SA) v Elder’s Trustee \u0026 Executor Co Ltd (1936) 57 CLR 610, cited\nGenamson Holdings Pty Ltd v Moreton Bay Regional Council (No 2) [2024] QLC 24, cited\nGrain Elevators Board (Vict) v Dunmunkle Corporation (1946) 73 CLR 70, cited\nEmanuel (No 14) Pty Ltd v Council of the Shire of Caboolture (1994-1995) 15 QLCR 130, considered\nHunter Resources Ltd v Melville (1988) 164 CLR 234, cited\nKettering Pty Ltd v Noosa Shire Council (2004) 78 ALJR 1022, considered\nLogan City Shopping Centre Pty Ltd v Retail Shop Leases Tribunal [2007] 1 Qd R 246, cited\nMabo v State of Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1, cited\nMarshall v Director-General, Department of Transport (2001) 205 CLR 603, considered\nR v A2 (2019) 269 CLR 507, cited\nRidgehaven Retirement Village Pty Ltd v Caloundra City Council [2004] QPELR 439, considered\nRoads and Maritime Services (NSW) v United Petroleum Pty Ltd (2019) 99 NSWLR 279, considered\nSAS Trustee Corporation v Miles (2018) 265 CLR 137, cited\nSZTAL v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 262 CLR 362, cited\nTaylor v Owners – Strata Plan No 11564 (2014) 253 CLR 531, cited\nWeld v Gold Coast City Council (1979) 6 QLCR 8, considered","Acquisition of Land Act 1967 (Qld) s 16, s 17, s 18, s 19, s 20\nAcquisition of Land and Other Legislative Amendment Act 2009 (Qld) s 14(5)\nActs Interpretation Act 1954 (Qld) s 14A\nUniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (Qld) r 679, r 702, r 705, r 723, r 724","STATUTES – INTERPRETATION – where the respondent issued two notices of intention to resume land owned by the appellant – where those notices were discontinued and the land was not resumed – where the appellant contended they were entitled to various heads of loss under s 16 of the Acquisition of Land Act 1967 (Qld) (“ALA”) allegedly suffered as a consequence of the respondent’s issuance of the notices of intention to resume – where a preliminary question was submitted to the Land Court of Queensland for determination – where that preliminary question concerned whether compensation claimed under s 16(1A) of the ALA was relevantly limited to costs and expenses of a legal, valuation or other professional nature which was reasonably incurred, reasonable in amount, and was incurred in connection with the consideration or preparation of a claim for compensation – where the Court, at first instance, answered that question affirmatively – where s 16(1C) of the ALA provided that the constructing authority may have costs and expenses taxed by an officer of the Supreme Court and that no person shall be entitled to compensation in excess of the value of his or her estate or interest in the land – where the Court relevantly concluded that compensation under s 16(1A) was limited by s 16(1C) – whether the Court erred in the conclusion that the preliminary question should be answered in the affirmative","file://QLAC25-002.rtf","https://jade.io/article/src/1147902/2965513","QLD","Queensland","AU_QLD","Queensland Land Court","Appeal Cases","au-qld-lac","[2025] QLAC 0002","[2025] QLAC 2","Genamson Holdings Pty Ltd v Moreton Bay Regional Council  [2025] QLAC 2 (19 August 2025)","Genamson Holdings v Moreton Bay Regional Council","6d01acf45204305995874f93b59b7fb5","WHAKATŌHEA KOTAHITANGA WAKA (EDWARDS)\nNGĀTI MURIWAI\nKUTARERE MARAE\nTE UPOKOREHE TREATY CLAIMS TRUST ON BEHALF OF TE UPOKOREHE IWI\nATTORNEY-GENERAL\nNGĀTI IRA O WAIOWEKA, NGĀTI PATUMOANA, NGĀTI RUATĀKENGA AND NGĀI TAMAHAUA (TE KĀHUI TAKUTAI MOANA O NGĀ WHĀNAU ME NGĀ HAPŪ O TE WHAKATŌHEA)\nNGĀTI RUATĀKENGA\ns\nAND\nNGĀTI IRA O WAIOWEKA, NGĀTI PATUMOANA, NGĀTI RUATĀKENGA AND NGĀI TAMAHAUA (TE KĀHUI TAKUTAI MOANA O NGĀ WHĀNAU ME NGĀ HAPŪ O TE WHAKATŌHEA)\nTE TĀWHARAU O TE WHAKATŌHEA (FORMERLY WHAKATŌHEA MĀORI TRUST BOARD)\nNGĀI TAI AND RIRIWHENUA\nTE UPOKOREHE TREATY CLAIMS TRUST ON BEHALF OF TE UPOKOREHE IWI\nTE RŪNANGA O NGĀTI AWA\nWHAKATŌHEA KOTAHITANGA WAKA (EDWARDS)\nNGĀTI RUATĀKENGA\nLANDOWNERS COALITION INCORPORATED\nNGĀTI MURIWAI\nKUTARERE MARAE\ns\nAND\nATTORNEY-GENERAL\nTE WHĀNAU-Ā-APANUI\nSEAFOOD INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVES\nCROWN REGIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED\nŌPŌTIKI DISTRICT COUNCIL\nBAY OF PLENTY REGIONAL COUNCIL\nLANDOWNERS COALITION\nINCORPORATED\nWHAKATĀNE DISTRICT COUNCIL\nTE RŪNANGA O NGĀTI AWA\nInterested Parties","NZSC","104","15 August 2025","Glazebrook, Ellen France, Williams, Kós and French JJ","WHAKATŌHEA KOTAHITANGA WAKA (EDWARDS)\nNGĀTI MURIWAI\nKUTARERE MARAE\nTE UPOKOREHE TREATY CLAIMS TRUST ON BEHALF OF TE UPOKOREHE IWI\nATTORNEY-GENERAL\nNGĀTI IRA O WAIOWEKA, NGĀTI PATUMOANA, NGĀTI RUATĀKENGA AND NGĀI TAMAHAUA (TE KĀHUI TAKUTAI MOANA O NGĀ WHĀNAU ME NGĀ HAPŪ O TE WHAKATŌHEA)\nNGĀTI RUATĀKENGA\ns\nAND\nNGĀTI IRA O WAIOWEKA, NGĀTI PATUMOANA, NGĀTI RUATĀKENGA AND NGĀI TAMAHAUA (TE KĀHUI TAKUTAI MOANA O NGĀ WHĀNAU ME NGĀ HAPŪ O TE WHAKATŌHEA)\nTE TĀWHARAU O TE WHAKATŌHEA (FORMERLY WHAKATŌHEA MĀORI TRUST BOARD)\nNGĀI TAI AND RIRIWHENUA\nTE UPOKOREHE TREATY CLAIMS TRUST ON BEHALF OF TE UPOKOREHE IWI\nTE RŪNANGA O NGĀTI AWA\nWHAKATŌHEA KOTAHITANGA WAKA (EDWARDS)\nNGĀTI RUATĀKENGA\nLANDOWNERS COALITION INCORPORATED\nNGĀTI MURIWAI\nKUTARERE MARAE\ns\nAND\nATTORNEY-GENERAL\nTE WHĀNAU-Ā-APANUI\nSEAFOOD INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVES\nCROWN REGIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED\nŌPŌTIKI DISTRICT COUNCIL\nBAY OF PLENTY REGIONAL COUNCIL\nLANDOWNERS COALITION\nINCORPORATED\nWHAKATĀNE DISTRICT COUNCIL\nTE RŪNANGA O NGĀTI AWA\nInterested Parties\nHearing:\n4–7 November 2024\n12–15 November 2024","Counsel:\nR J B Fowler KC, A J Sinclair and B M Cunningham for Whakatōhea Kotahitanga Waka (Edwards)\nM J Sharp for Ngāti Muriwai and Kutarere Marae\nJ S Cooper KC, B R Lyall and H L B Swedlund for Te Upokorehe Treaty Claims Trust on behalf of Te Upokorehe Iwi\nA J Williams, R L Roff and Y Moinfar-Yong for Attorney-General\nA T I Sykes and S W H Fletcher for Ngāti Ira o Waioweka\nM S Smith and T H Bennion for Ngāti Patumoana\nK S Feint KC and N A T Udy for Ngāti Ruatākenga\nC M T Panoho-Navaja for Ngāi Tamahaua\nJ M Pou for Te Tāwharau o Te Whakatōhea (formerly Whakatōhea Māori Trust Board)\nB R Arapere, A E Gordon and E K Rongo for Ngāi Tai and Ririwhenua\nD M Salmon KC, H K Irwin-Easthope and R K Douglas for Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa\nM K Mahuika and N R Coates for Te Whānau-ā-Apanui\nT D Smith and R J J Wales for Seafood Industry Representatives\nM H Hill and J L Hollis for Crown Regional Holdings Limited and Ōpōtiki District Council\nA M Green and E S Greensmith-West for Whakatāne District Council\nJ E Hodder KC, B E Morten and S O H Coad for Landowners Coalition Inc\nM K Mahuika, T N Hauraki and H L P Ammunson for Ngā Hapū o Ngāti Porou as Intervener","https://www.nzlii.org/cgi-bin/download.cgi/cgi-bin/download.cgi/download/nz/cases/NZSC/2025/104.rtf","https://jade.io/article/src/1150635/2969665","WhakatŌHea Kotahitanga Waka (Edwards) v NgĀTi Ira O Waioweka","Supreme Court of New Zealand","nz-sc","[2025] NZSC 0104","[2025] NZSC 104","WhakatŌHea Kotahitanga Waka (Edwards) v NgĀTi Ira O Waioweka [2025] NZSC 104","WHAKATŌHEA KOTAHITANGA WAKA (EDWARDS) \u0026 Ors v NGĀTI IRA O WAIOWEKA \u0026 Ors","WhakatŌHea Kotahitanga Waka (Edwards) v NgĀTi Ira O Waioweka  [2025] NZSC 104 (15 August 2025) (Glazebrook, Ellen France, Williams, Kós and French JJ)","2a077ce46c9f62409eecf89253bf2990","[2025] HCA 26 : MJZP v Director-General of Security","MJZP v Director-General of Security","26","6 August 2025","Gageler CJ; Gordon, Edelman, Steward, Gleeson, Jagot and Beech-Jones JJ","GAGELER CJ, GORDON, EDELMAN, STEWARD, GLEESON, JAGOT AND BEECH\u2011JONES JJ","MJZP PLAINTIFF\nDIRECTOR-GENERAL OF SECURITY \u0026 ANOR DEFENDANTS","Constitutional law (Cth) – Judicial power of Commonwealth – Where s 44(1) of Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) (\"Act\") provided party to certain proceedings before Administrative Appeals Tribunal (\"Tribunal\") may appeal to Federal Court of Australia on question of law from decision of Tribunal – Where s 46(2) of Act provided that if certificate in force certifying disclosure of matter contained in document would be contrary to public interest Federal Court must do all things necessary to ensure matter not disclosed to any person other than member of court as constituted for purposes of proceeding – Where in accordance with s 39B of Act such certificate included certificate issued by \"ASIO Minister\" certifying disclosure of matter would be contrary to public interest because it would prejudice security or defence or international relations of Australia – Where plaintiff sought declaration that s 46(2) of Act invalid on ground it infringes Ch III of the Constitution – Where earlier decision of High Court in SDCV v Director-General of Security (2022) 277 CLR 241 held s 46(2) of Act valid – Whether s 46(2) invalid because it required Federal Court to depart from \"general rule\" of procedural fairness more than reasonably necessary to protect compelling and legitimate public interest – Whether SDCV authority to contrary – Whether leave to re-open and overrule SDCV should be granted.\n\nWords and phrases – \"adverse evidence\", \"ASIO\", \"certificate\", \"certified matter\", \"defence\", \"disclosure\", \"essential characteristic of a court\", \"forensic advantage\", \"heavy persuasive burden\", \"international relations\", \"practical injustice\", \"procedural fairness\", \"proportionality\", \"public interest immunity\", \"ratio decidendi\", \"reasonably necessary to protect a compelling and legitimate public interest\", \"security assessment\", \"special advocate\".","C L Lenehan SC and T M Wood with S N Rajanayagam for the plaintiff (instructed by Corrs Chambers Westgarth)\nS P Donaghue KC, Solicitor-General of the Commonwealth, with M A Hosking and P F Bristow for the second defendant (instructed by Australian Government Solicitor)\nG J D del Villar KC, Solicitor-General of the State of Queensland, with F J Nagorcka and K J E Blore on behalf of the Attorney-General of the State of Queensland, intervening (instructed by Crown Law (Qld))\nC S Bydder SC, Solicitor-General for the State of Western Australia, with J E Shaw SC and G M Mullins on behalf of the Attorney-General for the State of Western Australia, intervening (instructed by State Solicitor\u0027s Office (WA))\nJ G Renwick SC with M F Caristo on behalf of the Attorney-General for the State of New South Wales, intervening (instructed by Crown Solicitor for NSW)\nJ L Rudolf with E A Warner on behalf of the Attorney-General for the State of Tasmania, intervening (instructed by Solicitor-General (Tas))\nSubmitting appearance for the first defendant","Constitution, Ch III.\nAdministrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth), ss 39A, 39B, 44, 46.","The questions stated for the opinion of the Full Court in the special case filed on 20 June 2024 be answered as follows:\nQuestion (1): Is s 46(2) of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) invalid on the basis that it infringes Ch III of the Constitution?\nAnswer: No.\nQuestion (2): Who should pay the costs of the Special Case and of the proceeding?\nAnswer: The plaintiff.","S142/2023","file://MJZP v Director-General of Security (S142-2023) [2025] HCA 26.docx","https://jade.io/article/src/1145922/0","Procedural Fairness","Public Interest Immunity","Constitutional Law Panel","Administrative Law Panel","[2025] HCA 0026","[2025] HCA 26","MJZP v Director-General of Security [2025] HCA 26","MJZP v Director-General of Security  [2025] HCA 26 (06 August 2025) (Gageler CJ; Gordon, Edelman, Steward, Gleeson, Jagot and Beech-Jones JJ)","423","378","423 ALR 378","1108","99 ALJR 1108","282d24e9a452f15b2a372a85a35f9b8f","Westpac Banking Corporation v Eres","NTSC","46","24 July 2025","Smyth A/AsJ","9 April 2025","2024-03087-SC","MORTGAGES – Default under a mortgage of real property – Application for order for possession – Application for summary determination for possession – Various grounds raised in opposition – Application granted.","WESTPAC BANKING CORPORATION (ACN 007 457 141) v ERES, Linda Bernadette","Counsel:\nPlaintiff: R Sanders\nDefendant: Self Represented\nSolicitors:\nPlaintiff: HWL Ebsworth Lawyers","https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nt/NTSC/2025/46.rtf","file:/external/2025NTSC46.rtf","NT","Northern Territory","AU_NT","NT Supreme Court","Supreme Court of Northern Territory","au-nt-sc","[2025] NTSC 0046","[2025] NTSC 46","Westpac Banking Corporation v Eres [2025] NTSC 46","Westpac Banking Corporation v Eres  [2025] NTSC 46 (24 July 2025) (Smyth A/AsJ)","ebe010d74ea68dd490bb954ef401c424","Pabai v Commonwealth of Australia (No 2)","796","15 July 2025","Wigney J","WIGNEY J","NEGLIGENCE – representative proceeding on behalf of Torres Strait Islanders against the Commonwealth of Australia – whether the Commonwealth has a duty to take reasonable steps to protect Torres Strait Islanders from the impacts of climate change – whether impacts of marine inundation and erosion caused property damage, loss of fulfilment of Ailan Kastom, and injury, disease or death – whether the loss of fulfilment of Ailan Kastom, the body of customs, traditions and beliefs distinctive to Torres Strait Islanders which creates a unique spiritual connection with the Torres Strait Islands and surrounding waters, is a compensable loss under the law of negligence – imposition of novel duties of care considered – whether posited duties of care would require the Court to pass judgment on issues of high or core government policy and political judgment – factual findings of the severe impacts of human-induced climate change on the Torres Strait Islands – ecosystems damaged and destroyed – devastating impacts on the traditional way of life and the ability to practise Ailan Kastom\n\nEMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGETS – whether Commonwealth owed the applicants and Torres Strait Islanders a duty of care to take reasonable steps to set greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets having regard to the “Best Available Science” which prevent or minimise impacts of climate change in the region – where Commonwealth set greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets and provided those targets to the UN Convention on Climate Change as Nationally Determined Contributions pursuant to Art 4.2 of the Paris Agreement in 2015, 2020, 2021 and 2022 – whether those emissions reduction targets were set having regard to the best available science – where best available science indicates global average temperature increase must be held to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels to limit the worst effects of climate change – whether setting emissions reduction targets are a matter of high or core government policy – whether relationship between the applicants and the Commonwealth more than a relationship between the governing and the governed – whether posited standard of care appropriate – whether any breach of the alleged duty of care in respect of setting emissions reduction targets caused applicants to suffer compensable damage – whether Commonwealth materially contributed to loss or damage suffered by the applicants as a result of climate change – duty of care not established – factual findings that the Commonwealth failed to give genuine consideration of the best available science – Australian emissions reduction targets inconsistent with international obligations and objectives\n\nCLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION – alleged duty of care to take reasonable care to protect against marine inundation and erosion – standard of care said to require the provision of predictable, adequate funding for the construction of seawalls and the leading and coordinating of a plan for funding – whether delays in funding and consequent delays in construction of seawalls cause or contributed to loss and damaged suffered – evidence incapable of proving inundation events occurring in the relevant periods caused or contributed to loss – funding arrangements concerned allocation of responsibilities between three tiers of government – all requested funding provided – delays in finalisation of funding neither solely attributable to the Commonwealth nor unreasonable – salient features do not support the alleged duty of care – duty of care not appropriate or practical to impose where the Court would need to pass judgment on the reasonableness of government policy, intergovernmental relations and budgetary priorities\n\nDECLARATIONS, INJUNCTION – declarations sought regarding the existence and breach of duty / duties of care – declaration has no utility where expressed in abstract terms divorced from the nature of any duty – inappropriate where no finding that breach has caused loss or damage – impermissible interlocutory declaration where claims of group members not finally determined – injunctive relief sought to compel the Commonwealth to implement measures to protect the environment, cultural and customary rights and reduce emissions – subjective and imprecise terms","5-6, 8-9, 12-13, 15-16 June 2023;\n8-27 November 2023;\n20 December 2023; and\n29 April-3 May 2024.","Counsel for the Applicants: Ms F McLeod AO SCand Mr T Boston KC with Ms L Barrett, Ms S Martin, Dr J R Murphy, Ms J Dodd, Ms J Wang, Mr T Rawlinson, Ms M Tom and Ms C Aniba\nSolicitor for the Applicants: Phi Finney McDonald\nCounsel for the Respondent: Mr S Lloyd SCand Ms Z Maud SC with Ms A Lyons, Mr M Sherman and Ms M Salinger\nSolicitor for the Respondent: Australian Government Solicitor","Agar v Hyde (2000) 201 CLR 552\nAinsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564\nAkiba and Another v Queensland and Others (No 2) (2010) 204 FCR 1\nAmica Pty Ltd v Ellis (2010) 240 CLR 111\nAnns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] AC 728\nBarrett v Enfield London Borough Council [2001] 2 AC 550\nBonnington Castings v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613\nBrodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001) 206 CLR 512\nBrookfield Multiplex Ltd v Owners Corporation Strata Plan 61288 (2014) 254 CLR 185\nCaltex Refineries (Qld) Pty Ltd v Stavar (2009) 75 NSWLR 649\nCattanach v Melchior (2003) 215 CLR 1\nChapman v Hearse (1961) 106 CLR 112\nChappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232\nCole v South Tweed Heads Rugby league Football Club Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 469\nCPCF v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2015) 255 CLR 514\nCrimmins v Stevedoring Industry Finance Committee (1999) 200 CLR 1\nCubillo v Commonwealth of Australia (No 2) (2000) 103 FCR 1\nDixon v Davies (1982) 17 NTR 31\nDonoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562\nDovuro Pty Ltd v Wilkins (2003) 215 CLR 317\nDow Jones \u0026 Co Inc v Gutnick (2002) 210 CLR 575\nEast Suffolk Rivers Catchment Board v Kent [1941] AC 74\nElectro Optic Systems Pty Ltd v State of New South Wales; West v State of New South Wales (2012) 273 FLR 304\nEvans v Queanbeyan City Council [2011] NSWCA 230\nFairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2003] 1 AC 32\nFarah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 230 CLR 89\nFejo v Northern Territory (1998) 195 CLR 96\nGibuma on behalf of Boigu People v State of Queensland [2004] FCA 1575\nGraham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan (2002) 211 CLR 540\nHaber v Walker [1963] VR 339\nHarriton v Stephens (2006) 226 CLR 52\nHigh Country Outfitters Inc v Pitt Meadows (City) [2012] BCJ No 1859; 2012 BCPC 308\nHunt \u0026 Hunt Lawyers (a firm) v Mitchell Morgan Nominees Pty Ltd (2013) 247 CLR 613\nJackson v Spittall (1870) LR 5 CP 542\nJohn Pfeiffer Pty Ltd v Canny (1981) 148 CLR 218\nJohn Pfeiffer Pty Ltd v Rogerson (2000) 203 CLR 503\nKent v East Suffolk Rivers Catchment Board [1940] 1 KB 319\nLa Sucrerie Casselman Inc v Cambridge (Township) [2000] OJ No 4650\nLewis v Australian Capital Territory (2020) 271 CLR 192\nLove v The Commonwealth (2020) 270 CLR 152\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1\nMahoney v J. Kruschich (Demolitions) Pty Ltd (1985) 156 CLR 522\nMarch v E \u0026 MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506\nMilieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell [2021] ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2021:5339\nMilpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd (1994) 54 FCR 240\nMinister for the Environment v Sharma (2022) 291 FCR 311\nMinister for the Environment v Sharma [2022] FCAFC 35\nModbury Triangle Shopping Centre Pty Ltd v Anzil (2000) 205 CLR 254\nMutual Life \u0026 Citizens’ Assurance Company Ltd v Evatt (1968) 122 CLR 556\nNamala v Northern Territory (1996) 131 FLR 468\nNaoumi v Dannawi (2009) 75 NSWLR 216\nNapaluma v Baker (1982) 29 SASR 192\nNeilson v Overseas Projects Corp (Vic) Ltd (2005) 223 CLR 331\nNorthern Territory of Australia v Griffiths (2019) 269 CLR 1\nNotre Affaire à Tous v France [2021] No 1904967, 1904968, 1904972, 1904976/4-1\nOptus Networks Pty Ltd v City of Boroondara [1997] 2 VR 318\nOverseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Miller Steamship Company Pty Ltd (the Wagon Mound No 2) [1967] 1 AC 617\nOverseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock \u0026 Engineering Company Ltd (The Wagon Mound) [1961] AC 388\nPerre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180\nPerrre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180\nPyrenees Shire Council v Day (1998) 192 CLR 330\nRoberts v Devereaux (unreported, Supreme Court of the Northern Territory 22 April 1982)\nRodriguez \u0026 Sons Pty Ltd v Queensland Bulk Water Supply Authority trading as Seqwater (No 22) [2019] NSWSC 1657\nRowling v Takaro Properties Ltd [1988] AC 473\nSantos N A Barossa Pty Ltd v Tipakalippa (2022) 296 FCR 124\nSharma by her litigation representative Sister Marie Brigid Arthur v Minister for the Environment [2021] FCA 560\nSmaill v Buller District Council [1998] 1 NZLR 190\nSmith v Fonterra Cooperative Group Limited \u0026 Ors (2024) NZSC 5\nStovin v Wise [1996] AC 923\nStrong v Woolworths Ltd (2012) 246 CLR 182\nSullivan v Moody (2001) 207 CLR 562\nSutherland Shire Council v Heyman (1985) 157 CLR 424\nTame v State of New South Wales; Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd (2002) 211 CLR 317\nTrevorrow v South Australia (No 5) (2007) 98 SASR 136\nUrgenda Foundation v the State of the Netherlands (2015) ECLI:NL:RBDHA:20155555:7196\nVernon Knights Associates v Cornwall Council [2014] Env. L.R. 6\nVoth v Manildra Flour Mills Pty Ltd (1990) 171 CLR 538\nVZW Klimaatzaak v Kingdom of Belgium \u0026 Others [2021] 2015/4585/A\nVZW Klimaatzaak v Kingdom of Belgium \u0026 Others [2023] 2021/AR/15gs 2022/AR/737 2022/AR/891\nWallace v Kam (2013) 250 CLR 375\nWestern Australia v Ward (2002) 213 CLR 1\nWeston v Woodroffe (1985) 36 NTR 34\nWik Peoples v Queensland (1996) 187 CLR 1\nWoolcock Street Investments Pty Ltd v CDG Pty Ltd (2004) 216 CLR 515\nWyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40\nYorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v State of Victoria (2002) 214 CLR 422\nAustralian Academy of Science, The Risks to Australia of a 3°C Warmer World (Report, March 2021)\nAustralian Academy of Science, The Science of Climate Change: Questions and Answers (Report, February 2015)\nClimate Change Authority, Reducing Australia’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Targets and Progress Review (Final Report, February 2014)\nDI Armstrong McKay et al, ‘Exceeding 1.5C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points’ (2022) 377(6611) Science 1171\nH Burmester, ‘The Torres Strait Treaty: Ocean Boundary Delimitation by Agreement’, (1982) 76 American Journal of International Law 321, 322\nInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976)\nIPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK\nIPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA\nIPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA\nIPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA\nIPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Mason-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3-24\nIPCC, 2019: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA\nIPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. A. Pirani, S.L, Connors, P. Pean, S Berger, N. CAud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R Mathews, T.K. Maycock, T. Wakefiled, O. Yelecki, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA\nIPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA\nIPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA\nJ Stapleton, “Law, Causation and Common Sense”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies vol 8 (1988) 111 at 125\nKyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, opened for signature 16 March 1998, 2303 UNTS 162 (entered into force 16 February 2005)\nTreaty between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea Concerning Sovereignty and Maritime Boundaries in the Area Between Two Countries, Including the Area Known as Torres Strait, and Related Matters entered on 18 December 1978, in force from 15 February 1985 (Australian Treaty Series 1985 No 4)\nUnited Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UN Doc A/RES/61/295 (2 October 2007, adopted 13 September 2007)\nUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, opened for signature 4 June 1992, 1771 UNTS 107 (entered into force 21 March 1994)\nUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris Agreement 2015","Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005 (Cth)\nAboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Act 2005 (Cth)\nAustralian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988 (Cth)\nClimate Change Act 2022 (Cth)\nClimate Change Authority Act 2011 (Cth)\nCopyright Act 1968 (Cth)\nFederal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth)\nFinancial Management Act 1997 (Cth)\nJudiciary Act 1903 (Cth)\nNative Title Act 1993 (Cth)\nAustralian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Regulations 1989 (Cth)\nAustralian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Regulations 2021 (Cth)\nFinancial Management and Accountability Regulations 1997 (Cth)\nOffshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage (Environment) Regulations 2009 (Cth)\nCivil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002 (ACT)\nCivil Liability Act 2003 (Qld)\nCommunity Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984 (Qld)\nConstitution Act 1867 (Qld)\nCrown Proceedings Act 1988 (NSW)\nLimitation Act 1985 (ACT)\nLimitation of Actions Act 1974 (Qld)\nLocal Government Act 1993 (Qld)\nLocal Government Act 2009 (Qld)\nLocal Government and Other Legislation (Indigenous Regional Councils) Amendment Act 2007 (Qld)\nQueensland Coast Islands Act 1879 (Qld)\nBelgian Civil Code\nDutch Civil Code","1. The parties are to confer, through their legal advisers, and by no later than six weeks after the delivery of this judgment, provide the Court with either:\n(a) agreed draft orders which give effect to this judgment and dispose of the proceeding, including in relation to costs; or\n(b) if no agreement can be reached concerning the orders, competing draft orders, together with an outline of submissions (not exceeding ten pages in length) in respect of the competing orders, together with a note as to whether an oral hearing is requested to resolve the outstanding issues in respect of the orders.\nNote: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.","VID 622 of 2021","Other Federal Jurisdiction","file://J250796.docx","https://jade.io/article/src/1143246/2982412","[2025] FCA 0796","[2025] FCA 796","15 Jul. 2025","NEGLIGENCE – representative proceeding on behalf of Torres Strait Islanders against the Commonwealth of Australia – whether the Commonwealth has a duty to take reasonable steps to protect Torres Strait Islanders from the impacts of climate change – whether impacts of marine inundation and erosion caused property damage, loss of fulfilment of Ailan â€¦","Pabai v Commonwealth of Australia (No 2) [2025] FCA 796","Pabai v Commonwealth of Australia (No 2)  [2025] FCA 796 (15 July 2025) (Wigney J)","30f94fbe4fbac41028e090c9615be123","Document Metadata","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.SectionRange/1482539478","Chapter 6.10.2","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.shared.SectionType/333718581","history-visibility:not-visible","KE329","10.1805.10 - 2024.04.01","Chapter 6.21.3","27-06-2025","au.org.openlaw.model.dom.akbn.style.AkbnStyle.version\u003D_2_0","AKBN\u003Dtrue\nAKBN_STYLE_V_2_0\u003Dtrue","file://Charter of Human Rights Bench Book - 27Jun25.docx","ftp://cass://1751000770297.3c09434df13430668833916926cdb82df65ae0c8","Charter of Human Rights Bench Book","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Jademark$LastModificationDate","date\u003D1504188000000","Chapter 6.19.1","PU20","10.1827.0 - 2025.02.01","Chapter 6.13.3","date\u003D1539090000000","Chapter 6.9.2","date\u003D1648126800000","Chapter 6.12.3","Chapter 6.9.3","Chapter 1.5","Chapter 6.4.3","Chapter 6.15.2","Chapter 6.16.2","Chapter 6.2.5","Chapter 6.3.2","Chapter 6.7.2","date\u003D1672750800000","Chapter 3.1","Chapter 6.2.4","Chapter 6.8.3","Chapter 6.8.2","Chapter 6.7.1","Chapter 3.2","Chapter 2.2","Chapter 6.2.3","Chapter 6.2.1","Chapter 6.1","Chapter 3.3","Chapter 5.2","Chapter 2.5","Chapter 1.3","Chapter 6.19.6","Chapter 6.15.5","Chapter 6.18.1","Chapter 6.17.2","Chapter 6.11.1","Chapter 6.11.3","Chapter 6.19.4.1","Chapter 6.21.2","Chapter 6.18.4","Chapter 6.18.2","Chapter 6.16.3","Chapter 6.19.2","Chapter 6.19.4.2","Chapter 6.19.8","date\u003D1462802400000","N199","date\u003D1754488800000","Chapter 6.5.2","MA18","v4.2.1.77.324 - 2011.02.20","JCV","Judicial College of Victoria","au-pub-jcv","[2023] JCV Charter_of_Human_Rights","Charter_of_Human_Rights","2023","fa7269a429d934e600d1f2ea382c713b","[2025] HCA 25 : Ravbar v Commonwealth of Australia","Ravbar v Commonwealth of Australia","25","18 June 2025","MICHAEL RAVBAR \u0026 ANOR PLAINTIFFS\nCOMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA \u0026 ORS DEFENDANTS","Constitutional law (Cth) – Legislative power – Implied freedom of political communication – Judicial power of Commonwealth – Acquisition of property on just terms – Where Construction and General Division (\"C\u0026G Division\") of Construction, Forestry and Maritime Employees Union (\"CFMEU\") is organisation of employees registered under Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth) (\"FWRO Act\") – Where Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Amendment (Administration) Act 2024 (Cth) inserted Pt 2A of Ch 11 into FWRO Act and s 177A into Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) – Where C\u0026G Division of CFMEU and each of its branches placed under administration in accordance with Pt 2A of Ch 11 of FWRO Act – Where Attorney-General of Commonwealth determined Fair Work (Registered Organisations) (CFMEU Construction and General Division Administration) Determination 2024 (\"Scheme\") – Where Administrator of Scheme appointed – Where during ongoing administration of C\u0026G Division of CFMEU and its branches under Pt 2A of Ch 11 of FWRO Act, Administrator has and will continue to have powers of control, management and disposition of property of CFMEU previously used solely or predominantly for purposes of C\u0026G Division or any of its branches – Where plaintiffs had been office holders in C\u0026G Division of CFMEU until removed from offices as a result of Scheme – Whether impugned legislative provisions unsupported by head of Commonwealth legislative power – Whether impugned legislative provisions and/or Scheme infringed implied freedom of political communication – Whether impugned legislative provisions infringed Ch III of Constitution – Whether impugned legislative provisions effected \"acquisition of property\" within meaning of s 51(xxxi) of Constitution otherwise than on just terms.\n\nWords and phrases – \"acquisition of property\", \"administration\", \"best interests\", \"bill of pains and penalties\", \"collective will\", \"compensation\", \"constitutional corporations\", \"constitutionally prescribed system of representative government\", \"control\", \"detriments\", \"dysfunction\", \"effective burden\", \"efficient and democratic conduct\", \"extrinsic material\", \"foreseeable effects\", \"forfeiture\", \"head of power\", \"illegitimate purpose\", \"implied freedom of political communication\", \"intention\", \"invalidity\", \"judicial power\", \"legislative intent\", \"legislative purpose\", \"level of generality\", \"motive\", \"party-political donations\", \"prima facie punitive\", \"private correspondence\", \"property\", \"protective purpose\", \"public interest\", \"punishment\", \"reasonably appropriate and adapted\", \"reasonably capable of being seen as necessary\", \"shipwrecks clause\", \"single question of characterisation\", \"structured proportionality\", \"trade unions\".","B W Walker SC and C L Lenehan SC with C J Tran and N A Wootton for the plaintiffs (instructed by Hall Payne Lawyers)\nS P Donaghue KC, Solicitor-General of the Commonwealth, and N M Wood SC with C G Winnett, T M Wood and M R Salinger for the first and second defendants (instructed by Australian Government Solicitor)\nSubmitting appearance for the third defendant\nM J Wait SC, Solicitor-General for the State of South Australia, with B L Garnaut for the Attorney-General for the State of South Australia, intervening (instructed by Crown Solicitor (SA))\nS K Kay SC, Solicitor-General for the State of Tasmania, with J L Rudolf for the Attorney-General for the State of Tasmania, intervening (instructed by Solicitor-General for the State of Tasmania)\nG J D del Villar KC, Solicitor-General of the State of Queensland, with F J Nagorcka and K J E Blore for the Attorney-General of the State of Queensland, intervening (instructed by Crown Law (Qld))\nMichael Hiscox intervening, limited to written submissions","Constitution, ss 7, 24, 51(xx), 51(xxxi), Ch III.","The questions stated for the opinion of the Full Court in the special case filed on 18 October 2024 be answered as follows:\nQuestion (1): Are Pt 2A of Ch 11 of the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth), s 177A of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and/or the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Amendment (Administration) Act 2024 (Cth) invalid because they are not laws with respect to any head of power in ss 51 or 122 of the Constitution?\nAnswer: No.\nQuestion (2): Are Pt 2A of Ch 11 of the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth), s 177A of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and/or the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Amendment (Administration) Act 2024 (Cth) invalid because they impermissibly burden the implied freedom of political communication?\nAnswer: No.\nQuestion (3): Is the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) (CFMEU Construction and General Division Administration) Determination 2024 (Cth) invalid because it is not authorised by Pt 2A of Ch 11 of the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth) by reason of the implied freedom of political communication?\nAnswer: No.\nQuestion (4): Are Pt 2A of Ch 11 of the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth), s 177A of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and/or the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Amendment (Administration) Act 2024 (Cth) invalid because they infringe Ch III of the Constitution?\nAnswer: No.\nQuestion (5): Are Pt 2A of Ch 11 of the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth), s 177A of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and/or the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Amendment (Administration) Act 2024 (Cth) invalid because they are laws authorising the acquisition of property otherwise than on just terms within the meaning of s 51(xxxi) of the Constitution?\nAnswer: No.\nQuestion (6): Is s 323M of the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth) invalid because it authorises the acquisition of property otherwise than on just terms within the meaning of s 51(xxxi) of the Constitution?\nAnswer: No.\nQuestion (7): Who should bear the costs of the special case (having regard, if appropriate, to s 329 of the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth))?\nAnswer: There should be no order as to costs.","S113/2024","JOB_EXCEPTION_ARTICLE_LINK_PARSER_ACTION\u003Dtrue","file://Ravbar v Commonwealth of Australia (S113-2024) [2025] HCA 25.docx","https://jade.io/article/src/1136772/0","Acquisition of Property","[2025] HCA 0025","[2025] HCA 25","Ravbar v Commonwealth of Australia [2025] HCA 25","Ravbar v Commonwealth of Australia  [2025] HCA 25 (18 June 2025) (Gageler CJ; Gordon, Edelman, Steward, Gleeson, Jagot and Beech-Jones JJ)","241","423 ALR 241","1000","99 ALJR 1000","IR","Industrial Reports","au-cr-ir","341","Ravbar v Commonwealth","234","341 IR 234","bd34461d22ffdf04da85b24a20cd6a35","Replacement FCFCOA Division 1 - First Instance Judgment [SEC\u003DOFFICIAL]","Re: Blake","FedCFamC1F","364","2 June 2025","Hartnett J","HARTNETT J","FAMILY LAW – CHILDREN – Gender dysphoria – Where the respondent father did not engage with the proceedings at any stage – Where the diagnosis of gender dysphoria is supported by the Independent Children’s Lawyer – Where the child seeking to undergo treatment (“the child”) is nearly 18 years of age – Where the child seeks a change of name – Where the Court accepts the diagnosis of gender dysphoria – Declaration that the child is Gillick competent to consent to stage 2 treatment for gender dysphoria – Orders made for a change of name.","28 April 2025","By Court order the names of legal practitioners are suppressed","Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) s 140.\nFamily Law Act 1975 (Cth)\nFederal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Family Law) Rules 2021 (Cth) r 1.11","SUPPRESSED\nFEDERAL CIRCUIT AND FAMILY COURT OF AUSTRALIA (DIVISION 1)\nBETWEEN:\nTHE MOTHER\nApplicant\nAND:\nTHE FATHER\nRespondent\nINDEPENDENT CHILDREN\u0027S LAWYER\nORDER MADE BY:\nHARTNETT J\nDATE OF ORDER:\n28 APRIL 2025 AMENDED 2 JUNE 2025\nTHE COURT ORDERS THAT:\n1. For all purposes the child JESSICA born 2007 shall be known henceforth as BLAKE.\n2. Within 28 days, the Applicant mother (“the mother”) is authorised to apply to the relevant Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages to change the name of the child JESSICA born 2007 to BLAKE.\n3. Pursuant to the relevant state legislation, the Registrar of Births, Death and Marriages, upon the application of the mother referred to in Order 2 hereof, is to do all acts and things to register the change of name of JESSICA born 2007 to BLAKE.\n4. The Court declares that the child Blake is Gillick competent to consent to stage 2 treatment for Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2015 (Fifth Edition) DSM-5.\n5. The proposed stage 2 treatment of the child, being the administration of testosterone in such dose, in such manner and with such frequency as defined by his treating medical practitioners, is authorised by Order of this Court.\n6. Otherwise, all extant applications are dismissed and the matter removed from the list.\n7. The name of the child, their family members and their occupations, their medical practitioners, their school, the court’s file number, the State or Territory of Australia in which these proceedings were initiated, the name of any lawyers in these proceedings and any other fact or matter that may identify the child shall not be published in any way, and only anonymised reasons for judgment and orders (with cover sheets excluding the registry, file number and lawyer’s names and details, as well as the parties’ real names) shall be released by the Court to non-parties without further contrary order of a judge, it being noted that each party shall be provided with copies of orders and any reasons for judgment with relevant details including the file number and lawyers’ names.\nAND THE COURT NOTES THAT:\nA. These orders have been amended pursuant to rule 10.13 of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Family Law) Rules 2021 (Cth).\nNote: The form of the order is subject to the entry in the Court’s records.\nNote: This copy of the Court’s Reasons for judgment may be subject to review to remedy minor typographical or grammatical errors (r 10.14(b) Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Family Law) Rules 2021 (Cth)), or to record a variation to the order pursuant to r 10.13 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Family Law) Rules 2021 (Cth).\nPart XIVB of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) makes it an offence, except in very limited circumstances, to publish an account of proceedings that identify persons, associated persons, or witnesses involved in family law proceedings.","By Court order file number is suppressed","file://Re Blake [2025] FedCFamC1F 364.rtf","https://jade.io/article/src/1135159/0","Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 1 First Instance","au-fed-fam-c1f","[2025] FedCFamC1F 0364","[2025] FedCFamC1F 364","Re: Blake [2025] FedCFamC1F 364","Re: Blake  [2025] FedCFamC1F 364 (02 June 2025) (Hartnett J)","ca03a626839c9d40174ee65938930bc9","Yanunijarra Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC v State of Western Australia","490","15 May 2025","Horan J","HORAN J","NATIVE TITLE – right to negotiate – expedited procedure – proposed grant of exploration licences under Mining Act 1978 (WA) – where State of Western Australia gave notice of future acts under s 29 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) – where notices included statement under s 29(7) that State considered the act was an act attracting the expedited procedure – where native title parties lodged objections against inclusion of s 29(7) statement with the National Native Title Tribunal – where native title parties and representative Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander body applied for judicial review of alleged decisions by State to include expedited procedure statements in the s 29 notices – where applicants alleged that State failed to give active consideration to definition of “act attracting the expedited procedure” in s 237 of the Act – where applicants alleged that State’s policy for including expedited procedure statements in s 29 notices was inconsistent with requirements of the Act – application by State for summary judgment against applicants – whether applicants had reasonable prospect of successfully prosecuting the proceeding – whether proceeding was an abuse of the process of the Court – whether alleged decisions by State to include expedited procedure statements in s 29 notices are reviewable decisions under Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) or are otherwise amenable to judicial review\n\nHeld: alleged decisions are not reviewable – summary judgment application allowed","16 and 17 May 2024","Counsel for the Applicants: E Nekvapil with T J Hermann\nSolicitor for the Applicants: Kimberly Land Council\nCounsel for the Respondent: C I Taggart\nSolicitor for the Respondent: State Solicitor’s Office of Western Australia","Adani Mining Pty Ltd (No 2) (2019) 271 FCR 423\nAdvanced Holdings Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2020) 281 FCR 149\nAgar v Hyde (2000) 201 CLR 552\nAkiba v Queensland (2010) 184 FCR 406\nAlcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Territory Revenue (2009) 239 CLR 27\nAustralian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321\nAustralian Securities and Investments Commission v Cassimatis (2013) 220 FCR 256\nBabscay Pty Ltd v Pitcher Partners [2019] FCA 480\nBHP Billiton Nickel West Pty Ltd v KN (Deceased) (2018) 258 FCR 521\nBinqld Finances Pty Ltd (in liq) v Binetter [2024] FCA 361\nBradken Resources Pty Ltd v Lynx Engineering Consultants Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1257; 78 IPR 586\nByrne v Marles (2008) 19 VR 612\nCertain Lloyd’s Underwriters v Cross (2012) 248 CLR 378\nCheedy v Western Australia (No 2) (2011) 199 FCR 23\nCheinmora v Striker Resources NL (1996) 142 ALR 21\nCollector of Customs (NSW) v Brian Lawlor Automotive Pty Ltd [1979] FCA 21; 2 ALD 1\nCorcoran v Virgin Blue Airlines Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 864\nCorunna v South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council (No 2) (2015) 235 FCR 53\nDanthanarayana v Commonwealth [2016] FCAFC 114\nDBE17 (by his litigation guardian Marie Theresa Arthur) v Commonwealth [2020] FCA 958\nDuncan v Chief Executive Officer Centrelink (No 2) [2008] FCA 667\nDZY v Trustees of the Christian Brothers [2025] HCA 16\nEast Rockingham RRF Project Co Pty Ltd as Trustee for the East Rockingham RRF Project Trust v Acciona Construction Australia Pty Ltd [2024] FCA 759\nFesl v Delegate of the Native Title Registrar (No 2) (2008) 173 FCR 176\nGreen v Daniels (1977) 51 ALJR 463\nGriffith University v Tang (2005) 221 CLR 99\nGuss v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (2006) 152 FCR 88\nHolt v Manzie (2001) 114 FCR 282\nHolzinger v Attorney-General (Qld) (2020) 5 QR 314\nHot Holdings Pty Ltd v Creasy (1996) 185 CLR 149\nHouston v New South Wales [2020] FCA 502\nJ F Keir Pty Ltd v Sparks [2008] FCA 611\nJefferson Ford Pty Ltd v Ford Motor Company of Australia Limited (2008) 167 FCR 372\nKeasey v Director of Housing (2022) 66 VR 45\nKimberley Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 21) v Williams (No 2) [2018] FCA 2058\nKowalski v MMAL Staff Superannuation Fund Pty Ltd (2009) 178 FCR 401\nLardil Peoples v Queensland (2001) 108 FCR 453\nLiaoning Zhongwang Group Co Ltd v Alfield Group Pty Ltd [2017] FCA 1223\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1\nMcAleer v University of Western Australia (No 3) (2008) 171 FCR 499\nMcKay Super Solutions Pty Ltd (Trustee) v Bellamy’s Australia Ltd (No 2) [2019] FCA 215; 135 ACSR 278\nMinister for Home Affairs v G (2019) 266 FCR 569\nO’Mara v Minister for Lands (2008) 167 FCR 145\nOakey Coal Action Alliance Inc v New Acland Coal Pty Ltd (2021) 272 CLR 33\nPortframe Enterprises ATF Gnaraloo Station Trust v Western Australia [2020] FCA 1622\nPrior v South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council Aboriginal Corporation [2020] FCA 808\nProbuild Constructions (Aust) Pty Ltd v Shade Systems Pty Ltd (2018) 264 CLR 1\nProject Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355\nShafran v Secretary of the Department of Veterans’ Affairs [2024] FCA 621; 183 ALD 375\nSK Foods LP v SK Foods Australia (in liq) (No 3) (2013) 214 FCR 543\nSpalla v St George Motor Finance Ltd (No 6) [2004] FCA 1699\nSpencer v Commonwealth (2010) 241 CLR 118\nThree Rivers District Council v Bank of England [No 3] [2003] 2 AC 1\nTomlinson v Ramsay Food Processing Pty Ltd (2015) 256 CLR 507\nTran v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCA 1628\nUBS AG v Tyne (2018) 265 CLR 77\nWalton v Gardiner (1993) 177 CLR 378\nWestern Australia v Ward (1996) 70 FCR 265\nWingfoot Australia Partners Pty Ltd v Kocak (2013) 252 CLR 480\nYanunijarra Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC v Western Australia (2020) 276 FCR 53","Constitution s 51(xxvi)\nAdministrative Decisions (Judicial Review Act) 1977 (Cth) s 11(1)(c)\nEvidence Act 1991 (Cth) s 191\nFederal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) ss 31A, 37M, 43(2)\nIncome Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth)\nJudiciary Act 1903 (Cth) ss 39B, 213(2)\nNative Title Act 1993 (Cth) ss 3, 4, 10, 11, 24AA, 24AB, 24LA, 24MD, 24OA, 25, 26, 26A, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 36A, 36B, 36C, 38, 39, 43, 43A, 75, 85A, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147–149A, 150–159, 162, 169, 213, 213A, 226, 227, 233, 237, pt 2 div 3\nNative Title Amendment Act 1998 (Cth)\nRacial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) s 8(1)\nFederal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) rr 8.21, 16.53, 26.01(1)(a), 26.01(1)(d), 31.01(3), 31.05, 40.51\nNative Title (Recognition as Representative Body – Kimberley Land Council) Instrument 2023 (Cth)\nExplanatory Memorandum, Native Title Amendment Bill 1997 (Cth)\nExplanatory Memorandum, Native Title Bill 1993\nNative Title Bill 1993 (Cth)\nNative Title Legislation Amendment Bill 2019 (Cth)\nAboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA)\nCriminal Code 1899 (Qld) s 672A\nMining Act 1980 (NT)\nMining Act 1978 (WA)\nInternational Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, opened for signature 21 December 1965, 660 UNTS 196 (entered into force 4 January 1969) Art 1(4)","1. Pursuant to s 31A(2) of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) and r 26.01(1)(a) of the Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth), summary judgment be given for the respondent against the applicants in relation to the whole of the proceeding.\n2. The proceeding is dismissed.\n3. Each party is to bear its own costs of the proceeding.\nNote: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.","WAD 3 of 2024","https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2025/2025fca0490/2025fca0490","[2025] FCA 0490","[2025] FCA 490","NATIVE TITLE – right to negotiate – expedited procedure – proposed grant of exploration licences under Mining Act 1978 (WA) – where State of Western Australia gave notice of future acts under sÂ 29 of the Native Title Act 1993Â (Cth) – where notices included statement under sÂ 29(7) that State considered the act was an act attracting the expeditedâ€¦","Yanunijarra Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC v State of Western Australia  [2025] FCA 490 (15 May 2025) (Horan J)","c1731179d3fcf0015ee5578b4b1d2748","SAADAT v COMMONWEALTH \u0026 ORS [2025] SASC 59","Saadat v Commonwealth","SAADAT v COMMONWEALTH \u0026 ORS","SASC","59","Stanley J","Judgment of the Honourable Justice Stanley","(Civil)","TORTS - NEGLIGENCE - STANDARD OF CARE, SCOPE OF DUTY AND SUBSEQUENT BREACH\n\nTORTS - NEGLIGENCE - MENTAL OR NERVOUS SHOCK OR PSYCHIATRIC HARM - AT COMMON LAW\n\nTORTS - NEGLIGENCE - MENTAL OR NERVOUS SHOCK OR PSYCHIATRIC HARM - AT COMMON LAW - FACTORS - RECOGNISABLE PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS\n\nTORTS - NEGLIGENCE - MENTAL OR NERVOUS SHOCK OR PSYCHIATRIC HARM - AT COMMON LAW - DAMAGE AND CAUSATION\n\nCITIZENSHIP AND MIGRATION - MIGRATION - DETENTION AND REMOVAL OF UNLAWFUL NON-CITIZENS - DETENTION - CONDITIONS OF DETENTION","file://[2025] SASC 59.rtf","https://jade.io/article/src/1133230/0","SA","South Australian","South Australia","AU_SA","SA Supreme Court","Supreme Court of South Australia","au-sa-sc","[2025] SASC 0059","[2025] SASC 59","9 May 2025","Saadat v Commonwealth [2025] SASC 59","Saadat v Commonwealth  [2025] SASC 59 (09 May 2025) (Stanley J)","fcd259b1ce834842057de58852833060","au.com.barnet.jade.server.converter.PdfToHtmlFormatConverter.CONTEXT_FORCE_NO_OCR\u003Dtrue\nau.com.barnet.jade.server.sockets.JadeSockets.CONTEXT_INVALIDATE_CACHE_IF_OLDER_THAN_MSECS\u003D1","Miller v State of South Australia (Far West Coast Sea Claim) (No 4)","388","24 April 2025","NATIVE TITLE – application for a determination of native title in respect of an area in the sea in the vicinity of the far west coast of South Australia – claim area abutting and in proximity to existing determinations of native title – where applicant applied to amend the Claim Group description so as to replicate the description of native title holders in adjacent land – where determination application opposed by the State, the Commonwealth and Aboriginal respondents – whether permissible to examine intramural allocation of native title rights and interests in an already determined area – legal consequences of the adjacent determination being a judgment in rem – whether native title rights and interests are possessed in the claim area under traditional laws and customs providing for attainment of core rights by descendancy under a patrilineal estate-based tenure system that no longer exists – where traditional laws and customs have evolved to permit a greater level of cognate descent – whether native title rights and interests are held at broader levels of language groups – whether native title rights and interests exist in the claim area other than core rights acquired through cognate lines of descent – consideration of consequences of non-core rights in circumstances where the system of interdependence and interconnectedness of the former estate groups no longer exists – whether applicant discharged onus of proof in establishing connection with the claim area distinct from connection with areas already subject to native title determinations","15 – 18 March, 21 – 25 March, 28 – 31 March, 4 – 8 April, 11 – 14 April, 19 – 20 April, 13 – 15 July, 25 August, 14 December 2022","Counsel for the Applicants: 15-18, 21-15 and 28-31 March 2022 Ms T Jowett SC with\nMr W DeMars\n4-8, 11-14 and 19-20 April 2022 Ms T Jowett SC with\nMr W DeMars\n13-15 July 2022 Ms T Jowett SC with Mr W DeMars\n25 August and 14 December 2022 Ms T Jowett SC\nSolicitor for the Applicants: South Australian Native Title Services Limited\nCounsel for the First Respondent: 15-18, 21-15 and 28-31 March 2022 Mr W Ambrose with\nMr P Tonkin\n4-8, 11-14 and 19-20 April 2022 Mr W Ambrose\nwith Mr P Tonkin\n13-15 July 2022 Mr W Ambrose with Mr P Tonkin\n25 August and 14 December 2022 Mr W Ambrose\nSolicitor for the First Respondent: Crown Solicitor’s Office South Australia\nCounsel for the Second Respondent: 15-18 March 2022, Ms R Webb KC with Mr M Heffernan\n21-24 March 2022 Ms T Heuzenroeder with\nMr M Heffernan\n25 and 28-31 March 2022 Ms R Webb KC with\nMr M Heffernan\n4-8, 11-14 and 19-20 April 2022 Ms R Webb KC with\nMr M Heffernan\n13-15 July 2022 Ms R Webb KC with Mr M Heffernan\n25 August and 14 December 2022 Ms R Webb KC\nSolicitor for the Second Respondent: Australian Government Solicitor\nCounsel for the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Respondents: 15-18, 21-15 and 28-31 2022 March Mr D Billington SC\n4-8 April 2022 Mr D Billington SC\n11-14 April 2022 Mr D Billington SC with\nMr N Hutley SC\n19-20 April 2022 Mr D Billington SC\n13-15 July 2022 Mr D Billington SC\n25 August and 14 December 2022 Mr D Billington SC\nSolicitor for the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Respondents: Triple BL Legal\nCounsel for the Seventh and Eighth Respondents: The Seventh and Eighth Respondents appeared in person\nCounsel for the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-First, Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third, Twenty-Fourth, Twenty-Fifth, Twenty-Sixth, Twenty-Seventh, Twenty-Eighth, Twenty-Ninth, Thirtieth, Thirty-First, Thirty-Second, Thirty-Third, Thirty-Fourth, Thirty-Fifth, Thirty-Sixth and Thirty-Seventh Respondents: No appearance by the Ninth to Thirty-Seventh Respondents\nTable of Corrections\n7 July 2025\nParagraph 20: last line “participants in the trial” replaced with “them”\nParagraph 76: line four: “paragraph B” replaced with “Pathway B”\nParagraph 92: line six “in others” replaced with “in those groups”\nParagraph 179(6): line seven “far west coast” replaced with “Far West Coast”\nParagraph 206: line one “at [81]” deleted, reference at end of paragraph\nParagraph 216: line one “eastward” replaced with “westward”\nParagraph 235: line two “Dr McCarthy” defined (bold)\nParagraph 299: line two “270 km west” replaced with “270 km east”\nParagraph 311: line two “Gardiner” replaced with “Captain Gardiner”\nParagraph 444: line two “nuclear weapon” replaced with “British atomic weapons”\nParagraph 481: last line “far west coast” replaced with “Far West Coast”\nParagraph 491: line two “far west coast” replaced with “Far West Coast”\nParagraph 506: line one “ganbara” replaced with “Ganba”\nParagraph 602: line six “wanchilya” replaced with “wanchillar”\nParagraph 625: line eight “pinguin” replaced with “penguin”\nParagraph 652: quote line three “Yolgnu” replaced with “Yolgnu [sic]\nParagraph 657: line two “Bunna Lawrie’s” replaced with “his”\nParagraph 660: lines two, four and five “Council of Elders” replaced with “Mirning Council of Elders”\nParagraph 670: line one “her mother was a Kokatha woman” replaced with “her mother, Belinda Clarke, was a Kokatha woman”\nParagraph 685: line four “he swam by the sea to Scott Bay” replaced with “he swam in the sea at Scott Bay”\nParagraph 698: line six “Not. She from different tribe” replaced with “No. She from different tribe”\nParagraph 723: line two “Mirning people speak for Mirning land” replaced with “Mirning people [to] speak for Mirning land”\nParagraph 769: line one “in the Bight” replaced with “in the Great Australian Bight”\nParagraph 784: line one “out to see” replaced with “out to sea”\nParagraph 807: line six “his sister Yirgjhilya” replaced with “his sister Yirgjhilya-Mary”\nParagraph 824: line two “the Bight” replaced with “the Great Australian Bight\nParagraph 827: line two “Wirrula” replaced with “Wirrulla”\nParagraph 838: line two “he said was” replaced with “he said were”\nParagraph 846: quote [36] corrected lines one to two “Dhoogoorr Mirning law which includes law relating to whales” replaced with “dhoogoorr whale law”\nParagraph 873: line three “native title holder” replaced with “native title”\nParagraph 883: lines three to four “at the unmoored pre-trial” replaced with “at the pre-trial”\nParagraph 942: line one “Paragraph 7” replaced with “Page 7”\nParagraph 945: lines one to two “he said the source of rights of “inland people”:” replaced with “he said (of the source of rights of “inland people”):”\nParagraph 965: line three “along the strip” replaced with “along the coastal strip”\nParagraph 974: line three “no archaeological investigations” replaced with “no investigations”\nParagraph 1008(5): line two “high rates” replaced with “high hazard ratings”\nParagraph 1070: last line “up or placed there” replaced with “up and placed there”\nParagraph 1086: line five “into ocean” replaced with “into the ocean”\nParagraph 1087: line seven “about 30 years ago” replaced with “about 50 – 60 years ago”\nLine eight “Liebelt’s evidence” relaced with “Nicholson’s evidence”\nParagraph 1103: line nine “Yaralina” replaced with “Yarilena”\nHeading above paragraph 1134: “SACRED SITED” replaced with “SACRED SITES”\nParagraph 1213: line one “he acknowledge” replaced with “he acknowledged”\nParagraph 1229: quote line three “from Tjunjunjara” replaced with “from Tjunjunjara [sic]”\nParagraph 1230: line five “stories that they have responsibility for” replaced with “stories that [we] have responsibility for”\nParagraph 1275: line two “as far inland as Yardea” replaced with “as far inland as Yardea (in the Gawler Ranges)”\nParagraph 1331: quote [924] and [925] “Kaltnya” replaced with “Kaltnya [sic]”\nParagraph 1400: line one “specially” replaced with “specifically”\nParagraph 1404: line seven “cognatic descent” replaced with “cognate descent”\nParagraph 1417: line five “to Peterson” replaced with “to Prof Peterson”\nParagraph 1418: quote line three “in 1987” replaced with ‘in 1987 [sic]”\nquote line four “in 1983” replaced with “in 1983 [sic]”\nParagraph 1424: line one “far west coast people” replaced with “Far West Coast people”\nParagraph 1487: end of quote “(footnotes omitted)” replaced with “(original emphasis, footnotes omitted)”\nParagraph 1491: line two “single native society” replaced with “single society”\nParagraph 1505(1)(b): line one “with western end” replaced with “with the western end”\nParagraph 1506: line one “s 223(c)” replaced with “s 225(c)”\nSCHEDULE TWO: line six right hand column “9676.88M” replaced with “9676.88m”","AB (deceased) (on behalf of the Ngarla People) v State of Western Australia (No 4) [2012] FCA 1268; 300 ALR 193\nAdnyamathanha No 1 Native Title Claim Group v The State of South Australia (No 2) [2009] FCA 359\nAkiba v The Commonwealth (2013) 250 CLR 209\nBodney v Bennell (2008) 167 FCR 84\nBurden v Ainsworth (2004) 59 NSWLR 506\nChampion v State of Western Australia [2009] FCA 1141\nCommonwealth v Yarmirr (2001) 208 CLR 1\nDale v Western Australia (2011) 191 FCR 521\nDuong v Tran [2010] NSWCA 280\nFar West Coast Native Title Claim v South Australia (No 5) [2013] FCA 717\nFar West Coast Native Title Claim v State of South Australia (No 7) [2013] FCA 1285\nFejo v Northern Territory (1998) 195 CLR 96\nK.D. (deceased) on behalf of the Mirning People v State of Western Australia (No 4) [2017] FCA 1225\nKassem v Crossley [2000] NSWCA 276; 32 MVR 179\nLaing v State of South Australia [2012] FCA 676\nLaing v State of South Australia (No 2) [2012] FCA 980\nLake Torrens Overlap Proceedings (No 3) [2016] FCA 899\nLovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria [2007] FCA 474\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1\nMakita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001) 52 NSWLR 705\nMalone (on behalf of the Clermont-Belyando Area Native Title Claim) v Queensland (No 5) [2021] FCA 1639; 397 ALR 397\nManado v Western Australia (2018) 265 FCR 68\nMcNamara on behalf of the Gawler Ranges People v State of South Australia [2011] FCA 1471\nMiller v State of South Australia (Far West Coast Sea Claim) (No 2) [2018] FCA 599\nMiller v State of South Australia (Far West Coast Sea Claim) (No 3) [2022] FCA 466\nNational Justice Compania Naviera SA v Prudential Assurance Co Ltd (The ‘Ikarian Reefer’) [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 68\nNelson v Northern Territory (2010) 190 FCR 344\nNorthern Territory v Alyawarr, Kaytetye, Warumungu, Wakaya Native Title Claim Group (2005) 145 FCR 442\nSampi v State of Western Australia [2005] FCA 777\nSparrow v State of South Australia (Mirning Eastern Sea and Land Claim) [2021] FCA 1357\nStarkey v South Australia (2018) 261 FCR 183\nStuart v South Australia [2025] HCA 12\nStuart v State of South Australia (2023) 299 FCR 507\nStuart v State of South Australia (Oodnadatta Common Overlap Proceeding) [2019] FCA 1282\nSumner v State of South Australia (Ngarrindjeri Native Title Claim Part A) [2017] FCA 1514\nTorres v State of Western Australia [2012] FCA 972\nUcar v Nylex Industrial Products Pty Ltd (2007) 17 VR 492\nWestern Australia v Ward (2000) 99 FCR 316\nWilson on behalf of the Wirangu People and Weetra on behalf of the Nauo People v State of South Australia [2023] FCA 60\nWilson, on behalf of the Wirangu People v State of South Australia (No 2) [2022] FCA 1460\nYarmirr v Northern Territory (No 2) (1998) 82 FCR 533\nYorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria (2002) 214 CLR 422","Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) ss 54, 60, 63, 72, 82, 91, 140, 191\nNative Title Act 1993 (Cth) ss 6, 10, 13, 57, 61, 67, 82, 84D, 86, 87, 87A, 223, 225, 253\nSeas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Cth)\nFederal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) rr 30.01, 34.119, 34.120 34.121","1. The applicant has leave to amend Schedules B and C to the originating application in the terms proposed in annexure TMG1 to the affidavit of Timothy Graham sworn on 29 March 2022 so as to reduce the external boundaries of the claim area.\n2. The applicant has leave to amend Schedule E to the originating application in the terms proposed in annexure TMG1 to the affidavit of Timothy Graham sworn on 29 March 2022 so as to vary the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests claimed.\n3. Leave to amend Schedule A to the originating application in the terms proposed in annexure TMG1 to the affidavit of Timonthy Graham sworn on 29 March 2022 is refused.\n4. On or before 22 May 2025 the first respondent is to file and serve an affidavit proposing a timetable for the progression to trial of all remaining issues, having regard to the answers to the Preliminary Questions set out in [1505] of the reasons published today.\n5. The liberty to apply referred to in [1133] of the reasons published today is to be exercised on or before 22 May 2025.\n6. The matter be set down for a case management hearing on 5 June 2025 at 10.00 am, with one hour set aside.\n7. Liberty to apply.\nNote: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.","SAD 71 of 2016","https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2025/2025fca0388/2025fca0388","[2025] FCA 0388","[2025] FCA 388","24 Apr. 2025","NATIVE TITLE – application for a determination of native title in respect of an area in the sea in the vicinity of the far west coast of South Australia – claim area abutting and in proximity to existing determinations of native title – where applicant applied to amend the Claim Group description so as to replicate the description of native titleâ€¦","Miller v State of South Australia (Far West Coast Sea Claim) (No 4)  [2025] FCA 388 (24 April 2025) (Charlesworth J)","3d55b756fed2d8cd1bdb8594cab02e4e","New South Wales v Simpson","NSWSC","429","22 April 2025","Common Law","CIVIL PROCEDURE – Application for leave to amend defence – proposed amendments futile – summary judgment for possession of land in favour of registered proprietor","Faulkner J","See [178]","Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), ss 5, 8, 17, 56, 57, 58, 64, 90, 92, 98\nCommonwealth Constitution, ss 51(xix), 51(xxxi), 73, 75, 122\nCrown Lands Act 1989 (NSW), s 6\nCrown Lands Management Act 2016 (NSW), ss 1.10, 1.15, 4.4\nInterpretation Act 1987 (NSW), s 12\nJudiciary Act 1903 (Cth), s 55ZF\nNative Title Act 1993 (Cth)\nNew South Wales Constitution Act 1902 (NSW), s 5\nReal Property Act 1900 (NSW), ss 3, 13J, 31B, 32, 42, 96B, 96D\nReal Property Act Regulations 1970 (NSW), reg 4\nSupreme Court Act 1970 (NSW), ss 22, 23\nUniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), rr 4.2A, 6.1, 6.2, 6.9, 7.19, 12.1, 14.3, 14.14, 14.28","Agius v The State of New South Wales [2001] NSWCA 371\nAlamdo Holdings Pty Ltd v Australian Window Furnishings New South Wales Pty Ltd [2006] NSWSC 1073\nApplication by Adrian Ashley of the House of Cooper [2017] NSWSC 533\nAusbao (286 Sussex Street) Limited v The Registrar-General of New South Wales [2023] NSWCA 18\nBahr v Nicolay (1988) 164 CLR 604; [1988] HCA 16\nBreskvar v Wall (1971) 126 CLR 376; [1971] HCA 70\nFejo v The Northern Territory (1998) 195 CLR 96; [1998] HCA 58\nGeneral Steel Industries Inc v the Commissioner of Railways (1964) 112 CLR 125\nGumana v The Northern Territory (2007) 158 FCR 349; [2007] FCAFC 23\nHorton v Jones (No 2) (1939) 39 SR(NSW) 305\nLove v The Commonwealth (2020) 270 CLR 152; [2020] HCA 3\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1995) 175 CLR 1; [1992] HCA 23\nMcGuirk v The University of New South Wales [2009] NSWSC 1424\nMortimer v Auswide Services Limited [2016] ACTSC 282\nThe Commonwealth v Yunupingu [2025] HCA 6","2024/00051618","State of New South Wales (Plaintiff/Cross-Defendant)\nLuke Daniel William Simpson (Defendant/Cross-Claimant)","Counsel:\nA Douglas-Baker (Plaintiff)\nDefendant appeared in person\nM Ryan (Cross-Defendant)\nSolicitors:\nNSW Department of Planning, Housing and Infrastructure (Plaintiff)","http://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/1969ef1398815648aefcff14","JT172","10.1828.11 - 2025.02.21","NSW Supreme Court","au-nsw-sc","[2025] NSWSC 0429","[2025] NSWSC 429","New South Wales v Simpson  [2025] NSWSC 429 (22 April 2025) (Faulkner J)","d063c7449855501b05f137eddfe2013f","Blucher on behalf of the Gaangalu Nation People v State of Queensland (No 3)","600","17 April 2025","NATIVE TITLE – application for determination of native title – separate questions concerning the existence of native title – where trial of separate questions conducted between the applicant and the State of Queensland – where subsequent to trial the parties engaged in mediation and reached agreement on a statement of agreed facts – leave granted to re-open the trial for the purposes of adducing the statement of agreed facts in evidence, together with a supplementary expert report – consideration of the legal effect of the statement of agreed facts – determination of the separate questions undertaken on the basis of the evidence adduced at trial and in light of the statement of agreed facts – consideration of the use of the word “society” in expert anthropological evidence, including the use of the terms “regional society”, “core society” and “associative society” – explanation of the meaning of the term “society” in native title jurisprudence and the limits of its usefulness in anthropological evidence","30 and 31 August 2022, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 15 and 16 September 2022, 24 November 2022, 8 December 2023, 23 March 2024, 10 October 2024, 12 December 2024, 31 January 2025 and 6 March 2025","Counsel for the Applicant: V Hughston SC with C Athanasiou\nSolicitor for the Applicant: P \u0026 E Law\nCounsel for the First Respondent: A Duffy QC with L Kruger (until 23 March 2024)\nA Y Tarrago with L Kruger (after 23 March 2024)\nSolicitor for the First Respondent: Crown Law","Australian Securities and Investments Commission v BHF Solutions Pty Ltd (2022) 293 FCR 330\nBlucher on behalf of the Gaangalu Nation People v State of Queensland (No 3) [2023] FCA 600\nBlucher on behalf of the Gaangalu Nation People v State of Queensland (No 4) [2024] FCA 425\nBodney v Bennell (2008) 167 FCR 84\nCG (Deceased) on behalf of the Badimia People v State of Western Australia [2015] FCA 204\nCroft (on behalf of the Barngarla Native Title Claim Group) v South Australia [2015] FCA 9\nDaniel v Western Australia [2003] FCA 666\nDe Rose v South Australia (No 2) (2005) 145 FCR 290\nDe Rose v State of South Australia [2002] FCA 1342\nDrill on behalf of the Purnululu Native Title Claim Group v State of Western Australia [2020] FCA 1510\nGumana v Northern Territory of Australia (2005) 141 FCR 457\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1\nMalone on behalf of the Clermont-Belyando Area Native Title Claim Group v State of Queensland [2023] FCAFC 190\nMalone on behalf of the Western Kangoulu People v State of Queensland [2020] FCA 1188\nMalone on behalf of the Western Kangoulu People v State of Queensland (No 2) [2020] FCA 1414\nMalone on behalf of the Western Kangoulu People v State of Queensland (No 3) [2022] FCA 827\nMalone on behalf of the Western Kangoulu People v State of Queensland (2021) 287 FCR 240\nMalone on behalf of the Western Kangoulu People v State of Queensland (No 4) [2025] FCA 36\nMalone v State of Queensland (The Clermont-Belyando Area Native Title Claim) (No 5) [2021] FCA 1639\nMcLennan on behalf of the Jannga People #3 v State of Queensland (2023) 301 FCR 452\nMembers of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v State of Victoria (2002) 214 CLR 422\nNeowarra v State of Western Australia [2003] FCA 1402\nNorthern Territory v Alyawarr, Kaytetye, Warumungu, Wakaya Native Title Claim Group (2005) 145 FCR 442\nSandy on behalf of the Yugara People v State of Queensland (2017) 254 FCR 107\nStarkey v South Australia (2018) 261 FCR 183\nState of Western Australia v Fazeldean on behalf of the Thalanyji People (No 2) (2013) 211 FCR 150\nState of Western Australia v Sebastian (2008) 173 FCR 1\nStuart v South Australia [2025] HCA 12\nThe Nyamal Palyku Proceeding (No 8) [2024] FCA 11\nWestern Australia v Ward (2002) 213 CLR 1\nWorimi Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister for Lands (NSW) (No 2) (2008) 181 FCR 300\nWyman on behalf of the Bidjara People v State of Queensland (No 2) [2013] FCA 1229\nWyman on behalf of the Bidjara People v State of Queensland [2016] FCA 777\nWyman v Queensland (2015) 235 FCR 464","Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) s 191\nNative Title Act 1993 (Cth) ss 61(1), 87, 223, 225\nFederal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) r 30.01","1. The separate questions that, on 6 December 2017, the Court ordered to be determined separately from any other questions in the proceeding, be answered as follows:\n(a) But for any question of extinguishment of native title, native title exists in the land and waters of the claim area.\n(b) The persons holding the common or group rights comprising the native title are the biological or adoptive descendants of one or more of the following people:\n(i) Polly aka Polly Brown aka Polly McAvoy;\n(ii) John \u0027Jack\u0027 Bradley;\n(iii) Hanny of Emerald;\n(iv) Nannie, mother of Nelly Roberts; and\n(v) Annie/Nanny Duggan and Ned Duggan,\nwho identify as Western Kangoulu People and who are recognised as such by the Western Kangoulu People.\n(c) The nature and extent of the native title rights and interests are the following non-exclusive rights and interests in the claim area:\n(i) the right to access, be present on, move about on, and travel over the claim area;\n(ii) the right to camp on the claim area, and for that purpose, erect temporary shelters on the claim area;\n(iii) the right to take natural resources from the land and waters of the claim area for personal, domestic and non-commercial communal purposes;\n(iv) the right to take the Water of the claim area for personal, domestic and non-commercial communal purposes;\n(v) the right to maintain places of importance and areas of significance to the Western Kangoulu People under their adapted laws and customs, and protect those places and areas, from physical harm;\n(vi) the right to teach Western Kangoulu People members the physical and spiritual attributes of the claim area;\n(vii) the right to bury Western Kangoulu People members within the claim area;\n(viii) the right to assemble and conduct ceremonies and other cultural activities on the claim area; and\n(ix) the right to light fires on the claim area for cultural, spiritual or domestic purposes including cooking, but not for the purpose of hunting or clearing vegetation.\n2. In these orders, the following words have the following meanings:\n(a) Animal means any member of the animal kingdom (other than human) whether alive or dead;\n(b) claim area means the area of land and waters described in Schedules B and C of the amended native title determination application filed by the Applicant on 15 August 2017;\n(c) natural resources means:\n(i) any Animals and Plants found on or in the lands and waters of the claim area; and\n(ii) any clays, soil, sand, gravel or rock found on or below the surface of the claim area,\nthat have traditionally been taken by the Western Kangoulu People and their ancestors, but does not include:\nA. Animals that are the private personal property of any person;\nB. crops that are the private personal property of another; and\nC. minerals as defined in the Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld);\nD. petroleum as defined in the Petroleum Act 1923 (Qld) and the Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Act 2004 (Qld);\n(d) Plant means any member of the plant or fungus kingdom, whether alive or dead and standing or fallen;\n(e) Water means:\n(i) water that flows, whether permanently or intermittently, within a river, creek or stream;\n(ii) any natural collection of water, whether permanent or intermittent; or\n(iii) water from an underground water source; and\n(f) Western Kangoulu People has the meaning given in order 1(b).\n3. The proceedings be referred to a Judicial Registrar of the Court for further mediation on the residual issues for determination.\nNote: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.","QUD 17 of 2019","JOB_EXCEPTION_ARTICLE_DERIVED_METADATA_GENERATOR_ACTION\u003Dtrue","https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2025/2025fca0363/2025fca0363","[2023] FCA 0600","[2023] FCA 600","363","17 Apr. 2025","NATIVE TITLE – application for determination of native title – separate questions concerning the existence of native title – where trial of separate questions conducted between the applicant and the State of Queensland – where subsequent to trial the parties engaged in mediation and reached agreement on a statement of agreed facts – leave grantedâ€¦","Malone on behalf of the Western Kangoulu People v State of Queensland (No 6)","310 FCR 95","Malone on behalf of the Western Kangoulu People v State of Queensland (No 6)  [2023] FCA 600 (17 April 2025) (O\u0027Bryan J)","FCR","Federal Court Reports","au-cr-fcr","310","Malone v Queensland (No 6)","95","[2025] FCA 363","eea0cdf1aab4e6da358a3a9362e98473","Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited v Oldroyd","Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited v Oldroyd \u0026 Anor","20","14 April 2025","Brownhill J","20 March 2025","2024-03024-SC","AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND BANKING GROUP LIMITED v OLDROYD, Craig Richard and OLDROYD, Juliet Marie","Counsel:\nPlaintiff: R Sanders\nFirst Defendant: Self-represented\nSecond Defendant: No appearance\nSolicitors:\nPlaintiff: Ward Keller\nFirst Defendant: Self-represented\nSecond Defendant: No appearance","https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nt/NTSC/2025/20.rtf","file:/external/2025NTSC20.rtf","[2025] NTSC 0020","[2025] NTSC 20","Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited v Oldroyd [2025] NTSC 20","Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited v Oldroyd  [2025] NTSC 20 (14 April 2025) (Brownhill J)","7cd571d68706774cf5b1cfd2d2f750b6","[2025] HCA 12 : Stuart v South Australia","Stuart v South Australia","12","On appeal from the Federal Court of Australia","AARON STUART \u0026 ORS APPELLANTS\nSTATE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA \u0026 ORS RESPONDENTS","Native title rights – Where Arabana people applied for determination of native title under Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) – Where Arabana people held native title over area of land abutting claim area – Whether primary judge correctly construed and applied definition of \"native title\" in s 223(1) – Whether \"connection\" with land or waters for purposes of s 223(1)(b) must be established by physical acts of acknowledgment or observance – Relevance of native title determination in respect of land abutting claim area.\n\nWords and phrases – \"acknowledgment or observance\", \"by those laws and customs\", \"connection\", \"continuity\", \"cultural connection\", \"effective sovereignty\", \"land or waters\", \"native title\", \"native title rights and interests\", \"physical acts\", \"physical connection\", \"religious connection\", \"sovereignty\", \"spiritual connection\", \"traditional laws and customs\".","S B Lloyd SC with A L Sibree and L J A Herweijer for the appellants (instructed by Camatta Lempens Pty Ltd)\nT N Golding KC with W V Ambrose for the first respondent (instructed by Crown Solicitor\u0027s Office (SA))\nV B Hughston SC with T L Jowett SC for the second to fifth respondents (instructed by South Australian Native Title Services Inc)\nR J Webb KC for the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth, intervening (instructed by Australian Government Solicitor)\nSubmitting appearances for the sixth, seventh and eighth respondents","Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), ss 13, 82, 86, 94A, 223, 225.","1. Appeal allowed.\n2. Set aside order 3 of the orders of the Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia made on 14 August 2023, and in its place, it be ordered that order 1 of the orders made by the Federal Court of Australia on 21 December 2021 in relation to Action SAD 38/2013 be set aside.\n3. The proceeding be remitted in accordance with the reasons of the High Court of Australia.\n4. Each party bear its own costs of the appeal.","A1/2024","file://Stuart v South Australia (A1-2024) [2025] HCA 12.docx","https://jade.io/article/src/1127773/0","[2025] HCA 0012","[2025] HCA 12","On appeal from the Federal Court of Australia  - [2023] FCAFC 131","Stuart v South Australia [2025] HCA 12","Stuart v South Australia  [2025] HCA 12 (09 April 2025) (Gageler CJ; Gordon, Edelman, Steward, Gleeson, Jagot and Beech-Jones JJ)","731","99 ALJR 731","422","279","422 ALR 279","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.csobjects.citables.CitableCitations/258269266","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.csobjects.ArticleSectionsResponse$StructureNode/3820855881","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.overlay.DocumentOverlayNode/4042828902","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.overlay.OverlayConstants$OverlayItemType/3557284613","Page 1","MASON C.J. AND MCHUGH J.","Page 15","Page 16","Page 17","Page 18","Page 19","Page 20","Page 21","Page 22","Page 23","Page 24","Page 25","Page 26","Page 27","Page 28","Page 29","Page 30","Page 31","Page 32","Page 33","Page 34","Page 35","Page 36","Page 37","Page 38","Page 39","Page 40","Page 41","Page 42","Page 43","Page 44","Page 45","Page 46","Page 47","Page 48","Page 49","Page 50","Page 51","Page 52","Page 53","Page 54","Page 55","Page 56","Page 57","Page 58","Page 59","Page 60","Page 61","Page 62","Page 63","Page 64","Page 65","Page 66","Page 67","Page 68","Page 69","Page 70","Page 71","Page 72","Page 73","Page 74","Page 75","Page 76","Page 77","Page 78","Page 79","Page 80","Page 81","Page 82","Page 83","Page 84","Page 85","Page 86","Page 87","Page 88","Page 89","Page 90","Page 91","Page 92","Page 93","Page 94","Page 95","Page 96","Page 97","Page 98","Page 99","Page 100","Page 101","Page 102","Page 103","Page 104","Page 105","Page 106","Page 107","Page 108","Page 109","Page 110","Page 111","Page 112","Page 113","Page 114","Page 115","Page 116","Page 117","Page 118","Page 119","Page 120","Page 121","Page 122","Page 123","Page 124","Page 125","Page 126","Page 127","Page 128","Page 129","Page 130","Page 131","Page 132","Page 133","Page 134","Page 135","Page 136","Page 137","Page 138","Page 139","Page 140","Page 141","Page 142","Page 143","Page 144","Page 145","Page 146","Page 147","Page 148","Page 149","Page 150","Page 151","Page 152","Page 153","Page 154","Page 155","Page 156","Page 157","Page 158","Page 159","Page 160","Page 161","Page 162","Page 163","Page 164","Page 165","Page 166","Page 167","Page 168","Page 169","Page 170","Page 171","Page 172","Page 173","Page 174","Page 175","Page 176","Page 177","Page 178","Page 179","Page 180","Page 181","Page 182","Page 183","Page 184","Page 185","Page 186","Page 187","Page 188","Page 189","Page 190","Page 191","Page 192","Page 193","Page 194","Page 195","Page 196","Page 197","Page 198","Page 199","Page 200","Page 201","Page 202","Page 203","Page 204","Page 205","Page 206","Page 207","Page 208","Page 209","Page 210","Page 211","Page 212","Page 213","Page 214","Page 215","Page 216","Page 217","3a4ef3f8bc713753cf20e369e2ac0303","UIConstants.CONTEXT_PROPERTY_ATTRIBUTION\u003DSCALEplus (Cth Attorney-General\u0027s Department) and High Court of Australia\nUIConstants.CONTEXT_PROPERTY_SOURCE_TYPE\u003DHCA_SCALE_PLUS\nau.com.barnet.jade.server.converter.PdfToHtmlFormatConverter.CONTEXT_FORCE_NO_OCR\u003Dtrue\nau.com.barnet.jade.server.sockets.JadeSockets.CONTEXT_INVALIDATE_CACHE_IF_OLDER_THAN_MSECS\u003D1","Mabo v Queensland (No. 2)","MABO AND OTHERS v. QUEENSLAND (No. 2)","3 June 1992","Mason C.J., Brennan, Deane, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ.","HAS_STRUCTURAL_PAGES\u003Dtrue","https://jade.barnet.com.au/article/src/67683/4","Mabo v Queensland (No 2)","#CCEECC","Citables","of","175 CLR 1 at 99","TNG","rights","175 CLR 1 at 129","and","175 CLR 1 at 152","basis","175 CLR 1 at 157","intention","175 CLR 1 at 156","principle","175 CLR 1 at 83","powers","175 CLR 1 at 128","175 CLR 1 at 130","they","175 CLR 1 at 100","the","175 CLR 1 at 44","And","175 CLR 1 at 184","\"the","175 CLR 1 at 43","apparent","175 CLR 1 at 185","judgment","175 CLR 1 at 186","interest","175 CLR 1 at 183","notwithstanding","175 CLR 1 at 66","MASON C.J. AND McHUGH J.","175 CLR 1 at 15","sufficient","175 CLR 1 at 73","purpose","175 CLR 1 at 72","The","175 CLR 1 at 46","clusion","175 CLR 1 at 166","which","175 CLR 1 at 79","In","175 CLR 1 at 137","Although","175 CLR 1 at 131","assertion","175 CLR 1 at 104","TOOHEY J.","175 CLR 1 at 175"," century,","175 CLR 1 at 127","It","175 CLR 1 at 102","175 CLR 1 at 182","law","175 CLR 1 at 113","aboriginal","175 CLR 1 at 188","appeared","175 CLR 1 at 145","general","175 CLR 1 at 59","power","175 CLR 1 at 154","Islands","175 CLR 1 at 151","distinguishes","175 CLR 1 at 45","sense.","175 CLR 1 at 204","175 CLR 1 at 27","held","175 CLR 1 at 81","set","175 CLR 1 at 159","colonies","175 CLR 1 at 207","to","175 CLR 1 at 202","mentioned","175 CLR 1 at 200","lation","175 CLR 1 at 17","175 CLR 1 at 198","independent","175 CLR 1 at 20","175 CLR 1 at 77","criterion","175 CLR 1 at 37","175 CLR 1 at 56","over","175 CLR 1 at 32","their","175 CLR 1 at 122","international","175 CLR 1 at 34","enact","175 CLR 1 at 54","The issues","175 CLR 1 at 178","community","175 CLR 1 at 57","plaintiffs","175 CLR 1 at 164","unlike","175 CLR 1 at 163","(vi) Possessory title - conclusions ","175 CLR 1 at 214","175 CLR 1 at 134","175 CLR 1 at 177","state","175 CLR 1 at 106","175 CLR 1 at 110","with","175 CLR 1 at 111","his","175 CLR 1 at 76","175 CLR 1 at 93","in","175 CLR 1 at 213","dispossession","175 CLR 1 at 69","protected","175 CLR 1 at 62","Answers to Questions","175 CLR 1 at 75","would","175 CLR 1 at 120","agree","175 CLR 1 at 16","upon","175 CLR 1 at 123","Crown","175 CLR 1 at 126","people","175 CLR 1 at 160","native","175 CLR 1 at 67","175 CLR 1 at 132","175 CLR 1 at 119","that","175 CLR 1 at 144","possession","175 CLR 1 at 50","175 CLR 1 at 114","175 CLR 1 at 190","For","175 CLR 1 at 217","trouble","175 CLR 1 at 105","Gardening","175 CLR 1 at 18","precisely","175 CLR 1 at 201","175 CLR 1 at 21","is","175 CLR 1 at 23","least","175 CLR 1 at 78","recognized","175 CLR 1 at 101","barbarous","175 CLR 1 at 38","it","175 CLR 1 at 205","175 CLR 1 at 135","absolute","175 CLR 1 at 31","British","175 CLR 1 at 26","In ","175 CLR 1 at 208","establishing","175 CLR 1 at 82","be","175 CLR 1 at 60","175 CLR 1 at 150","reserves","175 CLR 1 at 153","miles","175 CLR 1 at 85","175 CLR 1 at 89","extent","175 CLR 1 at 53","conquest","175 CLR 1 at 35","small","175 CLR 1 at 22","Application","175 CLR 1 at 196","by","175 CLR 1 at 117","175 CLR 1 at 63","Australian","175 CLR 1 at 197","interests","175 CLR 1 at 98","reference","175 CLR 1 at 195","175 CLR 1 at 140","175 CLR 1 at 138","175 CLR 1 at 189","nullius","175 CLR 1 at 139","175 CLR 1 at 141","proprietary","175 CLR 1 at 52","Aboriginal","175 CLR 1 at 97","175 CLR 1 at 172","175 CLR 1 at 194","175 CLR 1 at 65","attribute","175 CLR 1 at 209","Sovereign\u0027s","175 CLR 1 at 64","Islands ","175 CLR 1 at 61","Murray","175 CLR 1 at 173","those","175 CLR 1 at 169","seventy","175 CLR 1 at 171","paramount","175 CLR 1 at 170","175 CLR 1 at 167","175 CLR 1 at 168","175 CLR 1 at 192","175 CLR 1 at 149","made","175 CLR 1 at 174","neither","175 CLR 1 at 42","was","175 CLR 1 at 30","inhabitants","175 CLR 1 at 210","including","175 CLR 1 at 181","19th","175 CLR 1 at 24","were","175 CLR 1 at 94","publishing","175 CLR 1 at 96","pre-existing","175 CLR 1 at 107","land","175 CLR 1 at 143","safe","175 CLR 1 at 191","off","175 CLR 1 at 47","175 CLR 1 at 148","denoting","175 CLR 1 at 41","175 CLR 1 at 118","an","175 CLR 1 at 115","owner","175 CLR 1 at 29","determined","175 CLR 1 at 88","inconsistent","175 CLR 1 at 90","formulation","175 CLR 1 at 84","175 CLR 1 at 86","BRENNAN J. ","175 CLR 1 at 147","DEANE AND GAUDRON JJ.","175 CLR 1 at 133","particular","175 CLR 1 at 215","175 CLR 1 at 70","175 CLR 1 at 28","special","175 CLR 1 at 179","175 CLR 1 at 109","Dr.","175 CLR 1 at 108","175 CLR 1 at 92","estate","175 CLR 1 at 91","after","175 CLR 1 at 124","DAWSON J.","175 CLR 1 at 162","case","175 CLR 1 at 71","human","175 CLR 1 at 216","States","175 CLR 1 at 165","175 CLR 1 at 161","annexation","175 CLR 1 at 212","parts","175 CLR 1 at 68","Queensland laws","175 CLR 1 at 121","175 CLR 1 at 125","Real Property","Aboriginal Land Rights","Crown Lands","HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA","175 CLR 1 at 1","175 CLR 1 at 103","became","175 CLR 1 at 25","need","175 CLR 1 at 74","helpless","175 CLR 1 at 95","Council","175 CLR 1 at 199","175 CLR 1 at 19","Common","175 CLR 1 at 206","175 CLR 1 at 80","175 CLR 1 at 136","presumption","175 CLR 1 at 211","at","175 CLR 1 at 193","175 CLR 1 at 48","should","175 CLR 1 at 51","accustomed,","175 CLR 1 at 142","tinguish","175 CLR 1 at 112","4. That","175 CLR 1 at 187","175 CLR 1 at 176","Northern","175 CLR 1 at 39","175 CLR 1 at 180","settled","175 CLR 1 at 40","175 CLR 1 at 158","familial","175 CLR 1 at 116","175 CLR 1 at 49","appropriation","175 CLR 1 at 146","So","175 CLR 1 at 155","way","175 CLR 1 at 58","reduce","175 CLR 1 at 87","175 CLR 1 at 36","European","175 CLR 1 at 33","more","175 CLR 1 at 55","inalienable","175 CLR 1 at 203","[1992] HCA 0023","[1992] HCA 23","23","1992","Transcript: 28-05-1991\nhttps://confluence.barnet.com.au/download/attachments/48431625/1992HCA053%20Mabo28-05-1991.pdf?api\u003Dv2\nTranscript: 29-05-1991\nhttps://confluence.barnet.com.au/download/attachments/48431625/1992HCA053%20Mabo29-05-1991.pdf?api\u003Dv2\nTranscript: 30-05-1991\nhttps://confluence.barnet.com.au/download/attachments/48431625/1992HCA053%20Mabo30-05-1991.pdf?api\u003Dv2\nTranscript: 31-05-1991\nhttps://confluence.barnet.com.au/download/attachments/48431625/1992HCA053%20Mabo31-05-1991.pdf?api\u003Dv2\nTranscript: 03-06-1991\nhttps://confluence.barnet.com.au/download/attachments/48431625/1992HCA053%20Mabo03-06-1991.pdf?api\u003Dv2\nTranscript: 08-12-1992\nhttps://confluence.barnet.com.au/download/attachments/48431625/1992HCA053%20Mabo08-12-1992.pdf?api\u003Dv2","Aborigines—Constitutional Law—Real Property\nAborigines—Native title to land—Whether extinguished by annexation by Crown—Reception of common law in Australia—Effect on native title—Terra nulius—Whether doctrine applicable in Australia. Constitutional Law (Q.)—Reception of common law in settled colony—Effect on title of indigenous people—Annexation of territory by colony—Terra nullius—Whether doctrine applicable in Australia—Power of Parliament of Qeensland to extinguish native title. Real Property—Tenures and estates—Application on settlement of New South Wales—Effect on native title—Land over which native title exists—Whether Crown land—Land Act 1962 (Q.), s. 5—\"Crown land.\"","28-31 May 1991","In re Southern Rhodesia, (1919) A.C. 211; Amodu Tijani v. SecretQlY, Southern Nigeria, [1921] 2 A.C. 399; Adeyinka Oyekan v. Musendiku Adele, (1957] 1 W.L.R. 876; (1957] 2 All E.R. 785; Calder v. Attomey- General (British Columbia), (19731 S.C.R. 313; (1973) 34 D.L.R. (3d) 145; and Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara, (1975] I.C.J.R. 12, applied.\nAttorney-General (N.S.w.) v. Brown (1847), 1 Legge 312, at pp. 316- 318; Cooper v. Stuart (1889), 14 App. Cas. 286, at p. 291; Williams v. Attomey-General (N.S.w.) (1913), 16 c.L.R. 404, at p. 439; Vajesingii Joravarsingii v. Secretary of State for India (1924), L.R. 51 Ind. App. 357, at p. 361; Randwick Corporation v. Rutledge (1959), 102 C.L.R. 54, at p. 71; Milirrpum v. Nabalco Pty. Ltd. (\"the Gave Land Rights Case\") (1971), 17 F.L.R. 141; and New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (the \"Seas and Submerged Lands Act Case\") (1975), 135 C.L.R. 337, at pp. 438-439, not followed.\nCase of Tanistly (1608), Davis 28 180 E.R. 5161; R. v. Symonds, [1847] NZ.P.C.C. 387; St. Catherine\u0027s Milling \u0026 Lumber Co. v. The Queen (1888),14 App. Cas. 46; Attorney-General (Quebec) v. Attorney- General (Canada), 11921) 1 A.C. 401; Hamlet o f Baker Lake v. Minister of Indian Affairs and Nonhem Development (1979), 107 D.L.R. (3d) 513; and Wacando v. The Commonwealth (1981), 148 c.L.R. 1, considered.","Plaintiffs: Mabo and Ors\nDefendant: State of Queensland","A. R. Castan Q.c. (with him B. A. Keon-Cohen), for the second and third plaintiffs.\nG. L. Davies Q.C., Solicitor-General for the State of Queensland, (with him H. B. Fraser and G. J. Koppenol), for the defendant.\nSolicitors for the plaintiffs, Corser \u0026 Corser.\nSolicitor for the defendant, K M. O\u0027Shea, Crown Solicitor for the State of Queensland.","Mabo [No 2] [1992] HCA 23","Mabo [No 2]  [1992] HCA 23 (03 June 1992) (Mason C.J., Brennan, Deane, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ.)","CLR","Commonwealth Law Reports","au-cr-clr","175","Mabo v Queensland (No.2)","66","408","66 ALJR 408","107","107 ALR 1","EOC","Equal Opportunity Cases","au-cr-eoc","¶92–443","(1992) EOC ¶92–443","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.JademarkCitable/2322490301","175 CLR 1","FLR","Federal Law Reports","au-cr-flr","42","42 FLR 32","Mabo [No 2]","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.csobjects.citables.CitableCitations$CitableCitation/3089345757","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.csobjects.citables.CitationInfo/810631507","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.overlay.Citation/2412779782","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.citable.CitationCitable/951721698","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Jrl/728826604","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.ArticleVersion","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.Jrl$Instantiated/3037562470","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[123]/BLOCKQUOTE/BLOCKQUOTE/P[2]/TEXT()[3]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[123]/BLOCKQUOTE/BLOCKQUOTE/P[2]/I[1]","java.sql.Timestamp/3040052672","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.csobjects.citables.CitationPreviewData/2153957621","Para 123","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"123\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_sr_68\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMoreover, the reference to the Convention in the objects of Part VII of the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521237\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875777\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/216646\"\u003EAct\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875777_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E reflects the position at common law. This was explained by Brereton J in \u003CI\u003ERe Thomas\u003C/I\u003E at [37] as follows:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E•\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-12\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003EFirst, Australia’s ratification of CROC creates a legitimate expectation that decisions will be made having regard to the principles espoused in CROC: \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521242\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875778\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67887\"\u003EMinister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1995) 183 CLR 273; 128 ALR 353; 39 ALD 206; [1995] HCA 20\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875778_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521248\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875779\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/23115721\"\u003ERe B \u0026amp; B: Family Law Reform Act 1995\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1997) 21 Fam LR 676; 140 FLR 11;(1997) FLC 92-755\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875779_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E;\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E•\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-12\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003ESecond, the existence of a treaty obligation alone (that is, without legislation implementing it locally) allows a court to take such a treaty into account in the development of the common law: \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521253\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875780\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521250\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140174\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E42\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E; 107 ALR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521252\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/2220\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E28–9\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875780_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E; \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003EB \u0026amp;B\u003C/I\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875781\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E(1997) 21 Fam LR 676 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521256\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/14864216/section/6425\"\u003E738\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521257\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/14864216\"\u003E(1997) FLC 92-755\u003C/A\u003E at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521258\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/14864216/section/140353\"\u003E84\u003C/A\u003E, \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521259\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/14864216/section/140613\"\u003E223\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875781_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E (\u003CI\u003EB \u0026amp; B\u003C/I\u003E);\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E•\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-12\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003EThird, where a convention has been ratified by Australia but has not been the subject of any legislative incorporation into domestic law, its terms may be resorted to in order to help resolve an ambiguity in domestic legislation \u003CI\u003E(In the Marriage of Murray and Tam; Director, Family Services (ACT)\u003C/I\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875782\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E(1993) 16 Fam LR 982 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521261\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1091730/section/21885\"\u003E996\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521262\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1091730\"\u003E(1993) FLC 92-416\u003C/A\u003E at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521263\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1091730/section/139986\"\u003E81\u003C/A\u003E, \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521264\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1091730/section/3034\"\u003E255–256\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875782_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; B \u0026amp; B at Fam LR 739; FLC 84, 224), and in a case of ambiguity, a court should favour a construction of a statute which accords with Australia’s obligations under an international treaty (\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521269\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875783\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67728\"\u003EChu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1992) 176 CLR 1 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521266\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67728/section/140624\"\u003E38\u003C/A\u003E; 110 ALR 97 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521268\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67728/section/4983\"\u003E122–3\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875783_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003EB \u0026amp; B\u003C/I\u003E at Fam LR 739; FLC 84, 223). While this is not directly relevant here, it illustrates the potential for CROC to exert indirect influence on the general law;\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E•\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-12\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003EFourth, in the exercise of a discretion, regard may be had to an international obligation or agreement which has been ratified by Australia, though not otherwise incorporated into domestic law —unless the domestic law prohibits it: \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875784\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1091730\"\u003EIn the Marriage of Murray and Tam; Director, Family Services (ACT)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1993) 16 Fam LR 982 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521272\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1091730/section/21885\"\u003E996\u003C/A\u003E; (1993) FLC 92-416 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521274\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1091730/section/1516290\"\u003E81,255–6\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875784_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003EB \u0026amp; B\u003C/I\u003E at Fam LR 739; FLC 84,224. This is directly relevant to discretionary decision-making in the parens patriae jurisdiction;\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E•\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-12\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003EFifth, in so far as the parens patriae jurisdiction overlaps the welfare jurisdiction of the Family Court of Australia, it is material that \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521277\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875785\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/216646\"\u003EFamily Law Act\u003C/A\u003E, s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_cc_884521278\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/216646/section/27206\"\u003E43(c)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_ct_611875785_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, provides that the court, in the exercise of its jurisdiction, must have regard to the need to protect the rights of children and to promote their welfare: \u003CI\u003EB \u0026amp; B\u003C/I\u003E at Fam LR 739; FLC 84,226 [10.7].\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1173456_e_t_sr_68\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Para 40","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[132]/P/TEXT()[4]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[132]/P/I[2]","Para 132","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"132\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_sr_140167\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe plurality in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_cc_883794254\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_ct_611310972\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68370\"\u003EYorta Yorta \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Ewas careful to note that reference to a normative system of traditional laws and customs may be distracting if undue attention is given to the word \u0026#145;system\u0026#146;, particularly if it were to be understood as confined in its application to systems of law that have the characteristics of a European body of written laws (at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_cc_883794253\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68370/section/139989\"\u003E[39]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_ct_611310972_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E). Nonetheless, the plurality observed that the term recognises the fundamental premise from which the decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_cc_883794257\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_ct_611310973\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1 (\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CB\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/B\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E) proceeded, that the laws and customs of the indigenous peoples of Australia constituted bodies of normative rules which could give rise to, and had in fact given rise to, rights and interests in relation to land or waters (at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_cc_883794256\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140890\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E[40]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_ct_611310973_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E). Accordingly, the laws and customs in which the relevant rights or interests are founded must be laws or customs having a normative content and deriving from a body of norms or normative system that existed before sovereignty (at [38] and [42]). In \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_cc_883794260\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_ct_611310974\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/307219\"\u003EWyman v Queensland (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[2013] FCA 1229 (\u003CB\u003E\u003CI\u003EWyman (No 2)\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/B\u003E), Jagot J observed (at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_cc_883794259\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/307219/section/24069\"\u003E[455]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_ct_611310974_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E) that \u0026#147;normative content\u0026#148; means established behavioural norms in accordance with the recognised and acknowledged demands for conformity of a society. \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_e_t_sr_140167\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[26]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[26]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_cc_883794079\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_ct_611310883\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171535_ct_611310883_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Mabo v QLD","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[52]/DIV/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[52]/DIV/P/I","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"69\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171559_sr_1334\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EIn early 2022, the Applicant commenced a relationship with Ms TB. She was also a drug user. She claims that her maternal grandfather was an aboriginal man, but she has “\u003CI\u003Elimited knowledge about her aboriginal heritage\u003C/I\u003E”.\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn46\" name\u003D\"_ftnref46\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[46]\u003C/A\u003E There was no evidence before the Tribunal to suggest that she met the “\u003CI\u003Etripartite test\u003C/I\u003E”.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171559_ct_610507645\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn47\" name\u003D\"_ftnref47\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[47]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171559_ct_610507645_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171559_e_t_sr_1334\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref47\" name\u003D\"_ftn47\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[47]\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171559_cc_882747868\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171559_ct_610507659\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v QLD\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E [1992] HCA 23\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1171559_ct_610507659_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[15]/P/TEXT()[3]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[15]/P/I[2]","Para 15","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"15\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_sr_140827\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EIn \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_cc_880867293\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299233\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/708192\"\u003ELove\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299233_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, by a majority, the High Court concluded that Aboriginal Australians understood, according to the tripartite test in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_cc_880867295\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299234\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299234_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E, fall outside the legislative competence granted to the Commonwealth Parliament by\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299235\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_cc_880867296\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/260323/section/3557\"\u003E51(xix)\u003C/A\u003E of the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_cc_880867297\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/260323\"\u003EConstitution\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299235_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E to make laws with respect to aliens.\u00A0 \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_e_t_sr_140827\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[7]/TD[2]/TEXT()[4]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[7]/TD[2]/I[2]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CTABLE\u003E\u003CTR\u003E\u003CTD valign\u003D\"top\"\u003E \u003CA name\u003D\"Catchwords\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CB\u003EMIGRATION\u003C/B\u003E – where the applicant applied for an injunction staying deportation – where the applicant is not a citizen of Australia or in Australia on a visa – where the applicant claimed to be a non-citizen – where the respondent conceded balance of convenience favours granting injunction if \u003CI\u003Eprima facie\u003C/I\u003E case demonstrated – where the applicant has produced some evidence that went to indigeneity – whether there was a serious question to be tried as to whether the applicant satisfied the tripartite test in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_cc_880867261\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299214\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299214_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E – whether there was sufficient likelihood of success to justify preservation of status quo pending trial – whether the applicant was likely to suffer injury for which damages would not be an adequate remedy – application granted     \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/TD\u003E\u003C/TR\u003E\u003C/TABLE\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[2]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[2]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_cc_880867273\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299219\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1170086_ct_609299219_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[5]/LI[4]/P/TEXT()[5]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[5]/LI[4]/P/I[4]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[33]/DIV/P/TEXT()[1]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"54\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_sr_788\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EIn support of that submission, the respondent referred to and relied on a number of provisions of the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739835\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260901\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/281699\"\u003ECharter\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260901_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, and other legislation.  He also referred to the implied freedom of political communication that was explained by the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739836\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260902\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67991\"\u003ELange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn1\" name\u003D\"_ftnref1\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[1]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260902_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739837\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260903\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68485\"\u003EColeman v Power.\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn2\" name\u003D\"_ftnref2\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[2]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260903_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u00A0 In addition, the respondent relied on the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739838\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260904\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67948\"\u003EKable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn3\" name\u003D\"_ftnref3\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[3]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260904_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E in support of the proposition that state courts may not be used as instruments of executive policy, and on the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739839\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260905\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn4\" name\u003D\"_ftnref4\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[4]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260905_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E in support of the principle that the rule of law requires that legal standards apply equally to all citizens and officials.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_e_t_sr_788\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref4\" name\u003D\"_ftn4\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[4]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739910\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260992\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260992_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (‘\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003EMabo\u003C/I\u003E’).\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Para 54","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"54\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_sr_788\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EIn support of that submission, the respondent referred to and relied on a number of provisions of the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739835\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260901\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/281699\"\u003ECharter\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260901_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, and other legislation.  He also referred to the implied freedom of political communication that was explained by the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739836\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260902\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67991\"\u003ELange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn1\" name\u003D\"_ftnref1\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[1]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260902_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739837\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260903\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68485\"\u003EColeman v Power.\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn2\" name\u003D\"_ftnref2\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[2]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260903_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u00A0 In addition, the respondent relied on the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739838\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260904\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67948\"\u003EKable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn3\" name\u003D\"_ftnref3\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[3]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260904_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E in support of the proposition that state courts may not be used as instruments of executive policy, and on the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_cc_877739839\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260905\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn4\" name\u003D\"_ftnref4\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E[4]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_ct_607260905_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E in support of the principle that the rule of law requires that legal standards apply equally to all citizens and officials.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1162807_e_t_sr_788\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Mabo v State of Queensland (No 2)","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[292]/P[24]/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[292]/P[24]/I[2]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E[398] Ms Sinclair submitted that, as yet, the Crown has only been held to owe a fiduciary duty where there have been express undertakings or assumptions of fiduciary responsibility. In both \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1164437_cc_878142592\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1164437_ct_607553249\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/16241317\"\u003EGuerin \u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1164437_ct_607553249_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Eand \u003CI\u003EProprietors of Wakatū \u003C/I\u003Ethe fiduciary duty arose from an express assumption of responsibility, although in \u003CI\u003EProprietors of Wakatū \u003C/I\u003Ethis was through a transaction as opposed to a statute. Ms Sinclair contended that the following paragraph in the judgment of Elias CJ captured the “crux” of the reasoning on assumption of responsibility in \u003CI\u003EProprietors of Wakatū\u003C/I\u003E:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1164437_ct_607553250\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn286\" name\u003D\"_ftnref286\"\u003E[286]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1164437_ct_607553250_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003C/P\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref286\" name\u003D\"_ftn286\"\u003E[286]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-8\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0Proprietors of Wakatū \u003C/I\u003E(SC), above n 49, at [366] (footnotes omitted), referring to \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1164437_cc_878142811\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1164437_ct_607553443\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v State of Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1164437_ct_607553443_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E. \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[3]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[3]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_cc_877045331\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_ct_606736744\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_ct_606736744_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[4]/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[4]/P/A","Para 4","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"4\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_sr_140342\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EIn \u003CA name\u003D\"_Hlk211842695\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_cc_877045432\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_ct_606736821\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_ct_606736821_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E, the High Court confirmed that the common law of Australia recognises a form of native title that reflects the entitlement of Australia’s Indigenous inhabitants under and in accordance with their traditional laws and customs.  A purpose of the \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_cc_877045433\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_ct_606736822\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_ct_606736822_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E was to establish special procedures for the just and proper ascertainment of native title rights and interests, and to ensure that could be done by way of conciliation or otherwise in a manner that has due regard to their unique character.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1160294_e_t_sr_140342\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[13]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[13]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_cc_873254695\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_ct_604167553\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_ct_604167553_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.persistent.overlay.Citation$ReferenceType/1879200351","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[34]/P/TEXT()[4]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[34]/P/I[2]","Para 34","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"34\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_sr_140626\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EIt is clear that native title is extinguished by a grant of an estate in fee simple “because the rights that are given by a grant in fee simple are rights that are inconsistent with the native title holders continuing to hold any of the rights or interests which together make up native title”: \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_cc_873254854\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_ct_604167629\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082\"\u003EFejo v Northern Territory of Australia \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(1998) 195 CLR 96; [1998] HCA 58 (\u003CB\u003E\u003CI\u003EFejo\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/B\u003E) at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_cc_873254852\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082/section/1154\"\u003E126\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_cc_873254853\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082/section/1154\"\u003E[43]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_ct_604167629_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E. As Deane and Gaudron JJ said in\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_cc_873254857\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_ct_604167630\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E Mabo v Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_cc_873254856\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140351\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E110\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E,\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_ct_604167630_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E in a passage that was quoted in \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_cc_873254860\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_ct_604167631\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082\"\u003EFejo\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_cc_873254858\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082/section/140577\"\u003E127\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_cc_873254859\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082/section/140577\"\u003E[44]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_ct_604167631_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:94%; \"\u003EThe personal rights conferred by common law native title do not constitute an estate or interest in the land itself. They are extinguished by an unqualified grant of an inconsistent estate in the land by the Crown, such as a grant in fee or a lease conferring the right to exclusive possession.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1155705_e_t_sr_140626\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","THE COURT","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[1]/LI[4]/P/TEXT()[4]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[1]/LI[4]/P/I[3]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"4\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140342\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EAs the decision of the primary judge on the applicant’s notice of motion was interlocutory, and his Honour proceeded to give judgment on the respondent’s notice of motion for summary judgment under the rules, the applicant requires leave to appeal: \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585917\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600528\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/277064\"\u003ESupreme Court Act 1970 \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/277064\"\u003E(NSW)\u003C/A\u003E, s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585918\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/277064/section/1724\"\u003E101(2)(e)\u003C/A\u003E and s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585919\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/277064/section/32248\"\u003E101(2)(l)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600528_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E. Generally speaking, it is only appropriate to grant leave to appeal in matters that involve issues of principle, questions of public importance or in circumstances where it is reasonably clear that an injustice has occurred by reason of error in the judgment, going beyond what is merely arguable: \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585923\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600529\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/290296\"\u003EThe Age Company Ltd v Liu\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2013) 82 NSWLR 268; [2013] NSWCA 26 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585922\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/290296/section/140536\"\u003E[13]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600529_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E. The applicant submitted that this proceeding was not an ordinary possession matter because it raised important constitutional questions, including but not limited to the implications of the High Court’s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585926\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600530\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1; [1992] HCA 23\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600530_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (“\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003EMabo (No\u00A02)\u003C/I\u003E”). Although he brought the application for leave to appeal in this Court, he submitted that the issues raised were beyond this Court’s jurisdiction and that only the High Court could decide them.\u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_e_t_sr_140342\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[1]/LI[5]/P/I[1]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[1]/LI[5]/P/I[1]","Para 5","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"5\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_482\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe applicant’s submission as to the limits of this Court’s jurisdiction was incorrect. However, it is the case this Court is bound by decisions of the High Court, including \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585927\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600531\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600531_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E, which requires rejection of the applicant’s central contention that there is a form of Indigenous title to land that is distinct from native title and that survives a grant of fee simple registered under the \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585928\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600532\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/276819\"\u003EReal Property Act 1900 \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/276819\"\u003E(NSW)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600532_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E. The primary judge’s conclusion that the applicant’s defence (and proposed amended defence) was futile in so far as it sought to raise such arguments was not attended by error.\u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_e_t_sr_482\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[12]/BLOCKQUOTE/BLOCKQUOTE/P/I/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[12]/BLOCKQUOTE/BLOCKQUOTE","Para 37","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL start\u003D\"35\"\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"37\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe primary judge’s rejection of the applicant’s contentions was consistent with the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586014\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. True it is, as the applicant submitted, that the High Court rejected the doctrine of terra nullius in that case. However, the Court also rejected a concept of Indigenous sovereignty adverse to the Crown. At first instance in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586018\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885\"\u003EIndigenous Land and Sea Corporation v Anderson \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[2022] NSWSC 1650; 406 ALR 484 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586017\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885/section/2883\"\u003E[32]-[34]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, Griffiths AJ referred with approval to the reasoning of Mansfield J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586022\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938\"\u003EWalker v South Australia (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(2013) 215 FCR 254; [2013] FCA 700 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586021\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938/section/17272\"\u003E[43]-[47]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, where his Honour stated: \u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E“[43] The contention that the Indigenous peoples of Australia constitute a sovereign nation or nations, has been expressly rejected. In \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586026\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1979] HCA 68; (1979) 53 ALJR 403 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586025\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346/section/140102\"\u003E408\u003C/A\u003E,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Gibbs J, with whom Aicken J agreed, held:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003EThe aboriginal people are subject to the laws of the Commonwealth and of the States or Territories in which they respectively reside. They have no legislative, executive or judicial organs by which sovereignty might be exercised. If such organs existed, they would have no powers, except such as the laws of the Commonwealth, or of a State or Territory, might confer upon them. The contention that there is in Australia an aboriginal nation exercising sovereignty, even of a limited kind, is quite impossible in law to maintain.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[44] That is consistent with \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586027\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. The rights recognised with respect to native title in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586028\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Eare, at common law, subject to statutory modification: see at 110–111 per Deane and Gaudron JJ:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003ELike other legal rights, including rights of property, the rights conferred by common law native title and the title itself can be dealt with, expropriated or extinguished by valid Commonwealth, State or Territorial legislation operating within the State or Territory in which the land in question is situated. To put the matter differently, the rights are not entrenched in the sense that they are, by reason of their nature, beyond the reach of legislative power.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[45] \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586030\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E reveals that, upon the settlement in New South Wales, and by extension later in South Australia, the English settlers brought with them the law of England, so that, at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586029\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140624\"\u003E38\u003C/A\u003E per Brennan J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[t]he common law thus became the common law of all subjects within the Colony who were equally entitled to the law’s protection as subjects of the Crown. ... Thus the Meriam people in 1879, like Australian Aborigines in earlier times, became British subjects owing allegiance to the Imperial Sovereign entitled to such rights and privileges and subject to such liabilities as the common law and applicable statutes provided.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[46] Mason CJ in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586034\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1993] HCA 42; (1993) 68 ALJR 110 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586033\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773/section/140874\"\u003E116\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E confirmed that \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is inconsistent with the notion of sovereignty in the Aboriginal people of Australia:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586036\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E is entirely at odds with the notion that sovereignty adverse to the Crown resides in the Aboriginal people of Australia. The decision is equally at odds with the notion that there resides in the Aboriginal people a limited kind of sovereignty embraced in the notion that they are “a domestic dependent nation” entitled to self-government and full rights (save the right of alienation) or that as a free and independent people they are entitled to any rights and interests other than those created or recognised by the laws of the Commonwealth, the State of New South Wales and the common law.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[47] That also follows from a series of decisions that say that the application of the laws of the various Australian Parliaments to Indigenous Australians does not depend on the acquiescence or consent of those people: see \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586040\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871\"\u003EWalker v New South Wales\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1994] HCA 64; (1994) 182 CLR 45 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586039\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871/section/2616\"\u003E48-9\u003C/A\u003E per Mason CJ\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586045\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164\"\u003EMcDonald v DPP\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2010) 26 VR 242 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586042\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/626\"\u003E[6]\u003C/A\u003E and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586043\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/140124\"\u003E[16]\u003C/A\u003E per Ashley JA and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586044\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/1398\"\u003E[191]\u003C/A\u003E per Neave JA, Redlich JA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586049\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511\"\u003EJones v Public Trustee (Qld)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] QCA 269; (2004) 209 ALR 106 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586048\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511/section/5399\"\u003E[14]-[15]\u003C/A\u003E per McPherson JA, Williams and Jerrard JJA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586053\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102\"\u003ER v Buzzacott\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] ACTSC 89; (2004) 154 ACTR 37 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586052\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102/section/45774\"\u003E[3]-[17]\u003C/A\u003E per Connolly J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.”\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[10]/BLOCKQUOTE/P/I[1]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[10]/BLOCKQUOTE/P/I[1]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL start\u003D\"35\"\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"37\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe primary judge’s rejection of the applicant’s contentions was consistent with the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586014\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. True it is, as the applicant submitted, that the High Court rejected the doctrine of terra nullius in that case. However, the Court also rejected a concept of Indigenous sovereignty adverse to the Crown. At first instance in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586018\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885\"\u003EIndigenous Land and Sea Corporation v Anderson \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[2022] NSWSC 1650; 406 ALR 484 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586017\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885/section/2883\"\u003E[32]-[34]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, Griffiths AJ referred with approval to the reasoning of Mansfield J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586022\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938\"\u003EWalker v South Australia (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(2013) 215 FCR 254; [2013] FCA 700 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586021\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938/section/17272\"\u003E[43]-[47]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, where his Honour stated: \u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E“[43] The contention that the Indigenous peoples of Australia constitute a sovereign nation or nations, has been expressly rejected. In \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586026\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1979] HCA 68; (1979) 53 ALJR 403 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586025\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346/section/140102\"\u003E408\u003C/A\u003E,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Gibbs J, with whom Aicken J agreed, held:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003EThe aboriginal people are subject to the laws of the Commonwealth and of the States or Territories in which they respectively reside. They have no legislative, executive or judicial organs by which sovereignty might be exercised. If such organs existed, they would have no powers, except such as the laws of the Commonwealth, or of a State or Territory, might confer upon them. The contention that there is in Australia an aboriginal nation exercising sovereignty, even of a limited kind, is quite impossible in law to maintain.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[44] That is consistent with \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586027\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E. The rights recognised with respect to native title in \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586028\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Eare, at common law, subject to statutory modification: see at 110–111 per Deane and Gaudron JJ:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003ELike other legal rights, including rights of property, the rights conferred by common law native title and the title itself can be dealt with, expropriated or extinguished by valid Commonwealth, State or Territorial legislation operating within the State or Territory in which the land in question is situated. To put the matter differently, the rights are not entrenched in the sense that they are, by reason of their nature, beyond the reach of legislative power.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[45] \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586030\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E reveals that, upon the settlement in New South Wales, and by extension later in South Australia, the English settlers brought with them the law of England, so that, at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586029\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140624\"\u003E38\u003C/A\u003E per Brennan J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[t]he common law thus became the common law of all subjects within the Colony who were equally entitled to the law’s protection as subjects of the Crown. ... Thus the Meriam people in 1879, like Australian Aborigines in earlier times, became British subjects owing allegiance to the Imperial Sovereign entitled to such rights and privileges and subject to such liabilities as the common law and applicable statutes provided.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[46] Mason CJ in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586034\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1993] HCA 42; (1993) 68 ALJR 110 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586033\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773/section/140874\"\u003E116\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E confirmed that \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is inconsistent with the notion of sovereignty in the Aboriginal people of Australia:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586036\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is entirely at odds with the notion that sovereignty adverse to the Crown resides in the Aboriginal people of Australia. The decision is equally at odds with the notion that there resides in the Aboriginal people a limited kind of sovereignty embraced in the notion that they are “a domestic dependent nation” entitled to self-government and full rights (save the right of alienation) or that as a free and independent people they are entitled to any rights and interests other than those created or recognised by the laws of the Commonwealth, the State of New South Wales and the common law.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[47] That also follows from a series of decisions that say that the application of the laws of the various Australian Parliaments to Indigenous Australians does not depend on the acquiescence or consent of those people: see \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586040\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871\"\u003EWalker v New South Wales\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1994] HCA 64; (1994) 182 CLR 45 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586039\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871/section/2616\"\u003E48-9\u003C/A\u003E per Mason CJ\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586045\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164\"\u003EMcDonald v DPP\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2010) 26 VR 242 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586042\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/626\"\u003E[6]\u003C/A\u003E and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586043\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/140124\"\u003E[16]\u003C/A\u003E per Ashley JA and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586044\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/1398\"\u003E[191]\u003C/A\u003E per Neave JA, Redlich JA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586049\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511\"\u003EJones v Public Trustee (Qld)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] QCA 269; (2004) 209 ALR 106 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586048\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511/section/5399\"\u003E[14]-[15]\u003C/A\u003E per McPherson JA, Williams and Jerrard JJA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586053\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102\"\u003ER v Buzzacott\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] ACTSC 89; (2004) 154 ACTR 37 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586052\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102/section/45774\"\u003E[3]-[17]\u003C/A\u003E per Connolly J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.”\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[12]/BLOCKQUOTE/P/I[2]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[12]/BLOCKQUOTE/P/I[2]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL start\u003D\"35\"\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"37\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe primary judge’s rejection of the applicant’s contentions was consistent with the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586014\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. True it is, as the applicant submitted, that the High Court rejected the doctrine of terra nullius in that case. However, the Court also rejected a concept of Indigenous sovereignty adverse to the Crown. At first instance in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586018\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885\"\u003EIndigenous Land and Sea Corporation v Anderson \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[2022] NSWSC 1650; 406 ALR 484 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586017\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885/section/2883\"\u003E[32]-[34]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, Griffiths AJ referred with approval to the reasoning of Mansfield J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586022\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938\"\u003EWalker v South Australia (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(2013) 215 FCR 254; [2013] FCA 700 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586021\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938/section/17272\"\u003E[43]-[47]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, where his Honour stated: \u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E“[43] The contention that the Indigenous peoples of Australia constitute a sovereign nation or nations, has been expressly rejected. In \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586026\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1979] HCA 68; (1979) 53 ALJR 403 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586025\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346/section/140102\"\u003E408\u003C/A\u003E,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Gibbs J, with whom Aicken J agreed, held:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003EThe aboriginal people are subject to the laws of the Commonwealth and of the States or Territories in which they respectively reside. They have no legislative, executive or judicial organs by which sovereignty might be exercised. If such organs existed, they would have no powers, except such as the laws of the Commonwealth, or of a State or Territory, might confer upon them. The contention that there is in Australia an aboriginal nation exercising sovereignty, even of a limited kind, is quite impossible in law to maintain.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[44] That is consistent with \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586027\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. The rights recognised with respect to native title in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586028\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Eare, at common law, subject to statutory modification: see at 110–111 per Deane and Gaudron JJ:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003ELike other legal rights, including rights of property, the rights conferred by common law native title and the title itself can be dealt with, expropriated or extinguished by valid Commonwealth, State or Territorial legislation operating within the State or Territory in which the land in question is situated. To put the matter differently, the rights are not entrenched in the sense that they are, by reason of their nature, beyond the reach of legislative power.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[45] \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586030\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E reveals that, upon the settlement in New South Wales, and by extension later in South Australia, the English settlers brought with them the law of England, so that, at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586029\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140624\"\u003E38\u003C/A\u003E per Brennan J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[t]he common law thus became the common law of all subjects within the Colony who were equally entitled to the law’s protection as subjects of the Crown. ... Thus the Meriam people in 1879, like Australian Aborigines in earlier times, became British subjects owing allegiance to the Imperial Sovereign entitled to such rights and privileges and subject to such liabilities as the common law and applicable statutes provided.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[46] Mason CJ in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586034\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1993] HCA 42; (1993) 68 ALJR 110 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586033\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773/section/140874\"\u003E116\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E confirmed that \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E is inconsistent with the notion of sovereignty in the Aboriginal people of Australia:\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586036\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is entirely at odds with the notion that sovereignty adverse to the Crown resides in the Aboriginal people of Australia. The decision is equally at odds with the notion that there resides in the Aboriginal people a limited kind of sovereignty embraced in the notion that they are “a domestic dependent nation” entitled to self-government and full rights (save the right of alienation) or that as a free and independent people they are entitled to any rights and interests other than those created or recognised by the laws of the Commonwealth, the State of New South Wales and the common law.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[47] That also follows from a series of decisions that say that the application of the laws of the various Australian Parliaments to Indigenous Australians does not depend on the acquiescence or consent of those people: see \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586040\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871\"\u003EWalker v New South Wales\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1994] HCA 64; (1994) 182 CLR 45 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586039\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871/section/2616\"\u003E48-9\u003C/A\u003E per Mason CJ\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586045\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164\"\u003EMcDonald v DPP\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2010) 26 VR 242 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586042\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/626\"\u003E[6]\u003C/A\u003E and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586043\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/140124\"\u003E[16]\u003C/A\u003E per Ashley JA and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586044\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/1398\"\u003E[191]\u003C/A\u003E per Neave JA, Redlich JA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586049\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511\"\u003EJones v Public Trustee (Qld)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] QCA 269; (2004) 209 ALR 106 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586048\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511/section/5399\"\u003E[14]-[15]\u003C/A\u003E per McPherson JA, Williams and Jerrard JJA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586053\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102\"\u003ER v Buzzacott\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] ACTSC 89; (2004) 154 ACTR 37 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586052\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102/section/45774\"\u003E[3]-[17]\u003C/A\u003E per Connolly J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.”\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Para 142","Para 141","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[5]/LI[4]/P/TEXT()[3]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[5]/LI[4]/P/I[2]","Para 25","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"25\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140706\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe applicant also relied on \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585990\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600566\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600566_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E and the rejection of terra nullius. His Honour stated that \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585992\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600567\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003Ein fact demonstrated why the applicant’s arguments were futile. A key step in the Court’s reasoning was that native title is extinguished by a grant in fee, which includes a grant in fee simple: at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585991\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/5211\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E[141]-[142]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600567_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E. His Honour stated that “the Plaintiff is entitled to possession [as] against all the world” in light of the registered title, and the applicant had not demonstrated otherwise: at\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600568\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585993\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1154474/section/1293\"\u003E[145]\u003C/A\u003E.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600568_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_e_t_sr_140706\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Para 32","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[4]/LI[2]/P/TEXT()[3]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[4]/LI[2]/P/I[2]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"15\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140827\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe applicant raised fraud in his oral submissions at the hearing. Although this was not something he had pleaded, the primary judge considered it as a matter of substance, noting the fraud exception in\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600541\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585942\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/276819/section/94\"\u003E42\u003C/A\u003E of the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585943\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/276819\"\u003EReal Property Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600541_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E: at\u00A0[31].  The applicant contended that the Nyangbul people, the traditional custodians of the Land, had been defrauded of ownership by virtue of the conduct of European settlers in dispossessing them from the Land, referring to a want of self-determination for himself, the Nyangbul people and others, the want of a treaty or other agreement, and the rejection of terra nullius in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585945\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600542\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E: at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585944\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/260\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E[32]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600542_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E. In rejecting that contention, the primary judge stated that consistently with authority, for conduct to constitute fraud within the meaning of\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600543\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585946\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/276819/section/94\"\u003E42\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600543_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E it must be directed at the specific act of registration, and nothing the applicant had advanced was capable of attracting the exception: at [34]-[35].\u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_e_t_sr_140827\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[11]/BLOCKQUOTE/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[11]/BLOCKQUOTE/P/I","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL start\u003D\"35\"\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"37\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe primary judge’s rejection of the applicant’s contentions was consistent with the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586014\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. True it is, as the applicant submitted, that the High Court rejected the doctrine of terra nullius in that case. However, the Court also rejected a concept of Indigenous sovereignty adverse to the Crown. At first instance in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586018\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885\"\u003EIndigenous Land and Sea Corporation v Anderson \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[2022] NSWSC 1650; 406 ALR 484 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586017\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885/section/2883\"\u003E[32]-[34]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, Griffiths AJ referred with approval to the reasoning of Mansfield J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586022\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938\"\u003EWalker v South Australia (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(2013) 215 FCR 254; [2013] FCA 700 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586021\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938/section/17272\"\u003E[43]-[47]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, where his Honour stated: \u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E“[43] The contention that the Indigenous peoples of Australia constitute a sovereign nation or nations, has been expressly rejected. In \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586026\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1979] HCA 68; (1979) 53 ALJR 403 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586025\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346/section/140102\"\u003E408\u003C/A\u003E,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Gibbs J, with whom Aicken J agreed, held:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003EThe aboriginal people are subject to the laws of the Commonwealth and of the States or Territories in which they respectively reside. They have no legislative, executive or judicial organs by which sovereignty might be exercised. If such organs existed, they would have no powers, except such as the laws of the Commonwealth, or of a State or Territory, might confer upon them. The contention that there is in Australia an aboriginal nation exercising sovereignty, even of a limited kind, is quite impossible in law to maintain.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[44] That is consistent with \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586027\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. The rights recognised with respect to native title in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586028\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Eare, at common law, subject to statutory modification: see at 110–111 per Deane and Gaudron JJ:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003ELike other legal rights, including rights of property, the rights conferred by common law native title and the title itself can be dealt with, expropriated or extinguished by valid Commonwealth, State or Territorial legislation operating within the State or Territory in which the land in question is situated. To put the matter differently, the rights are not entrenched in the sense that they are, by reason of their nature, beyond the reach of legislative power.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[45] \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586030\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E reveals that, upon the settlement in New South Wales, and by extension later in South Australia, the English settlers brought with them the law of England, so that, at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586029\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140624\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E38\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E per Brennan J\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E:\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[t]he common law thus became the common law of all subjects within the Colony who were equally entitled to the law’s protection as subjects of the Crown. ... Thus the Meriam people in 1879, like Australian Aborigines in earlier times, became British subjects owing allegiance to the Imperial Sovereign entitled to such rights and privileges and subject to such liabilities as the common law and applicable statutes provided.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[46] Mason CJ in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586034\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1993] HCA 42; (1993) 68 ALJR 110 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586033\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773/section/140874\"\u003E116\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E confirmed that \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is inconsistent with the notion of sovereignty in the Aboriginal people of Australia:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586036\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is entirely at odds with the notion that sovereignty adverse to the Crown resides in the Aboriginal people of Australia. The decision is equally at odds with the notion that there resides in the Aboriginal people a limited kind of sovereignty embraced in the notion that they are “a domestic dependent nation” entitled to self-government and full rights (save the right of alienation) or that as a free and independent people they are entitled to any rights and interests other than those created or recognised by the laws of the Commonwealth, the State of New South Wales and the common law.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[47] That also follows from a series of decisions that say that the application of the laws of the various Australian Parliaments to Indigenous Australians does not depend on the acquiescence or consent of those people: see \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586040\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871\"\u003EWalker v New South Wales\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1994] HCA 64; (1994) 182 CLR 45 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586039\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871/section/2616\"\u003E48-9\u003C/A\u003E per Mason CJ\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586045\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164\"\u003EMcDonald v DPP\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2010) 26 VR 242 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586042\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/626\"\u003E[6]\u003C/A\u003E and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586043\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/140124\"\u003E[16]\u003C/A\u003E per Ashley JA and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586044\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/1398\"\u003E[191]\u003C/A\u003E per Neave JA, Redlich JA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586049\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511\"\u003EJones v Public Trustee (Qld)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] QCA 269; (2004) 209 ALR 106 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586048\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511/section/5399\"\u003E[14]-[15]\u003C/A\u003E per McPherson JA, Williams and Jerrard JJA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586053\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102\"\u003ER v Buzzacott\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] ACTSC 89; (2004) 154 ACTR 37 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586052\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102/section/45774\"\u003E[3]-[17]\u003C/A\u003E per Connolly J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.”\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[10]/BLOCKQUOTE/P/I[2]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[10]/BLOCKQUOTE/P/I[2]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL start\u003D\"35\"\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"37\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe primary judge’s rejection of the applicant’s contentions was consistent with the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586014\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. True it is, as the applicant submitted, that the High Court rejected the doctrine of terra nullius in that case. However, the Court also rejected a concept of Indigenous sovereignty adverse to the Crown. At first instance in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586018\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885\"\u003EIndigenous Land and Sea Corporation v Anderson \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[2022] NSWSC 1650; 406 ALR 484 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586017\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885/section/2883\"\u003E[32]-[34]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, Griffiths AJ referred with approval to the reasoning of Mansfield J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586022\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938\"\u003EWalker v South Australia (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(2013) 215 FCR 254; [2013] FCA 700 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586021\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938/section/17272\"\u003E[43]-[47]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, where his Honour stated: \u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E“[43] The contention that the Indigenous peoples of Australia constitute a sovereign nation or nations, has been expressly rejected. In \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586026\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1979] HCA 68; (1979) 53 ALJR 403 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586025\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346/section/140102\"\u003E408\u003C/A\u003E,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Gibbs J, with whom Aicken J agreed, held:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003EThe aboriginal people are subject to the laws of the Commonwealth and of the States or Territories in which they respectively reside. They have no legislative, executive or judicial organs by which sovereignty might be exercised. If such organs existed, they would have no powers, except such as the laws of the Commonwealth, or of a State or Territory, might confer upon them. The contention that there is in Australia an aboriginal nation exercising sovereignty, even of a limited kind, is quite impossible in law to maintain.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[44] That is consistent with \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586027\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. The rights recognised with respect to native title in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586028\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003Eare, at common law, subject to statutory modification: see at 110–111 per Deane and Gaudron JJ:\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003ELike other legal rights, including rights of property, the rights conferred by common law native title and the title itself can be dealt with, expropriated or extinguished by valid Commonwealth, State or Territorial legislation operating within the State or Territory in which the land in question is situated. To put the matter differently, the rights are not entrenched in the sense that they are, by reason of their nature, beyond the reach of legislative power.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[45] \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586030\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E reveals that, upon the settlement in New South Wales, and by extension later in South Australia, the English settlers brought with them the law of England, so that, at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586029\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140624\"\u003E38\u003C/A\u003E per Brennan J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[t]he common law thus became the common law of all subjects within the Colony who were equally entitled to the law’s protection as subjects of the Crown. ... Thus the Meriam people in 1879, like Australian Aborigines in earlier times, became British subjects owing allegiance to the Imperial Sovereign entitled to such rights and privileges and subject to such liabilities as the common law and applicable statutes provided.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[46] Mason CJ in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586034\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1993] HCA 42; (1993) 68 ALJR 110 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586033\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773/section/140874\"\u003E116\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E confirmed that \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is inconsistent with the notion of sovereignty in the Aboriginal people of Australia:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586036\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is entirely at odds with the notion that sovereignty adverse to the Crown resides in the Aboriginal people of Australia. The decision is equally at odds with the notion that there resides in the Aboriginal people a limited kind of sovereignty embraced in the notion that they are “a domestic dependent nation” entitled to self-government and full rights (save the right of alienation) or that as a free and independent people they are entitled to any rights and interests other than those created or recognised by the laws of the Commonwealth, the State of New South Wales and the common law.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[47] That also follows from a series of decisions that say that the application of the laws of the various Australian Parliaments to Indigenous Australians does not depend on the acquiescence or consent of those people: see \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586040\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871\"\u003EWalker v New South Wales\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1994] HCA 64; (1994) 182 CLR 45 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586039\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871/section/2616\"\u003E48-9\u003C/A\u003E per Mason CJ\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586045\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164\"\u003EMcDonald v DPP\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2010) 26 VR 242 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586042\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/626\"\u003E[6]\u003C/A\u003E and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586043\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/140124\"\u003E[16]\u003C/A\u003E per Ashley JA and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586044\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/1398\"\u003E[191]\u003C/A\u003E per Neave JA, Redlich JA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586049\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511\"\u003EJones v Public Trustee (Qld)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] QCA 269; (2004) 209 ALR 106 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586048\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511/section/5399\"\u003E[14]-[15]\u003C/A\u003E per McPherson JA, Williams and Jerrard JJA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586053\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102\"\u003ER v Buzzacott\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] ACTSC 89; (2004) 154 ACTR 37 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586052\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102/section/45774\"\u003E[3]-[17]\u003C/A\u003E per Connolly J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.”\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[5]/LI[4]/P/I[1]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[5]/LI[4]/P/I[1]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"25\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140706\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe applicant also relied on \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585990\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600566\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600566_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E and the rejection of terra nullius. His Honour stated that \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585992\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600567\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Ein fact demonstrated why the applicant’s arguments were futile. A key step in the Court’s reasoning was that native title is extinguished by a grant in fee, which includes a grant in fee simple: at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585991\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/5211\"\u003E[141]-[142]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600567_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E. His Honour stated that “the Plaintiff is entitled to possession [as] against all the world” in light of the registered title, and the applicant had not demonstrated otherwise: at\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600568\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872585993\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1154474/section/1293\"\u003E[145]\u003C/A\u003E.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600568_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_e_t_sr_140706\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[9]/LI[3]/P/I[1]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[9]/LI[3]/P/I[1]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL start\u003D\"35\"\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"37\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EThe primary judge’s rejection of the applicant’s contentions was consistent with the decision of the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586014\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600581_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E. True it is, as the applicant submitted, that the High Court rejected the doctrine of terra nullius in that case. However, the Court also rejected a concept of Indigenous sovereignty adverse to the Crown. At first instance in \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586018\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885\"\u003EIndigenous Land and Sea Corporation v Anderson \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[2022] NSWSC 1650; 406 ALR 484 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586017\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/956885/section/2883\"\u003E[32]-[34]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600582_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, Griffiths AJ referred with approval to the reasoning of Mansfield J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586022\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938\"\u003EWalker v South Australia (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(2013) 215 FCR 254; [2013] FCA 700 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586021\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/298938/section/17272\"\u003E[43]-[47]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600583_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, where his Honour stated: \u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E“[43] The contention that the Indigenous peoples of Australia constitute a sovereign nation or nations, has been expressly rejected. In \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586026\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1979] HCA 68; (1979) 53 ALJR 403 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586025\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346/section/140102\"\u003E408\u003C/A\u003E,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600584_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Gibbs J, with whom Aicken J agreed, held:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003EThe aboriginal people are subject to the laws of the Commonwealth and of the States or Territories in which they respectively reside. They have no legislative, executive or judicial organs by which sovereignty might be exercised. If such organs existed, they would have no powers, except such as the laws of the Commonwealth, or of a State or Territory, might confer upon them. The contention that there is in Australia an aboriginal nation exercising sovereignty, even of a limited kind, is quite impossible in law to maintain.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[44] That is consistent with \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586027\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600585_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E. The rights recognised with respect to native title in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586028\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600586_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Eare, at common law, subject to statutory modification: see at 110–111 per Deane and Gaudron JJ:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003ELike other legal rights, including rights of property, the rights conferred by common law native title and the title itself can be dealt with, expropriated or extinguished by valid Commonwealth, State or Territorial legislation operating within the State or Territory in which the land in question is situated. To put the matter differently, the rights are not entrenched in the sense that they are, by reason of their nature, beyond the reach of legislative power.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[45] \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586030\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E reveals that, upon the settlement in New South Wales, and by extension later in South Australia, the English settlers brought with them the law of England, so that, at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586029\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140624\"\u003E38\u003C/A\u003E per Brennan J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600587_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[t]he common law thus became the common law of all subjects within the Colony who were equally entitled to the law’s protection as subjects of the Crown. ... Thus the Meriam people in 1879, like Australian Aborigines in earlier times, became British subjects owing allegiance to the Imperial Sovereign entitled to such rights and privileges and subject to such liabilities as the common law and applicable statutes provided.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[46] Mason CJ in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586034\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1993] HCA 42; (1993) 68 ALJR 110 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586033\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773/section/140874\"\u003E116\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600588_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E confirmed that \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600589_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is inconsistent with the notion of sovereignty in the Aboriginal people of Australia:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586036\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600590_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E is entirely at odds with the notion that sovereignty adverse to the Crown resides in the Aboriginal people of Australia. The decision is equally at odds with the notion that there resides in the Aboriginal people a limited kind of sovereignty embraced in the notion that they are “a domestic dependent nation” entitled to self-government and full rights (save the right of alienation) or that as a free and independent people they are entitled to any rights and interests other than those created or recognised by the laws of the Commonwealth, the State of New South Wales and the common law.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:88%; \"\u003E[47] That also follows from a series of decisions that say that the application of the laws of the various Australian Parliaments to Indigenous Australians does not depend on the acquiescence or consent of those people: see \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586040\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871\"\u003EWalker v New South Wales\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1994] HCA 64; (1994) 182 CLR 45 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586039\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-invalid\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67871/section/2616\"\u003E48-9\u003C/A\u003E per Mason CJ\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600591_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586045\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164\"\u003EMcDonald v DPP\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2010) 26 VR 242 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586042\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/626\"\u003E[6]\u003C/A\u003E and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586043\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/140124\"\u003E[16]\u003C/A\u003E per Ashley JA and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586044\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/139164/section/1398\"\u003E[191]\u003C/A\u003E per Neave JA, Redlich JA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600592_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586049\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511\"\u003EJones v Public Trustee (Qld)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] QCA 269; (2004) 209 ALR 106 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586048\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/168511/section/5399\"\u003E[14]-[15]\u003C/A\u003E per McPherson JA, Williams and Jerrard JJA\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600593_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E agreeing; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586053\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102\"\u003ER v Buzzacott\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] ACTSC 89; (2004) 154 ACTR 37 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_cc_872586052\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/256102/section/45774\"\u003E[3]-[17]\u003C/A\u003E per Connolly J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1154474_ct_603600594_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.”\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","JAGOT J.","Mabo v Queensland [No 2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[606]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[606]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/I[2]","Para 271","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"244\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_sr_9460\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EPriestley\u00A0JA continued, saying:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643930\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn300\" name\u003D\"_ftnref300\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[300]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643930_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"The juxtaposition of par\u00A0(a) and par\u00A0(b) of\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643931\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s\u00A0\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129287\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/274763/section/1939\"\u003E36(1)\u003C/A\u003E of the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129288\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/274763\"\u003EAboriginal Land Rights Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643931_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E makes it clear that occupation in the foregoing broad sense [that is, \u0027the doctrine of acquisition of sovereignty of territory \"by occupation (or \u0027settlement\u0027 to use the term of the common law)\"\u0027\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643932\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn301\" name\u003D\"_ftnref301\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[301]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643932_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E] is not what par\u00A0(b) refers to or means. The word \u0027occupied\u0027 in par\u00A0(b) must have a more limited meaning. How should the limitation be described?\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_e_t_sr_9460\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref301\" name\u003D\"_ftn301\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[301]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130390\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644379\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/275300\"\u003EDaruk\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644379_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130393\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644380\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/801059\"\u003E Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1993) 30 NSWLR 140 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130392\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/801059/section/139979\"\u003E160\u003C/A\u003E,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644380_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E quoting \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130396\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644381\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130395\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140419\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E33.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644381_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[562]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[562]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/I","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"216\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643831\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_sr_2617\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003ESection \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129194\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/274763/section/1939\"\u003E36(1)\u003C/A\u003E of the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129195\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/274763\"\u003EAboriginal Land Rights Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643831_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E thereby accords with the common law as it existed at the time the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129196\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643832\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/274763\"\u003EAboriginal Land Rights Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643832_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E was enacted. As Gageler\u00A0J explained in the \u003CI\u003EBerrima Gaol case\u003C/I\u003E,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643833\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn277\" name\u003D\"_ftnref277\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[277]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643833_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E at that time: (a)\u00A0common law orthodoxy had caused the Supreme Court of New South Wales to declare in 1847 that \"the waste lands of this Colony are, and ever have been, from the time of its first settlement in 1788, in the Crown\";\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643834\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn278\" name\u003D\"_ftnref278\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[278]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643834_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E (b)\u00A0this common law orthodoxy that the Crown was \"the absolute beneficial owner of all of the land in New South Wales from the time of settlement in 1788\" was not overruled until \u003CI\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/I\u003E, following which it was accepted that the Crown held radical title over all such land, enabling the Crown to grant estates and interests in the land;\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643835\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn279\" name\u003D\"_ftnref279\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[279]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643835_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and (c)\u00A0from the enactment of the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129197\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643836\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/437713\"\u003ECrown Lands\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643836_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Alienation Act 1861\u003C/I\u003E (NSW), \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129198\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643837\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/437713\"\u003ECrown lands\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643837_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E legislation in New South Wales has provided to the effect that \"[a]ny \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129199\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643838\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/437713\"\u003ECrown Lands\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643838_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E may lawfully be granted in fee simple or dedicated to any public purpose under and subject to the provisions of [that] Act but not otherwise\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643839\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn280\" name\u003D\"_ftnref280\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[280]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_e_t_sr_2617\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643839_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref279\" name\u003D\"_ftn279\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[279]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130323\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644353\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/508815\"\u003E(2016) 260 CLR 232\u003C/A\u003E at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130324\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/508815/section/194\"\u003E277\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130325\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/508815/section/194\"\u003E[111]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644353_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, referring to \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130328\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644354\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871130327\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140278\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E54.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644354_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","GAGELER CJ.","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[139]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()[1]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[139]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/I[1]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"31\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_sr_1017\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe correctness of the conclusion that the \"lands\" vested in the Crown in right of New South Wales to which the definition of \"claimable Crown lands\" in\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643237\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s\u00A0\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871128688\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/274763/section/1939\"\u003E36(1)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643237_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E refers are confined to physical land is confirmed by the language and, even more so, the substance of the conditions specified in\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643238\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871128689\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/274763/section/29642\"\u003E36(1)(d)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643238_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and (e) that those lands \"do not comprise lands\" that are the subject of an application for a determination of native title that has been registered under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871128690\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643239\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643239_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E or of an approved determination that native title exists under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871128691\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643240\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643240_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E. An application for a determination of native title that has been registered under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871128692\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643241\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643241_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E involves an assertion that a person or persons \"hold native title in relation to a specified area of land or waters\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643242\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn62\" name\u003D\"_ftnref62\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[62]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643242_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E the registered particulars of which must include \"the area of land or waters covered by the claim\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643243\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn63\" name\u003D\"_ftnref63\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[63]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643243_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Correspondingly, an approved determination that native title exists under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871128693\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643244\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643244_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E involves a determination that \"native title exists in relation to a particular area ... of land or waters\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643245\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn64\" name\u003D\"_ftnref64\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[64]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643245_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E The definition of \"land\" for the purposes of the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871128694\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643246\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643246_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is expressed in terms which make clear that it is concerned only with physical land.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643247\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn65\" name\u003D\"_ftnref65\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[65]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643247_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E That is consistent with the definition of \"native title\" for the purposes of the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871128695\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643248\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643248_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, which relevantly refers to \"the communal, group or individual rights and interests of Aboriginal peoples ... in relation to land or waters\", where \"the rights and interests are possessed under the traditional laws acknowledged, and the traditional customs observed, by the Aboriginal peoples\" and \"the Aboriginal peoples ..., by those laws and customs, have a connection with the land or waters\", and where \"the rights and interests are recognised by the common law of Australia\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643249\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn66\" name\u003D\"_ftnref66\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[66]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643249_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Indeed, it would be a nonsense for the concept of native title as first recognised by the common law of Australia and as \"recognised, and protected, in accordance with\" the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871128696\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643250\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn67\" name\u003D\"_ftnref67\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[67]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643250_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E to be sought to be applied to anything other than physical land or waters. Not being \"an institution of the common law\" but having its origin in and being given its content \"by the traditional laws acknowledged by and the traditional customs observed by the [I]ndigenous inhabitants of a territory\",\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643251\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn68\" name\u003D\"_ftnref68\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[68]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602643251_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E native title is a concept that is wholly incapable of meaningful application to a legal or equitable estate or interest in land because a legal or equitable estate or interest in land is the abstract creation of a different system of law.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_e_t_sr_1017\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref68\" name\u003D\"_ftn68\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[68]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-9\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129522\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644075\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129521\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140714\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E58-59\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644075_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E; \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129528\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644076\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1119338\"\u003EThe Commonwealth v Yunupingu \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(2025) 99 ALJR 519 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129524\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1119338/section/4039\"\u003E539\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129525\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1119338/section/4039\"\u003E[58]-[59]\u003C/A\u003E; 421 ALR 604 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_cc_871129527\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1119338/section/2966\"\u003E621.\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1148491_ct_602644076_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE/TR[20]/TD[2]/P[7]/TEXT()[8]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE/TR[20]/TD[2]/P[7]/BR[7]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_cc_870471873\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_ct_602244839\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v State of Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_ct_602244839_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E, cited\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[14]/DIV/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[14]/DIV/P/I","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"29\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_sr_140712\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EGenamson also urges us to interpret compensation legislation liberally in accordance with the general rule of statutory interpretation that clear language must be used in order to impute a legislative intention that valuable property rights are to be appropriated or extinguished without fair compensation.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_ct_602244887\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn13\" name\u003D\"_ftnref13\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[13]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_ct_602244887_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u00A0 Again, that principle does not assist Genamson in this case where no property rights were expropriated or extinguished.\u00A0 In any case, the words used in s 16(1A) are clear.\u00A0 Those words deny “any claim for compensation … whatsoever … for any loss or damage”, subject only to the exceptions of a claim for costs and expenses or actual damage done to the land by the constructing authority.\u00A0 The application of the general rule does not permit this Court to ignore such clear words simply to assuage a sense of unfairness.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_e_t_sr_140712\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref13\" name\u003D\"_ftn13\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[13]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-9\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003ESee, eg, \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_cc_870472024\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_ct_602244978\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v State of Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1, \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_cc_870472023\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140322\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E111.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1147902_ct_602244978_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[196]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()[4]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[196]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/I[4]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA name\u003D\"_Ref205209871\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_sr_140829\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E[41]\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0The rule that statutory extinguishment of customary property rights can only be achieved through “clear and plain” language is well settled.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn53\" name\u003D\"_ftnref53\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[53]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854276_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u00A0 The issue here is whether the wording in s 261(2) of the 1979 Act is sufficiently clear to meet this standard.\u00A0 \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_e_t_sr_140829\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-outdent\" style\u003D\"font-size:81%; \"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref53\" name\u003D\"_ftn53\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[53]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-9\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464627\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854467\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/976722\"\u003ENgāti Apa\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, above n 36, at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464626\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/976722/section/6048\"\u003E[148]–[149]\u003C/A\u003E per Keith and Anderson JJ\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854467_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.  Keith and Anderson JJ cited \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464630\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854468\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/3975121\"\u003ER\u00A0v Sparrow \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[1990] 1 SCR 1075 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464629\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/3975120/section/22448\"\u003E1099\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854468_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464633\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854469\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67474\"\u003EMabo v Queensland \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(1988) 166 CLR 186 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464632\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67474/section/1557\"\u003E213–214\u003C/A\u003E per Brennan, Toohey and Gaudron JJ\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854469_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464637\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854470\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No\u00A02) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464635\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140620\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E64\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E per Brennan J (with whom Mason CJ and McHugh J agreed: at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464636\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140431\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E15\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854470_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E), 111 per Deane and Gaudron JJ and 195–196 per Toohey J citing in turn \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464640\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854471\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/23049518\"\u003ECentral Control Board (Liquor Traffic) v Canon Brewery\u00A0Co Ltd \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[1919] AC 744 (HL) at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464639\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/2878071/section/7155\"\u003E752\u003C/A\u003E per Lord Atkinson\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854471_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464643\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854472\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/23049519\"\u003ETe Rūnanga o Muriwhenua\u00A0v\u00A0Attorney\u2011General \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[1990] 2 NZLR 641 (CA) at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464642\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/2740565/section/140644\"\u003E655\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854472_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; and \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464646\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854473\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/1754831\"\u003ETe\u00A0Weehi\u00A0v\u00A0Regional Fisheries Officer \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[1986] 1 NZLR 680 (HC) at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464645\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/2740298/section/16255\"\u003E691–692\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854473_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.  See also \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464649\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854474\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/976722\"\u003ENgāti\u00A0Apa\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, above n 36, at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464647\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/976722/section/3504\"\u003E[113]\u003C/A\u003E per Gault P and \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_cc_871464648\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/976722/section/2317\"\u003E[185]\u003C/A\u003E per Tipping J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1150635_ct_602854474_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.  \u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","EDELMAN J.","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[116]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()[1]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[116]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/I[1]","Para 69","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"40\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_sr_140890\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EOn this broader view, as Sir\u00A0Anthony Mason rightly said, the suggestion that a decision can be without a ratio decidendi is wrong: \"Every decision has its \u003CI\u003Eratio\u003C/I\u003E.\"\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn53\" name\u003D\"_ftnref53\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[53]\u003C/A\u003E A ratio decidendi exists even if there is no commonality to the essential reasoning of a majority of the Court sufficient to support its orders at anything other than the highest level of generality. That broader view is now, as Nettle\u00A0J has said, \"orthodox\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363146\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn54\" name\u003D\"_ftnref54\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[54]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363146_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E For instance, even if (which is doubtful) there were no commonality at a low level of generality to the essential reasoning of any four members of this Court sufficient to support the orders made in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104714\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363147\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn55\" name\u003D\"_ftnref55\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[55]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363147_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E or in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104715\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363148\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/708192\"\u003ELove v The Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E,\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn56\" name\u003D\"_ftnref56\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[56]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363148_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E the ratio decidendi would exist at a higher level of generality by combining the essential reasons of the members of the majority in each of those decisions.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363149\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn57\" name\u003D\"_ftnref57\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[57]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_e_t_sr_140890\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363149_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref57\" name\u003D\"_ftn57\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[57]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-9\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104969\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363302\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104968\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/3838\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E15-16\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363302_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E; \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104973\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363303\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/708192\"\u003ELove v The Commonwealth \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(2020) 270 CLR 152 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104971\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/708192/section/936\"\u003E192\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104972\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/708192/section/936\"\u003E[81]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363303_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E. \u003CI\u003E\u00A0\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[40]/P/TEXT()[5]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[40]/P/I[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[112]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"40\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_sr_140890\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EOn this broader view, as Sir\u00A0Anthony Mason rightly said, the suggestion that a decision can be without a ratio decidendi is wrong: \"Every decision has its \u003CI\u003Eratio\u003C/I\u003E.\"\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn53\" name\u003D\"_ftnref53\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[53]\u003C/A\u003E A ratio decidendi exists even if there is no commonality to the essential reasoning of a majority of the Court sufficient to support its orders at anything other than the highest level of generality. That broader view is now, as Nettle\u00A0J has said, \"orthodox\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363146\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn54\" name\u003D\"_ftnref54\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[54]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363146_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E For instance, even if (which is doubtful) there were no commonality at a low level of generality to the essential reasoning of any four members of this Court sufficient to support the orders made in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104714\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363147\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn55\" name\u003D\"_ftnref55\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[55]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363147_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E or in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104715\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363148\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/708192\"\u003ELove v The Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E,\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn56\" name\u003D\"_ftnref56\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[56]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363148_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E the ratio decidendi would exist at a higher level of generality by combining the essential reasons of the members of the majority in each of those decisions.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363149\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn57\" name\u003D\"_ftnref57\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[57]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_e_t_sr_140890\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363149_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref55\" name\u003D\"_ftn55\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[55]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-9\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104965\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363300\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363300_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E. \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"40\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_sr_140890\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EOn this broader view, as Sir\u00A0Anthony Mason rightly said, the suggestion that a decision can be without a ratio decidendi is wrong: \"Every decision has its \u003CI\u003Eratio\u003C/I\u003E.\"\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn53\" name\u003D\"_ftnref53\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[53]\u003C/A\u003E A ratio decidendi exists even if there is no commonality to the essential reasoning of a majority of the Court sufficient to support its orders at anything other than the highest level of generality. That broader view is now, as Nettle\u00A0J has said, \"orthodox\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363146\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn54\" name\u003D\"_ftnref54\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[54]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363146_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E For instance, even if (which is doubtful) there were no commonality at a low level of generality to the essential reasoning of any four members of this Court sufficient to support the orders made in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104714\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363147\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn55\" name\u003D\"_ftnref55\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E[55]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363147_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E or in \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_cc_866104715\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363148\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/708192\"\u003ELove v The Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E,\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn56\" name\u003D\"_ftnref56\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[56]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363148_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E the ratio decidendi would exist at a higher level of generality by combining the essential reasons of the members of the majority in each of those decisions.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363149\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn57\" name\u003D\"_ftnref57\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[57]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_e_t_sr_140890\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145922_ct_599363149_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Mabo and Others v Queensland (No. 2)","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[35]/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[35]/P/I","Para 35","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"35\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_sr_140690\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe Defendant’s argument cannot be sustained, on the basis of legal authority upon which I am bound to follow.\u00A0 In so far as the Defendant’s argument challenges the acquisition of sovereignty by the Crown, and therefore its ability to grant title, as stated in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521541\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234398\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo and Others v Queensland (No. 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234398_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(footnotes omitted):\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234399\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn32\" name\u003D\"_ftnref32\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[32]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234399_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CB\u003EThe acquisition of sovereignty \u003C/B\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"The acquisition of territory by a sovereign state for the first time is an act of state which cannot be challenged, controlled or interfered with by the courts of that state.\" \u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003EThis principle, stated by Gibbs J. in the Seas and Submerged Lands Case, precludes any contest between the executive and the judicial branches of government as to whether a territory is or is not within the Crown\u0027s Dominions. The Murray Islands were annexed by an exercise of the prerogative evidenced by the Letters Patent; a mode of acquisition recognized by the common law as a valid means of acquiring sovereignty over foreign territory. The recognition is accorded simply on the footing that such a prerogative act is an act of State the validity of which is not justiciable in the municipal courts.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_e_t_sr_140690\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[37]/P/I/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[37]/P/I","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"37\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EFurther to that argument, that the Crown’s basis to grant title to land is otherwise questionable or that there is some alternate or other system of land ownership, must be rejected.\u00A0 Again, it was stated in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521542\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234401\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo No.\u00A02\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234401_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E:\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234402\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn36\" name\u003D\"_ftnref36\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[36]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234402_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003EIt is not surprising that the fiction that land granted by the Crown had been beneficially owned by the Crown was translated to the colonies and that Crown grants should be seen as the foundation of the doctrine of tenure which is an essential principle of our land law. It is far too late in the day to contemplate an allodial or other system of land ownership. Land in Australia which has been granted by the Crown is held on a tenure of some kind and the titles acquired under the accepted land law cannot be disturbed….\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003EThe radical title is a postulate of the doctrine of tenure and a concomitant of sovereignty. As a sovereign enjoys supreme legal authority in and over a territory, the sovereign has power to prescribe what parcels of land and what interests in those parcels should be enjoyed by others and what parcels of land should be kept as the sovereign\u0027s beneficial demesne.\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003EBy attributing to the Crown a radical title to all land within a territory over which the Crown has assumed sovereignty, the common law enabled the Crown, in exercise of its sovereign power, to grant an interest in land to be held of the Crown or to acquire land for the Crown\u0027s demesne. \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_e_t_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[46]/DIV/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[46]/DIV/P/I[1]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"35\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_sr_140690\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe Defendant’s argument cannot be sustained, on the basis of legal authority upon which I am bound to follow.\u00A0 In so far as the Defendant’s argument challenges the acquisition of sovereignty by the Crown, and therefore its ability to grant title, as stated in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521541\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234398\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo and Others v Queensland (No. 2) \u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234398_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(footnotes omitted):\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234399\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn32\" name\u003D\"_ftnref32\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[32]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234399_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CB\u003EThe acquisition of sovereignty \u003C/B\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"The acquisition of territory by a sovereign state for the first time is an act of state which cannot be challenged, controlled or interfered with by the courts of that state.\" \u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003EThis principle, stated by Gibbs J. in the Seas and Submerged Lands Case, precludes any contest between the executive and the judicial branches of government as to whether a territory is or is not within the Crown\u0027s Dominions. The Murray Islands were annexed by an exercise of the prerogative evidenced by the Letters Patent; a mode of acquisition recognized by the common law as a valid means of acquiring sovereignty over foreign territory. The recognition is accorded simply on the footing that such a prerogative act is an act of State the validity of which is not justiciable in the municipal courts.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_e_t_sr_140690\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\" style\u003D\"font-size:80%; \"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref32\" name\u003D\"_ftn32\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[32]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CB\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-9\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/B\u003E\u00A0\u00A0 \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521614\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234445\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo and Others v Queensland (No. 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521613\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140349\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E31\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E per Brennan J\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234445_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (“\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003EMabo No. 2”\u003C/I\u003E).\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[50]/DIV/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[50]/DIV/P/I","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"37\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EFurther to that argument, that the Crown’s basis to grant title to land is otherwise questionable or that there is some alternate or other system of land ownership, must be rejected.\u00A0 Again, it was stated in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521542\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234401\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo No.\u00A02\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234401_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234402\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn36\" name\u003D\"_ftnref36\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[36]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234402_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003EIt is not surprising that the fiction that land granted by the Crown had been beneficially owned by the Crown was translated to the colonies and that Crown grants should be seen as the foundation of the doctrine of tenure which is an essential principle of our land law. It is far too late in the day to contemplate an allodial or other system of land ownership. Land in Australia which has been granted by the Crown is held on a tenure of some kind and the titles acquired under the accepted land law cannot be disturbed….\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003EThe radical title is a postulate of the doctrine of tenure and a concomitant of sovereignty. As a sovereign enjoys supreme legal authority in and over a territory, the sovereign has power to prescribe what parcels of land and what interests in those parcels should be enjoyed by others and what parcels of land should be kept as the sovereign\u0027s beneficial demesne.\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003EBy attributing to the Crown a radical title to all land within a territory over which the Crown has assumed sovereignty, the common law enabled the Crown, in exercise of its sovereign power, to grant an interest in land to be held of the Crown or to acquire land for the Crown\u0027s demesne. \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_e_t_sr_140276\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\" style\u003D\"font-size:80%; \"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref36\" name\u003D\"_ftn36\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[36]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CB\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-9\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/B\u003E\u00A0\u00A0 \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521617\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234447\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo No. 2\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E at pp \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521616\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/139929\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E47-48\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E per Brennan J\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234447_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[4]/P[5]/TEXT()[15]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[4]/P[5]/I[15]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins\"\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520467\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234337\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/612230\"\u003EAustralian and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Comer\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1993) 5 BPR 11, \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520466\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/612230/section/3724\"\u003E748\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234337_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520469\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234338\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1128689\"\u003EAustralia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited v Oldroyd \u0026amp; Anor\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2025] NTSC 20\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234338_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520471\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234339\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/131361\"\u003EBankstown Airport Ltd v Noor Al Houda Islamic College Pty Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2002] NSWSC 193\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234339_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520473\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234340\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/826829\"\u003EBendigo and Adelaide Bank Ltd v Prichard\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2021] QSC 179\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234340_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520475\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234341\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/124569\"\u003EBurger King v Hungry Jacks Pty Limited\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2001] NSWCA 187\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234341_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520477\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234342\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/785547\"\u003ECollis v Bank of Queensland Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2021] VSCA 17\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234342_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E;\u003CI\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520479\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234343\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/3559767\"\u003EConsolidated Press Holdings Ltd v Wheeler\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1992) 84 NTR 42\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234343_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520481\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234344\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/66970\"\u003EDKLR Holding Co (No.2) Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Stamp Duties (NSW)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1982) 149 CLR 431\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234344_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520483\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234345\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/1327629\"\u003EEsso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1976] QB 801\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234345_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520485\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234346\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67059\"\u003EFancourt v Mercantile Credits Limited\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1983] HCA 25\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234346_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520487\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234347\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/65804\"\u003EGeneral Steel Industries Inc v Commissioner for Railways (NSW)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1964) 112 CLR 125\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234347_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520489\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234348\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/23034888\"\u003EHeller Financial Services v Solczaniuk\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1989] NTSC 36\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234348_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520491\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234349\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/3265853\"\u003EKerr v Sheriff of New South Wales\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1996) 9 BPR 16,215\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234349_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520493\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234350\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/65827\"\u003ELatec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1965) 113 CLR 265\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234350_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520495\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234351\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo and Others v Queensland (No. 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234351_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E; \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520497\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234352\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/269618\"\u003EMcLean v Westpac Banking Corporation\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2012] WASCA 152\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234352_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864520499\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234353\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/260785\"\u003ENational Australia Bank Ltd v Norman\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2012] VSC 14\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234353_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521501\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234354\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/257518\"\u003EOutback Civil Pty Ltd \u0026amp; Anor v Francis\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2011] NTCA 3\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234354_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521503\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234355\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/259017\"\u003ERHG Mortgage Corporation Ltd v Astolfi\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2011] NSWSC 1526\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234355_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521505\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234356\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/93700\"\u003ESecure Funding Pty Limited v Coughlin\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2009] NSWSC 384\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234356_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521507\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234357\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/292461\"\u003EShew \u0026amp; Ors v Police and Citizens Youth Club \u0026amp; Ors\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2013] NTSC 15\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234357_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521509\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234358\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/257816\"\u003ESportsbet Pty Ltd v Moraitis\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2010] NTSC 24\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234358_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E;\u003CI\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521511\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234359\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/23034892\"\u003EWalters v Morgan\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1861) 43 ER 1056\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234359_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E;\u003CI\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_cc_864521513\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234360\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/258317\"\u003EWestpac Banking Corporation v Mason\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2011] NSWSC 1241\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1145111_ct_598234360_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, referred to.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/BLOCKQUOTE[82]/P/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/BLOCKQUOTE[82]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1143246_cc_875141494\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1143246_ct_605471550\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1143246_ct_605471550_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[871]/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[871]/P/I","Para 871","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"871\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1143246_sr_61451\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EFirst, the applicants relied on various historical statements made by colonial officials and others about the nature of the relationship between colonies and the indigenous populations of those colonies.\u00A0 Those statements suggested that colonial administrators or governments had a duty to protect the “natives”.\u00A0 The applicants also relied on some colonial enactments that manifested an intention on the part of colonial governments to protect aboriginal people.\u00A0 The statements and enactments relied on by the applicants were, however, made before the Commonwealth came into being and did not directly relate to the relationship between the Commonwealth and Torres Strait Islanders.\u00A0 The applicants also rightly conceded that those statements and enactments, considered in the modern context, could now properly be viewed as paternalistic.\u00A0 In the same vein, the applicants relied on the fact that one of the purposes for which the Torres Strait was annexed by the Colony of Queensland in 1879 was said to be the “protection of the native inhabitants of the islands”: see \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1143246_cc_875141945\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1143246_ct_605471784\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1143246_cc_875141944\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/139992\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E23\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1143246_ct_605471784_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CB\u003E\u003CI\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/B\u003E). \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1143246_e_t_sr_61451\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/DOC/BLOCK[422]/OL/LI[2]/BLOCK/BLOCK/BLOCK/P/TEXT()[2]","/DOC/BLOCK[422]/OL/LI[2]/BLOCK/BLOCK/BLOCK/P/INLINE","/DOC/BLOCK[422]/BLOCK[2]/BLOCK[2]/BLOCK[2]/P/TEXT()[2]","/DOC/BLOCK[422]/BLOCK[2]/BLOCK[2]/BLOCK[2]/P/INLINE","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMembership of the Indigenous people depends on biological descent from the Indigenous people and on mutual recognition of a particular person’s membership by that person and by the elders or other persons enjoying traditional authority among those people.\u003Cinline class\u003D\"footnote\" number\u003D\"1002\"\u003E\u003Cinline class\u003D\"footnote-number\"\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_cc_874502245\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_ct_605043720\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Ca class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E1002\u003C/a\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_ct_605043720_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/inline\u003E\u003C/inline\u003E \u003C/p\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003Cinline class\u003D\"italic\"\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_cc_874502242\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_ct_605043719\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Ca class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003Cspan class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/inline\u003E\u003Cspan class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1, \u003C/span\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_cc_874502244\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Ca class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140001\"\u003E\u003Cspan class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E70\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Cspan class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (Brennan J)\u003C/span\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_ct_605043719_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Cspan class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E.\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMembership of the Indigenous people depends on biological descent from the Indigenous people and on mutual recognition of a particular person’s membership by that person and by the elders or other persons enjoying traditional authority among those people.\u003Cinline class\u003D\"footnote\" number\u003D\"1002\"\u003E\u003Cinline class\u003D\"footnote-number\"\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_cc_874502245\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_ct_605043720\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Ca class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003Cspan class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E1002\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Ca id\u003D\"bnj_a_1049904_ct_605043720_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/inline\u003E\u003C/inline\u003E\u003Cspan class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E \u003C/span\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","BEECH-JONES J.","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1214]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1214]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/I[2]","Para 477","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"451\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_sr_14080\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThese provisions enable the administrator to manage the affairs and property of the C\u00A0\u0026amp;\u00A0G Division by furthering the CFMEU\u0027s objects as defined in the CFMEU Rules, including the political objects described above, such as by making political donations. However, they are not merely facultative. The conferral of broad powers to manage the affairs and property of the C\u00A0\u0026amp;\u00A0G Division the exercise of which is subject to the duties in s\u00A0323K may warrant the characterisation of the administrator as a fiduciary vis\u2011a\u2011vis the members of the C\u00A0\u0026amp;\u00A0G Division.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595095600\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn603\" name\u003D\"_ftnref603\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[603]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595095600_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E As such the administrator could not fetter his or her discretionary powers\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn604\" name\u003D\"_ftnref604\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[604]\u003C/A\u003E and would be under a duty to consider their exercise,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595095601\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn605\" name\u003D\"_ftnref605\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[605]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595095601_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E doing so honestly and in good faith \"upon [a] genuine consideration\" of relevant matters by taking an informed view of whether or not they should be exercised.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595095602\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn606\" name\u003D\"_ftnref606\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[606]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595095602_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Absent the characterisation of the administrator as a fiduciary, the conferral of discretionary functions and powers on the administrator by statute carries with it at least an implied obligation to consider their exercise\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595095603\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn607\" name\u003D\"_ftnref607\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[607]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595095603_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and they likewise could not be unduly fettered.\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn608\" name\u003D\"_ftnref608\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[608]\u003C/A\u003E In both respects, the administrator is subject to the supervision of the courts in the exercise of those functions and powers.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_e_t_sr_14080\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref605\" name\u003D\"_ftn605\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[605]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_cc_860063852\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595096454\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/7779473\"\u003EIn re Gulbenkian\u0027s Settlements \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E[1970] AC 508 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_cc_860063851\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/2825901/section/140265\"\u003E518\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595096454_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_cc_860063855\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595096455\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_cc_860063854\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140157\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E204.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1136772_ct_595096455_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E See also Heydon and Leeming, \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003EJacobs\u0027 Law of Trusts in Australia\u003C/I\u003E, 8th ed (2016) at 326 [16-07].\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Secretary, Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB (“Marion\u0027s Case”)","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[48]/P/TEXT()[3]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[48]/P/I[2]","Para 48","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"48\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_sr_140756\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe legal principles pronounced in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_cc_852226521\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_ct_590760514\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/2809193\"\u003EGillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1986] AC 112\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_ct_590760514_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, which were confirmed by the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_cc_852226523\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_ct_590760515\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003ESecretary, Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB (“Marion’s Case”) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_cc_852226522\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140775\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 189\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_ct_590760515_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E, are as follows: \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP style\u003D\"font-size:94%; \"\u003EA child is capable of giving informed consent when he or she achieves a sufficient understanding and intelligence to enable him or her to understand fully what treatment is proposed.\u00A0 \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_e_t_sr_140756\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_cc_852226512\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_ct_590760507\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003ESecretary, Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB (“Marion’s Case”) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_cc_852226511\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140775\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 189\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1135159_ct_590760507_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[36]/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[36]/P/I[1]","Para 36","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"36\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_sr_1155\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_cc_848663365\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758189\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENTA\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758189_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E commences with a Preamble that “sets out considerations taken into account by the Parliament in enacting the law that follows”.  Among other things, the Preamble recognises that “the people whose descendants are now known as Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders were the inhabitants of Australia before European settlement”, and the consequences of their progressive dispossession of their lands.  As is acknowledged in the Preamble, the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_cc_848663366\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758190\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENTA\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758190_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E was enacted in response to the High Court’s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_cc_848663368\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758191\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No\u00A02)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758191_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E, as a special law for peoples of the aboriginal race within\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758192\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_cc_848663369\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/260323/section/20751\"\u003E51(xxvi)\u003C/A\u003E of the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_cc_848663370\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/260323\"\u003EConstitution\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758192_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E.  The Preamble declares the intention of the people of Australia “to rectify the consequences of past injustices by the special measures contained in this Act … for securing the adequate advancement and protection of Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders” and “to ensure that Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders receive the full recognition and status within the Australian nation to which history, their prior rights and interests, and their rich and diverse culture, fully entitle them to aspire”.  The Preamble also states that the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_cc_848663371\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758193\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENTA\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758193_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is intended, for the purposes of Art 1(4) of the \u003CI\u003EInternational Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination\u003C/I\u003E (opened for signature 21 December 1965, 660 UNTS 196 (entered into force 4 January 1969)) (\u003CB\u003EICERD\u003C/B\u003E) and the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_cc_848663372\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758194\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/219758\"\u003ERacial Discrimination Act 1975\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/219758\"\u003E (Cth)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758194_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E (\u003CB\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_cc_848663373\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758195\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/219758\"\u003ERDA\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758195_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/B\u003E), to be a special measure for the advancement and protection of Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_e_t_sr_1155\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[39]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[39]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_cc_848663160\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758058\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No\u00A02)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1132392_ct_588758058_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[2099]/DIV/P/TEXT()[3]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[2099]/DIV/P/I[2]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"2324\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_sr_62863\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe applicant submits that the proper approach to the exercise of the Commonwealth’s statutory functions under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087428\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591372\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218346\"\u003EMigration Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591372_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is informed by Australia’s international obligations.  The applicant submits this is recognised in the IDS.  He contends that the Australian community has never accepted standards in breach of internationally accepted human rights.  The applicant relies on Articles 7 and 10 of the \u003CI\u003EInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.\u003C/I\u003E\u00A0 Article 7 provides that no-one shall be subject to torture or cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 10 requires state parties to treat all persons deprived of their liberty with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.\u00A0 These obligations have not been imported into Australian domestic law.\u00A0 Since the High Court’s judgment in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087429\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591373\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/66984\"\u003EKoowarta v Bjelke Petersen\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn2066\" name\u003D\"_ftnref2066\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[2066]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591373_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E it has been well settled that the ratification by the executive of an international treaty does not give rise to a cause of action in domestic law until it is incorporated by legislation. However, the High Court has recognised that the adoption of international treaties and covenants by Australia can influence the development of the common law.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591374\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn2067\" name\u003D\"_ftnref2067\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[2067]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_e_t_sr_62863\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591374_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref2067\" name\u003D\"_ftn2067\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[2067]\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865088373\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591912\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67720\"\u003EDietrich v The Queen \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(1992) 177 CLR 292 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865088372\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67720/section/139943\"\u003E321\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591912_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865088376\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591913\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No. 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865088375\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140174\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E42.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591913_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[3]/BLOCKQUOTE/P[9]/TEXT()[35]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[3]/BLOCKQUOTE/P[9]/I[35]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins\" orig-class\u003D\"FSCatchwords\" style\u003D\"font-size:80%; \"\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087083\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590988\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/20058687\"\u003EAbdulla v Birmingham City Council\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2013) 1 All ER 649\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590988_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087085\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590989\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68483\"\u003EAl-Kateb v Godwin\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2004) 219 CLR 562\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590989_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087087\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590990\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/124570\"\u003EAMP v Road Traffic Authority \u0026amp; Anor\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2001] NSWCA 186\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590990_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087089\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590991\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/551142\"\u003EArmes v Nottinghamshire County Council\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2018] AC 355\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590991_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087091\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590992\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/324888\"\u003EArnotts Ltd v Trade Practices Commission\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1990) 24 FCR 313\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590992_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087093\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590993\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/707184\"\u003EBae v The Queen\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2020) 135 SASR 522\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590993_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087095\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590994\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/951441\"\u003EBersee v State of Victoria (Department of Education and Training)\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2022) 70 VR 260\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590994_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087097\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590995\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/2795421\"\u003EBonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1956] AC 613\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590995_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087099\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590996\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/23001536\"\u003EBrookfield Multiplex Ltd v Owners - Strata Plan No. 61288\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2014) 54 CLR 185\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590996_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087101\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590997\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67564\"\u003EBropho v Western Australia\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1990) 171 CLR 1\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590997_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087103\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590998\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67501\"\u003EBus v Sydney County Council\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1989) 167 CLR 78\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590998_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087105\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590999\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/800722\"\u003ECekan v Haines\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1990) 21 NSWLR 296\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598590999_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087107\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591000\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/65559\"\u003EChapman v Hearse\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1961) 106 CLR 112\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591000_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087109\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591001\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67817\"\u003ECoco v The Queen\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1994) 179 CLR 427\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591001_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087111\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591002\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/66999\"\u003ECommonwealth v Introvigne\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1982) 150 CLR 258\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591002_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087113\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591003\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67580\"\u003ECommonwealth v Verwayen\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1990) 170 CLR 394\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591003_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087115\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591004\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67206\"\u003ECouncil of the Shire of Sutherland v Heyman\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1985) 157 CLR 424\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591004_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087117\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591005\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68161\"\u003ECrimmins v Stevedoring Industry Finance Committee\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1999) 200 CLR 1\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591005_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087119\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591006\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67384\"\u003EDickinson v Motor Vehicle Insurance Trust\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1987) 163 CLR 500\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591006_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087121\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591007\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67720\"\u003EDietrich v The Queen\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1992) 177 CLR 292\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591007_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087123\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591008\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/1255706\"\u003EDonoghue v Stevenson\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1932] AC 562\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591008_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087125\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591009\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/316798\"\u003EElectricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2014) 251 CLR 640\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591009_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087127\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591010\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/78827\"\u003EErect Safe Scaffolding (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sutton\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2008) 72 NSWLR 1\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591010_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087129\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591011\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/121477\"\u003EFindlay v State of Victoria\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2009] VSCA 294\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591011_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087131\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591012\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/103974\"\u003EFried v National Australia Bank Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2001) 111 FCR 322\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591012_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087133\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591013\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68403\"\u003EGifford v Strang Patrick\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2003) 214 CLR 269\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591013_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087135\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591014\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68366\"\u003EGraham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2002) 211 CLR 540\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591014_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087137\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591015\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/363\"\u003EHarriton v Stephens\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2006) 226 CLR 52\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591015_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087139\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591016\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/23001537\"\u003EHewitt v Bernhardt\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1979) 21 SASR 510\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591016_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087141\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591017\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/3480955\"\u003EHillier v Lucas\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2000) 81 SASR 451\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591017_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087143\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591018\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/292484\"\u003EHunt \u0026amp; Hunt Lawyers v Mitchell Morgan Nominees Pty Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2013) 247 CLR 613\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591018_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087145\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591019\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/82411\"\u003EImbree v McNeilly\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2008) 236 CLR 510\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591019_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087147\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591020\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67144\"\u003EKondis v State Transport Authority\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1984) 154 CLR 672\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591020_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087149\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591021\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/66984\"\u003EKoowarta v Bjelke Petersen\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1982) 153 CLR 168\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591021_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087151\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591022\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No. 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591022_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E; \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087153\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591023\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/23001538\"\u003EMannone v Chaplin\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1991] 54 A Crim R 163\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591023_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087155\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591024\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67612\"\u003EMarch v Stramare\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1991) 171 CLR 506\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591024_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087157\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591025\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/561688\"\u003EMcDonald v State of South Australia; McDonald v Minister for Education and Child Development\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2017] SASCFC 146\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591025_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087159\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591026\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/61631\"\u003EMcLean Bros \u0026amp; Rigg Ltd v Grice\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1906) 4 CLR 835\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591026_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087161\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591027\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67143\"\u003EMcLean v Tedman\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1984) 155 CLR 306\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591027_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087163\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591028\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67887\"\u003EMinister for State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1995) 183 CLR 273\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591028_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087165\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591029\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/66238\"\u003EMount Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1970) 125 CLR 383\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591029_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087167\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591030\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/288898\"\u003EMZYYR v Secretary, Department of Immigration and Citizenship \u0026amp; The Commonwealth of Australia\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2012) 292 ALR 659\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591030_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087169\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591031\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188363\"\u003ENagle v Rottnest Island Authority\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1993) 177 CLR 423\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591031_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087171\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591032\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/125609\"\u003ENevin v B \u0026amp; R Enclosures\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2004] NSWCA 339\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591032_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087173\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591033\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/351\"\u003ENew South Wales v Bujdoso\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2005) 227 CLR 1\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591033_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087175\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591034\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68006\"\u003ENorthern Sandblasting v Harris\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1997) 188 CLR 313\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591034_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087177\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188376\"\u003ENorthern Territory v Mengel\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1995) 185 CLR 307\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591035_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087179\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591036\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1055542\"\u003ENZYQ v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2023) 97 ALJR 1005\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591036_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087181\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591037\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/498351\"\u003EOkwume v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2016] FCA 1252\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591037_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087183\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591038\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/1384777\"\u003EOwens v Liverpool Corporation\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1939] 1 KB 394\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591038_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087185\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591039\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/15192073\"\u003EParis v Stepney Borough Council\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1951] AC 367\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591039_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087187\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591040\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/612898\"\u003EPetrovic v Victorian WorkCover Authority\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2018] VSCA 243\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591040_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087189\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591041\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/61869\"\u003EPotter v Minahan\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1908) 7 CLR 277\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591041_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087191\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591042\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67087\"\u003EPyneboard Pty Ltd v Trade Practices Commission\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1983) 152 CLR 328\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591042_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087193\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591043\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/302174\"\u003ER v Nguyen\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2013) 117 SASR 432\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591043_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087195\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591044\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/65580\"\u003ERamsay v Watson\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1961) 108 CLR 642\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591044_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087197\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591045\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/13922\"\u003ERoads and Traffic Authority v Dederer\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2007) 234 CLR 330\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591045_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087199\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591046\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68073\"\u003ERomeo v Conservation Commission of Northern Territory\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1998) 192 CLR 431\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591046_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087201\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591047\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/646846\"\u003ERoo Roofing Pty Ltd v Commonwealth of Australia\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2019] VSC 331\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591047_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087203\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591048\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68249\"\u003ERosenberg v Percival\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2001) 205 CLR 434\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591048_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087205\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591049\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/15327186\"\u003ERowe v Transport Accident Commission\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2017) MVR 195\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591049_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087207\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591050\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/62039\"\u003ESargood Bros v The Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1910) 11 CLR 258\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591050_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087209\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591051\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67844\"\u003ESellars v Adelaide Petroleum NL\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1994) 179 CLR 332\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591051_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087211\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591052\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/15324045\"\u003EShaaban Bin Hussein v Chong Fook Kam\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1970) AC 942\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591052_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087214\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591053\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/2429392\"\u003EStorm v Geeves\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1965] Tas SR 252 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087213\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/2429391/section/139997\"\u003E255\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591053_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087216\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591054\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68294\"\u003ESullivan v Moody\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2001) 207 CLR 562\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591054_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087218\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591055\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/64763\"\u003ESwinton v The China Mutual Steam Navigation Co Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1951) 83 CLR 553\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591055_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087220\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591056\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/63240\"\u003ETaylor v Smith\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1926) 38 CLR 48\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591056_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087222\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591057\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-citable\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/citation/3324808\"\u003EThe Queen v Fowler\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1985) 39 SASR 440\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591057_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087224\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591058\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/539473\"\u003ETriaca v Summaries Pty Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [1971] VR 347\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591058_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087226\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591059\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/306\"\u003ETrustees of Roman Catholic Church for Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn v Hadba\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2005) 221 CLR 161\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591059_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087228\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591060\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/337\"\u003EVairy v Wyong Shire Council\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2005) 223 CLR 422\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591060_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087230\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591061\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/564153\"\u003EVirk Pty Ltd (In Liq) v YUM! Restaurants Australia Pty Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2017] FCAFC 190\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591061_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087232\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591062\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/106488\"\u003EVLAH v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2002] FCA 1554\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591062_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087234\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591063\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67475\"\u003EWaltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1988) 164 CLR 387\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591063_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087236\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591064\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/120770\"\u003EWestina Corporation Pty Ltd v BGC\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2009) 41 WAR 263\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591064_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087238\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591065\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/288239\"\u003EWodonga Regional Health Service v Hopgood\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2010) 37 VR 284\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591065_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_cc_865087240\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591066\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68460\"\u003EWoolcock Street Investments Pty Ltd v CDG Pty Ltd\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2004) 216 CLR 515\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1133230_ct_598591066_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, considered.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[19]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[19]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614272\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856279\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856279_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E  \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[1]/LI[36]/P/TEXT()[2]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"36\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_sr_1155\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe emphasis on traditional laws and customs in\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856321\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614350\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/9183\"\u003E223(1)(a)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856321_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856322\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614351\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/9119\"\u003E223(1)(b)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856322_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E reflects the reasoning of the High Court in \u003CI\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2\u003C/I\u003E) \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614352\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856323\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856323_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CB\u003E\u003CI\u003EMabo\u00A0(No\u00A02)\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/B\u003E):\u00A0\u00A0the rights and interests recognised by the common law are those pre-existing rights and interests held at the time that the British Crown asserted sovereignty over the colonies and that survived both the assertion of sovereignty and the acquisition of radical title over the annexed land and waters that came with it.\u00A0 It is largely for that reason that the focus in applications of the present kind is initially upon the rights and interests held by the ancestors of the present day claimants, especially (but not exclusively) in cases where the rights and interests are said to be transmissible by descent under Aboriginal traditional laws and customs.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_e_t_sr_1155\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[1]/LI[38]/BLOCKQUOTE/BLOCKQUOTE/P[1]/TEXT()[5]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[1]/LI[38]/BLOCKQUOTE/BLOCKQUOTE/P[1]/I[4]","Para 38","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"38\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_sr_1252\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe Full Court (Finn, Sundberg and Mansfield\u00A0JJ) in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614357\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856326\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/69372\"\u003EBodney v Bennell\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2008) 167 FCR 84\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856326_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E further explained the concept of a “society” and the related concept of “connection”, as that word is used in\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856327\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614358\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/9119\"\u003E223(1)(b)\u003C/A\u003E of the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614359\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENT Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856327_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.  It is preferable to extract that summary in full as a correct statement of the law:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\" style\u003D\"font-size:94%; \"\u003E46\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614361\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856328\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68370\"\u003EMembers of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2002) 214 CLR 422\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856328_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E (\u003CI\u003EYorta Yorta HC\u003C/I\u003E) draws attention to three separate but related concepts:\u00A0\u00A0society; laws and customs; and rights and interests.\u00A0 The first is not found in the Act, but is referred to at length in \u003CI\u003EYorta Yorta HC\u003C/I\u003E.\u00A0 The second and third are related in the manner first explained by Brennan\u00A0J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614364\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856329\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614363\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/141020\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E58\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856329_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003EMabo (No 2)\u003C/I\u003E).\u00A0 In \u003CI\u003EYorta Yorta HC\u003C/I\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614365\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856330\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68370\"\u003E214 CLR 422\u003C/A\u003E the majority said at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614366\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68370/section/1625\"\u003E[49]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856330_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E that ‘law and custom arise out of and, in important respects, go to define a particular society’, and that ‘‘society’ is to be understood as a body of persons united in and by its acknowledgment and observance of a body of law and customs’.  At [50] the majority said that ‘to speak of rights and interests possessed under an identified body of laws and customs is, therefore, to speak of rights and interests that are the creatures of the laws and customs of a particular society that exists as a group which acknowledges and observes those laws and customs’.  Their Honours spoke of the traditional laws and customs as constituting a normative system which possesses normative rules which give rise to rights and interests in relation to land and water.\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\" style\u003D\"font-size:94%; \"\u003E47\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003EBecause it is the normative system that is the source of the rights and interests, it is necessary in order to prove native title that the normative system has had a continuous existence and vitality since sovereignty.\u00A0 If that normative system has not existed throughout that period, the rights and interests which owe their existence to that system will have ceased to exist:\u00A0\u00A0\u003CI\u003EYorta Yorta HC\u003C/I\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614367\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856331\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68370\"\u003E214 CLR 422\u003C/A\u003E at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_cc_862614368\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68370/section/777\"\u003E[47]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_ct_596856331_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.  It is therefore necessary for native title claimants to show that the normative system that existed at sovereignty is substantially the same as the one that exists today.  If it is not, then any rights and interests are not ‘possessed under the traditional laws acknowledged and traditional customs observed’.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131156_e_t_sr_1252\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[13]/LI[3]/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[13]/LI[3]/P/I","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"32\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_sr_260\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EIn his oral submissions the Defendant spoke about “fraud” and similar issues at some length with a restrained and respectful, but nonetheless sincere, passion. With a quietly-spoken and steady dignity he addressed in general terms the circumstances in which the Australian continent was settled by Europeans in the 18th century and afterwards, and how the Indigenous people were dispossessed from the land. He spoke about the Nyangbul people, the Nyangbul Jagan, and his allegiance to what he sometimes described as a “higher law” or a “higher authority”, amongst other things. He referred to a want of self-determination variously for himself, the Nyangbul people and others, the want of a treaty or other agreement and the fiction of terra nullius which was rejected by the High Court in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_cc_842254147\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_ct_585602196\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1995) 175 CLR 1; [1992] HCA 23\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_ct_585602196_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E. \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_e_t_sr_260\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Mabo v Queensland (No 2).","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[42]/LI[1]/P/TEXT()[3]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[42]/LI[1]/P/I[2]","Para 140","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL start\u003D\"140\"\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_e_t_sr_665\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"140\"\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_sr_2460\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CP\u003EIn \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_cc_842254293\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_ct_585602284\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/708192\"\u003ELove v The Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_ct_585602284_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, the High Court had to consider the construction of the word \"aliens\" in the context of s 51 (xix), and having regard to the position of \"Aboriginal Australians\" according to the tripartite test in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_cc_842254294\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_ct_585602285\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No\u00A02). \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_ct_585602285_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EThere is nothing in \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_cc_842254295\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_ct_585602286\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/708192\"\u003ELove v The Commonwealth \u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_ct_585602286_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Ewhich is relevant to the claims made by the Plaintiff in these proceedings.\u003C/P\u003E \u003C/LI\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1131235_e_t_sr_2460\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[12]/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[1]/TABLE[1]/TR[11]/TD[2]/P[12]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_cc_839836038\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_ct_584132682\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_ct_584132682_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[1]/LI[100]/P/TEXT()[3]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL[1]/LI[100]/P/I[2]","Para 100","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"100\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_sr_1179\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe plurality in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_cc_839836207\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_ct_584132780\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68370\"\u003EYorta Yorta \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003Ewas careful to note that reference to a normative system of traditional laws and customs may be distracting if undue attention is given to the word ‘system’, particularly if it were to be understood as confined in its application to systems of law that have the characteristics of a European body of written laws (at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_cc_839836206\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68370/section/139989\"\u003E[39]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_ct_584132780_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E). Nonetheless, the plurality observed that the term recognises the fundamental premise from which the decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_cc_839836210\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_ct_584132781\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2) \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1 proceeded, that the laws and customs of the indigenous peoples of Australia constituted bodies of normative rules which could give rise to, and had in fact given rise to, rights and interests in relation to land or waters (at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_cc_839836209\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140890\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E[40]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_ct_584132781_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E). Accordingly, the laws and customs in which the relevant rights or interests are founded must be laws or customs having a normative content and deriving from a body of norms or normative system that existed before sovereignty (at [38] and [42]). In \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_cc_839836212\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_ct_584132782\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/307219\"\u003EWyman No 2\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, Jagot J observed (at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_cc_839836211\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/307219/section/24069\"\u003E[455]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_ct_584132782_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E) that “normative content” means established behavioural norms in accordance with the recognised and acknowledged demands for conformity of a society. \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128916_e_t_sr_1179\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[23]/DIV/P/TEXT()[5]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[23]/DIV/P/I[4]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"10\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_sr_140725\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe short answers to the arguments are, firstly, that all Aboriginal people are subject to the laws of the Commonwealth and the laws of the States and Territories in which they live. There is a wealth of authority confirming that proposition from both this Court\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954812\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn4\" name\u003D\"_ftnref4\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[4]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954812_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and the High Court,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954813\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn5\" name\u003D\"_ftnref5\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[5]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954813_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E as well as superior courts in other States.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954814\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn6\" name\u003D\"_ftnref6\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[6]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954814_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E None of the cases referred to by Oldroyd have decided any differently.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954815\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn7\" name\u003D\"_ftnref7\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[7]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954815_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_e_t_sr_140725\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\" style\u003D\"font-size:80%; \"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref5\" name\u003D\"_ftn5\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[5]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CB\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/B\u003EFor example, \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_cc_839504062\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954851\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/66566\"\u003ENew South Wales v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1975) 135 CLR 337 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_cc_839504061\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/66566/section/140766\"\u003E388\u003C/A\u003E per Gibbs J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954851_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_cc_839504066\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954852\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1979) 53 ALJR 403 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_cc_839504064\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346/section/140102\"\u003E408\u003C/A\u003E per Gibbs J (Aickin J agreeing), at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_cc_839504065\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/188346/section/140153\"\u003E410\u003C/A\u003E per Jacobs J\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954852_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E (Murphy J agreeing); \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_cc_839504069\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954853\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773\"\u003ECoe v Commonwealth\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1993) 68 ALJR 110 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_cc_839504068\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67773/section/2656\"\u003E114-116\u003C/A\u003E per Mason CJ\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954853_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, referring to \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_cc_839504071\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954854\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1128689_ct_583954854_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E. In \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003EMabo v Queensland (No 2)\u003C/I\u003E, the High Court accepted that, upon European settlement of the Australian colonies, the English settlers brought with them the law of England and the common law thus became the common law of all subjects within the colony, including Aboriginal people (see 38 per Brennan J). \u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[610]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","Para 191","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"160\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_140764\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EBy this, his Honour meant several things. First, that the British acquisition of sovereignty over the territories of Australia in 1788 established political control over those territories but sovereignty did not carry with it absolute or \"beneficial\" ownership of land within those territories. Instead, on sovereignty, the Crown acquired a radical title to those lands\u00A0—\u00A0a title that co-exists with the rights and interests of the indigenous inhabitants as they existed at sovereignty and insofar as the common law could recognise those rights and interests. Second, that this radical title gave the Crown \"supreme legal authority in and over a territory ... to prescribe what parcels of land and what interests in those parcels should be enjoyed by others and what parcels of land should be kept as the sovereign\u0027s beneficial demesne\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184372\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn303\" name\u003D\"_ftnref303\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[303]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184372_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Third, that the exercise of this supreme legal authority of the Crown in respect of land within its Australian territories did not occur instantaneously in 1788 by the establishment of one colony at Sydney and associated declarations, but occurred over time in response to British (and European) occupation of greater and greater areas of land and as a result of which the indigenous inhabitants were progressively displaced from land over which they had previously exercised dominion in accordance with their own laws and customs.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184373\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn304\" name\u003D\"_ftnref304\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[304]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_140764\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_61314_sr.t_From absolute ownership to radical title_sr.x_24\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184373_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref304\" name\u003D\"_ftn304\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[304]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186368\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184766\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186369\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/4323\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E68-69\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184766_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","GAGELER CJ, GORDON, EDELMAN, GLEESON AND BEECH-JONES JJ.","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[18]/P[2]/TEXT()[3]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[18]/P[2]/I[1]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[40]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()[1]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"18\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184001\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_1035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003ESection \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185508\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E of the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185509\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184001_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003C/I\u003Edefines the expression \"native title\" or \"native title rights and interests\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184002\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn18\" name\u003D\"_ftnref18\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[18]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184002_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E relevantly as follows: \u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"\u003CI\u003ECommon law rights and interests\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E(1) \u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003EThe expression \u003CB\u003E\u003CI\u003Enative title\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/B\u003E or \u003CB\u003E\u003CI\u003Enative title rights and interests\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/B\u003E means the communal, group or individual rights and interests of Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders in relation to land or waters, where:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E(a)\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003Ethe rights and interests are possessed under the traditional laws acknowledged, and the traditional customs observed, by\u00A0the Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders; and \u003C/P\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E(b) \u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003Ethe Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders, \u003CI\u003Eby those laws and customs\u003C/I\u003E, \u003CI\u003Ehave a connection with the land or waters\u003C/I\u003E; and\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E(c) \u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003Ethe rights and interests are recognised by the common law of Australia.\" (emphasis added)\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CP\u003EThe immediately relevant elements in the definition in\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184003\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185510\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184003_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E of \"native title\" and \"native title rights and interests\" are based on this Court\u0027s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185511\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184004\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E,\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn19\" name\u003D\"_ftnref19\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[19]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184004_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and have remained constant since the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185512\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184005\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184005_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003C/I\u003Ewas passed.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184006\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn20\" name\u003D\"_ftnref20\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[20]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184006_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_1035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref19\" name\u003D\"_ftn19\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[19]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-9\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185682\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184469\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184469_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E. See also \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185686\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184470\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/69372\"\u003EBodney v Bennell \u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E(2008) 167 FCR 84 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185684\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/69372/section/57\"\u003E126\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185685\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/69372/section/57\"\u003E[163]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184470_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E.\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[608]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"160\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_140764\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EBy this, his Honour meant several things. First, that the British acquisition of sovereignty over the territories of Australia in 1788 established political control over those territories but sovereignty did not carry with it absolute or \"beneficial\" ownership of land within those territories. Instead, on sovereignty, the Crown acquired a radical title to those lands\u00A0—\u00A0a title that co-exists with the rights and interests of the indigenous inhabitants as they existed at sovereignty and insofar as the common law could recognise those rights and interests. Second, that this radical title gave the Crown \"supreme legal authority in and over a territory ... to prescribe what parcels of land and what interests in those parcels should be enjoyed by others and what parcels of land should be kept as the sovereign\u0027s beneficial demesne\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184372\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn303\" name\u003D\"_ftnref303\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[303]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184372_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Third, that the exercise of this supreme legal authority of the Crown in respect of land within its Australian territories did not occur instantaneously in 1788 by the establishment of one colony at Sydney and associated declarations, but occurred over time in response to British (and European) occupation of greater and greater areas of land and as a result of which the indigenous inhabitants were progressively displaced from land over which they had previously exercised dominion in accordance with their own laws and customs.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184373\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn304\" name\u003D\"_ftnref304\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[304]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_140764\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_61314_sr.t_From absolute ownership to radical title_sr.x_24\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184373_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref303\" name\u003D\"_ftn303\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[303]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186366\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184765\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186367\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140703\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E48.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184765_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[600]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"159\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe recognition of native title rights and interests at common law resulting from this Court\u0027s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185620\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn298\" name\u003D\"_ftnref298\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[298]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and subsequently under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185621\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is rooted in the specific history of the British colonisation and settlement of Australia. As social, economic, political, and demographic pressures evolved in Great Britain over the 18th and 19th centuries, British people (and people from other parts of Europe), either unwillingly (in the case of British convicts) or willingly, made their way to \"the colonies\" including Australia in increasing numbers. As Brennan J observed in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, \"English colonists were, in the eye of the common law, entitled to live under the common law of England which Blackstone described as their \u0027birthright\u0027\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn299\" name\u003D\"_ftnref299\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[299]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E rejected the earlier common law \"theory that the Crown acquired absolute beneficial ownership of land\" deemed to be \u003CI\u003Eterra nullius\u003C/I\u003E (or uninhabited land) as an incident of its acquisition of sovereignty over that land.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn300\" name\u003D\"_ftnref300\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[300]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E did so in part to ensure the equality of all Australians before the law, in part to cease the perpetuation of injustice that the earlier common law theory had inflicted on the indigenous inhabitants of Australia, and in part to \"bring the law into conformity with Australian history\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn301\" name\u003D\"_ftnref301\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[301]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E In describing that history, as Brennan\u00A0J put it:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn302\" name\u003D\"_ftnref302\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[302]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"The dispossession of the indigenous inhabitants of Australia was not worked by a transfer of beneficial ownership when sovereignty was acquired by the Crown, but by the recurrent exercise of a paramount power to exclude the indigenous inhabitants from their traditional lands as colonial settlement expanded and land was granted to the colonists.\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref299\" name\u003D\"_ftn299\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[299]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-8\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186358\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184761\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186359\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140268\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E35.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184761_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[606]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"159\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe recognition of native title rights and interests at common law resulting from this Court\u0027s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185620\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn298\" name\u003D\"_ftnref298\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[298]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and subsequently under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185621\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is rooted in the specific history of the British colonisation and settlement of Australia. As social, economic, political, and demographic pressures evolved in Great Britain over the 18th and 19th centuries, British people (and people from other parts of Europe), either unwillingly (in the case of British convicts) or willingly, made their way to \"the colonies\" including Australia in increasing numbers. As Brennan J observed in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, \"English colonists were, in the eye of the common law, entitled to live under the common law of England which Blackstone described as their \u0027birthright\u0027\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn299\" name\u003D\"_ftnref299\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[299]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E rejected the earlier common law \"theory that the Crown acquired absolute beneficial ownership of land\" deemed to be \u003CI\u003Eterra nullius\u003C/I\u003E (or uninhabited land) as an incident of its acquisition of sovereignty over that land.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn300\" name\u003D\"_ftnref300\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[300]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E did so in part to ensure the equality of all Australians before the law, in part to cease the perpetuation of injustice that the earlier common law theory had inflicted on the indigenous inhabitants of Australia, and in part to \"bring the law into conformity with Australian history\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn301\" name\u003D\"_ftnref301\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[301]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E In describing that history, as Brennan\u00A0J put it:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn302\" name\u003D\"_ftnref302\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[302]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"The dispossession of the indigenous inhabitants of Australia was not worked by a transfer of beneficial ownership when sovereignty was acquired by the Crown, but by the recurrent exercise of a paramount power to exclude the indigenous inhabitants from their traditional lands as colonial settlement expanded and land was granted to the colonists.\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref302\" name\u003D\"_ftn302\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[302]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186364\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184764\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186365\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/141020\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E58.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184764_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","Para 18","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"18\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184001\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_1035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003ESection \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185508\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E of the \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185509\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184001_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003C/I\u003Edefines the expression \"native title\" or \"native title rights and interests\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184002\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn18\" name\u003D\"_ftnref18\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[18]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184002_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E relevantly as follows: \u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"\u003CI\u003ECommon law rights and interests\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E(1) \u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003EThe expression \u003CB\u003E\u003CI\u003Enative title\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/B\u003E or \u003CB\u003E\u003CI\u003Enative title rights and interests\u003C/I\u003E\u003C/B\u003E means the communal, group or individual rights and interests of Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders in relation to land or waters, where:\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E(a)\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003Ethe rights and interests are possessed under the traditional laws acknowledged, and the traditional customs observed, by\u00A0the Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders; and \u003C/P\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E(b) \u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003Ethe Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders, \u003CI\u003Eby those laws and customs\u003C/I\u003E, \u003CI\u003Ehave a connection with the land or waters\u003C/I\u003E; and\u003C/P\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E(c) \u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-10\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003Ethe rights and interests are recognised by the common law of Australia.\" (emphasis added)\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003CP\u003EThe immediately relevant elements in the definition in\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184003\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185510\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184003_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E of \"native title\" and \"native title rights and interests\" are based on this Court\u0027s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185511\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184004\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E,\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn19\" name\u003D\"_ftnref19\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E[19]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184004_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E and have remained constant since the \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185512\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184005\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184005_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003C/I\u003Ewas passed.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184006\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn20\" name\u003D\"_ftnref20\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[20]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184006_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_1035\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[159]/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[159]/P/I[1]","Para 159","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"159\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe recognition of native title rights and interests at common law resulting from this Court\u0027s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185620\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn298\" name\u003D\"_ftnref298\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E[298]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E and subsequently under the \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185621\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is rooted in the specific history of the British colonisation and settlement of Australia. As social, economic, political, and demographic pressures evolved in Great Britain over the 18th and 19th centuries, British people (and people from other parts of Europe), either unwillingly (in the case of British convicts) or willingly, made their way to \"the colonies\" including Australia in increasing numbers. As Brennan J observed in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, \"English colonists were, in the eye of the common law, entitled to live under the common law of England which Blackstone described as their \u0027birthright\u0027\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn299\" name\u003D\"_ftnref299\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[299]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E rejected the earlier common law \"theory that the Crown acquired absolute beneficial ownership of land\" deemed to be \u003CI\u003Eterra nullius\u003C/I\u003E (or uninhabited land) as an incident of its acquisition of sovereignty over that land.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn300\" name\u003D\"_ftnref300\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[300]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E did so in part to ensure the equality of all Australians before the law, in part to cease the perpetuation of injustice that the earlier common law theory had inflicted on the indigenous inhabitants of Australia, and in part to \"bring the law into conformity with Australian history\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn301\" name\u003D\"_ftnref301\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[301]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E In describing that history, as Brennan\u00A0J put it:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn302\" name\u003D\"_ftnref302\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[302]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"The dispossession of the indigenous inhabitants of Australia was not worked by a transfer of beneficial ownership when sovereignty was acquired by the Crown, but by the recurrent exercise of a paramount power to exclude the indigenous inhabitants from their traditional lands as colonial settlement expanded and land was granted to the colonists.\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[622]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"166\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_3078\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThis reflects Brennan\u00A0J\u0027s observation in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184382\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184382_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E that:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184383\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn310\" name\u003D\"_ftnref310\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[310]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184383_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"Of course in time the laws and customs of any people will change and the rights and interests of the members of the people among themselves will change too. But so long as the people remain as an identifiable community, the members of whom are identified by one another as members of that community living under its laws and customs, \u003CI\u003Ethe communal native title survives\u003C/I\u003E to be enjoyed by the members \u003CI\u003Eaccording to the rights and interests to which they are respectively entitled under the traditionally based laws and customs, as currently acknowledged and observed\u003C/I\u003E.\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_3078\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref310\" name\u003D\"_ftn310\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[310]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186399\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184776\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186400\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140600\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E61\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184776_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (emphasis added).\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[604]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"159\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe recognition of native title rights and interests at common law resulting from this Court\u0027s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185620\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn298\" name\u003D\"_ftnref298\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[298]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and subsequently under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185621\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is rooted in the specific history of the British colonisation and settlement of Australia. As social, economic, political, and demographic pressures evolved in Great Britain over the 18th and 19th centuries, British people (and people from other parts of Europe), either unwillingly (in the case of British convicts) or willingly, made their way to \"the colonies\" including Australia in increasing numbers. As Brennan J observed in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, \"English colonists were, in the eye of the common law, entitled to live under the common law of England which Blackstone described as their \u0027birthright\u0027\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn299\" name\u003D\"_ftnref299\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[299]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E rejected the earlier common law \"theory that the Crown acquired absolute beneficial ownership of land\" deemed to be \u003CI\u003Eterra nullius\u003C/I\u003E (or uninhabited land) as an incident of its acquisition of sovereignty over that land.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn300\" name\u003D\"_ftnref300\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[300]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E did so in part to ensure the equality of all Australians before the law, in part to cease the perpetuation of injustice that the earlier common law theory had inflicted on the indigenous inhabitants of Australia, and in part to \"bring the law into conformity with Australian history\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn301\" name\u003D\"_ftnref301\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[301]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E In describing that history, as Brennan\u00A0J put it:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn302\" name\u003D\"_ftnref302\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[302]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"The dispossession of the indigenous inhabitants of Australia was not worked by a transfer of beneficial ownership when sovereignty was acquired by the Crown, but by the recurrent exercise of a paramount power to exclude the indigenous inhabitants from their traditional lands as colonial settlement expanded and land was granted to the colonists.\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref301\" name\u003D\"_ftn301\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[301]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186362\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184763\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186363\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/141020\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E58.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184763_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","STEWARD J.","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[111]/P[1]/TEXT()[4]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/OL/LI[111]/P[1]/I[1]","Para 111","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"111\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_194\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EAs a matter of principle, it is difficult to accept that a spiritual, religious or cultural connection to particular land or waters, in the absence of any physical connection, could ever satisfy the requirements of\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184256\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185577\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184256_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, concerned as that provision is with the recognition and protection of actual manifest dealings with land or waters. There is nothing in the reasons of Brennan J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185578\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184257\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (\"\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo [No 2]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E\"),\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn226\" name\u003D\"_ftnref226\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E[226]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184257_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E upon which\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184258\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185579\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184258_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is based,\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn227\" name\u003D\"_ftnref227\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[227]\u003C/A\u003E which would support such a conclusion. That is not to deny that particular Indigenous Australians may hold very strong spiritual, religious or cultural links to identifiable land or waters. Writing in 1971, Blackburn\u00A0J certainly considered that the fundamental feature of Indigenous Australians\u0027 relationship to land was that \"whatever else it is, it is a religious relationship\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184259\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn228\" name\u003D\"_ftnref228\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[228]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184259_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Whether that is still the case today, and whether it is true of all or part of a particular Indigenous Australian group, would be a matter for evidence. But it does not follow that this spiritual, religious or cultural relationship is what the common law recognises. Rather, the common law recognises and protects, amongst other things, the physical manifestations of such a spiritual, religious or cultural connection.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_194\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_61314_sr.t_What is meant by a \u0026#34;connection\u0026#34; with \u0026#34;land or waters\u0026#34;_sr.x_14\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[612]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()[2]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[612]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/I[2]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"162\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_140765\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EAs explained in \u003CI\u003ECommonwealth of Australia\u00A0v\u00A0Yunupingu\u003C/I\u003E:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184374\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn305\" name\u003D\"_ftnref305\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[305]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184374_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"Native title is \u0027not an institution of the common law\u0027. That is to say, \u0027native title rights and interests are not created by and do not derive from the common law\u0027. ... \u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u0027Native title has its origin in and is given its content by the traditional laws acknowledged by and the traditional customs observed by the indigenous inhabitants of a territory\u0027. \u0027The nature and incidents of native title\u0027 are \u0027ascertained as a matter of fact by reference to those laws and customs\u0027. The underlying existence of the traditional laws and customs ascertained as a matter of fact is accordingly \u0027a \u003CI\u003Enecessary\u003C/I\u003E [but not a sufficient] pre-requisite for native title\u0027.\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_140765\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref305\" name\u003D\"_ftn305\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[305]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186372\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184767\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1119338\"\u003ECommonwealth of Australia v Yunupingu\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2025] HCA 6 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186371\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1119338/section/4039\"\u003E[58]-[59]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184767_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, quoting \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186375\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184768\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo\u00A0v\u00A0Queensland [No 2]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186374\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140228\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E59\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184768_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E; \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186379\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184769\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68291\"\u003EThe Commonwealth v Yarmirr\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2001) 208 CLR 1 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186377\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68291/section/140756\"\u003E51\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186378\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68291/section/140756\"\u003E[48]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184769_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186382\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184770\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186381\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/141020\"\u003E58\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184770_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186386\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184771\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082\"\u003EFejo v Northern Territory\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1998) 195 CLR 96 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186384\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082/section/433\"\u003E128\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186385\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082/section/433\"\u003E[46]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184771_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E (emphasis in original) (footnotes omitted).\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[462]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"112\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_1137\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe foregoing is compelled by the language of\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184260\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185580\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184260_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E. As set out above, at its core,\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184261\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185581\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184261_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E defines \"native title\" (and \"native title rights and interests\") by reference to \"rights and interests\". These need to be \"in relation to\" land or waters. No one has suggested that the \"rights and interests\" could be of a spiritual, religious or cultural nature and nothing else. Rather, and self\u2011evidently, those \"rights and interests\" are, as Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ made clear in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185582\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184262\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68337\"\u003EWard\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184262_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, essentially \"usufructuary in nature\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184263\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn229\" name\u003D\"_ftnref229\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[229]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184263_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E That observation coheres with the reasoning of Brennan\u00A0J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184264\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No 2]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184264_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, where his Honour said the following:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184265\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn230\" name\u003D\"_ftnref230\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[230]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184265_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"[N]ative title, being recognized by the common law (though not as a common law tenure), may be protected by such legal or equitable remedies as are appropriate to the particular rights and interests established by the evidence, whether proprietary or personal \u003CI\u003Eand usufructuary in nature \u003C/I\u003Eand whether possessed by a community, a group or an individual\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_1137\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref230\" name\u003D\"_ftn230\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[230]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186193\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184692\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186194\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140600\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E61\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E per Brennan J\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184692_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (emphasis added).\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[602]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"159\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe recognition of native title rights and interests at common law resulting from this Court\u0027s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185620\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn298\" name\u003D\"_ftnref298\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[298]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and subsequently under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185621\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is rooted in the specific history of the British colonisation and settlement of Australia. As social, economic, political, and demographic pressures evolved in Great Britain over the 18th and 19th centuries, British people (and people from other parts of Europe), either unwillingly (in the case of British convicts) or willingly, made their way to \"the colonies\" including Australia in increasing numbers. As Brennan J observed in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, \"English colonists were, in the eye of the common law, entitled to live under the common law of England which Blackstone described as their \u0027birthright\u0027\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn299\" name\u003D\"_ftnref299\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[299]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E rejected the earlier common law \"theory that the Crown acquired absolute beneficial ownership of land\" deemed to be \u003CI\u003Eterra nullius\u003C/I\u003E (or uninhabited land) as an incident of its acquisition of sovereignty over that land.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn300\" name\u003D\"_ftnref300\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[300]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E did so in part to ensure the equality of all Australians before the law, in part to cease the perpetuation of injustice that the earlier common law theory had inflicted on the indigenous inhabitants of Australia, and in part to \"bring the law into conformity with Australian history\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn301\" name\u003D\"_ftnref301\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[301]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E In describing that history, as Brennan\u00A0J put it:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn302\" name\u003D\"_ftnref302\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[302]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"The dispossession of the indigenous inhabitants of Australia was not worked by a transfer of beneficial ownership when sovereignty was acquired by the Crown, but by the recurrent exercise of a paramount power to exclude the indigenous inhabitants from their traditional lands as colonial settlement expanded and land was granted to the colonists.\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref300\" name\u003D\"_ftn300\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[300]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186360\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184762\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186361\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/141020\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E58.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184762_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[612]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()[4]","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[612]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/I[4]","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"162\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_140765\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EAs explained in \u003CI\u003ECommonwealth of Australia\u00A0v\u00A0Yunupingu\u003C/I\u003E:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184374\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn305\" name\u003D\"_ftnref305\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[305]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184374_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"Native title is \u0027not an institution of the common law\u0027. That is to say, \u0027native title rights and interests are not created by and do not derive from the common law\u0027. ... \u003C/P\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u0027Native title has its origin in and is given its content by the traditional laws acknowledged by and the traditional customs observed by the indigenous inhabitants of a territory\u0027. \u0027The nature and incidents of native title\u0027 are \u0027ascertained as a matter of fact by reference to those laws and customs\u0027. The underlying existence of the traditional laws and customs ascertained as a matter of fact is accordingly \u0027a \u003CI\u003Enecessary\u003C/I\u003E [but not a sufficient] pre-requisite for native title\u0027.\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_140765\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref305\" name\u003D\"_ftn305\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[305]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186372\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184767\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1119338\"\u003ECommonwealth of Australia v Yunupingu\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E [2025] HCA 6 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186371\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/1119338/section/4039\"\u003E[58]-[59]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184767_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, quoting \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186375\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184768\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo\u00A0v\u00A0Queensland [No 2]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186374\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140228\"\u003E59\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184768_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186379\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184769\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68291\"\u003EThe Commonwealth v Yarmirr\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (2001) 208 CLR 1 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186377\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68291/section/140756\"\u003E51\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186378\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68291/section/140756\"\u003E[48]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184769_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E; \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186382\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184770\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E (1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186381\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/141020\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E58\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184770_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E; \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186386\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184771\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082\"\u003EFejo v Northern Territory\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (1998) 195 CLR 96 at \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186384\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082/section/433\"\u003E128\u003C/A\u003E \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186385\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/68082/section/433\"\u003E[46]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184771_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E (emphasis in original) (footnotes omitted).\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[454]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"111\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_194\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EAs a matter of principle, it is difficult to accept that a spiritual, religious or cultural connection to particular land or waters, in the absence of any physical connection, could ever satisfy the requirements of\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184256\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185577\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184256_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E, concerned as that provision is with the recognition and protection of actual manifest dealings with land or waters. There is nothing in the reasons of Brennan J in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185578\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184257\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E (\"\u003CI\u003EMabo [No 2]\u003C/I\u003E\"),\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn226\" name\u003D\"_ftnref226\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[226]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184257_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E upon which\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184258\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E s \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185579\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549/section/8612\"\u003E223(1)\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184258_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is based,\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn227\" name\u003D\"_ftnref227\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[227]\u003C/A\u003E which would support such a conclusion. That is not to deny that particular Indigenous Australians may hold very strong spiritual, religious or cultural links to identifiable land or waters. Writing in 1971, Blackburn\u00A0J certainly considered that the fundamental feature of Indigenous Australians\u0027 relationship to land was that \"whatever else it is, it is a religious relationship\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184259\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn228\" name\u003D\"_ftnref228\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[228]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184259_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E Whether that is still the case today, and whether it is true of all or part of a particular Indigenous Australian group, would be a matter for evidence. But it does not follow that this spiritual, religious or cultural relationship is what the common law recognises. Rather, the common law recognises and protects, amongst other things, the physical manifestations of such a spiritual, religious or cultural connection.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_194\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_61314_sr.t_What is meant by a \u0026#34;connection\u0026#34; with \u0026#34;land or waters\u0026#34;_sr.x_14\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref226\" name\u003D\"_ftn226\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[226]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-8\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186181\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184688\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184688_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[598]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"159\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EThe recognition of native title rights and interests at common law resulting from this Court\u0027s decision in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185620\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No\u00A02]\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn298\" name\u003D\"_ftnref298\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[298]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184363_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E and subsequently under the \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838185621\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/218549\"\u003ENative Title Act\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184364_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E is rooted in the specific history of the British colonisation and settlement of Australia. As social, economic, political, and demographic pressures evolved in Great Britain over the 18th and 19th centuries, British people (and people from other parts of Europe), either unwillingly (in the case of British convicts) or willingly, made their way to \"the colonies\" including Australia in increasing numbers. As Brennan J observed in \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184365_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E, \"English colonists were, in the eye of the common law, entitled to live under the common law of England which Blackstone described as their \u0027birthright\u0027\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn299\" name\u003D\"_ftnref299\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[299]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184366_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184367_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E rejected the earlier common law \"theory that the Crown acquired absolute beneficial ownership of land\" deemed to be \u003CI\u003Eterra nullius\u003C/I\u003E (or uninhabited land) as an incident of its acquisition of sovereignty over that land.\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn300\" name\u003D\"_ftnref300\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[300]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184368_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E \u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EMabo [No\u00A02]\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184369_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E did so in part to ensure the equality of all Australians before the law, in part to cease the perpetuation of injustice that the earlier common law theory had inflicted on the indigenous inhabitants of Australia, and in part to \"bring the law into conformity with Australian history\".\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn301\" name\u003D\"_ftnref301\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[301]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184370_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E In describing that history, as Brennan\u00A0J put it:\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn302\" name\u003D\"_ftnref302\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[302]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184371_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003CBLOCKQUOTE class\u003D\"jade-noVerticalMargins jade-tabIndent\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\"The dispossession of the indigenous inhabitants of Australia was not worked by a transfer of beneficial ownership when sovereignty was acquired by the Crown, but by the recurrent exercise of a paramount power to exclude the indigenous inhabitants from their traditional lands as colonial settlement expanded and land was granted to the colonists.\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_3102\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/BLOCKQUOTE\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref298\" name\u003D\"_ftn298\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[298]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-8\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186357\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184760\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184760_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[596]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/TEXT()","/HTML/BODY/DIV/BLOCKQUOTE[596]/BLOCKQUOTE/DIV/P/I","\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv\u003D\u0027Content-Type\u0027 content\u003D\"text/html; charset\u003DUTF-8\"\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003EContent extract - BarNet Jade\u003C/title\u003E\u003C/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003COL\u003E\u003CLI value\u003D\"157\"\u003E\u003CP\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_sr_1745\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003EAs will be explained, the case confronting the courts below involved the operation of the \"tide of history\"\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184362\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftn297\" name\u003D\"_ftnref297\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[297]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184362_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E in which there were undoubted significant effects on the Arabana People and the Walka Wani Group from European settlement, but also, based on the primary judge\u0027s unchallenged findings, significant effects on both the Arabana People and the Walka Wani Group from environmental pressures before and after European settlement\u00A0—\u00A0particularly drought\u00A0—\u00A0causing a substantial southward migration of the ancestors of members of the Walka Wani Group towards and into the traditional country of the Arabana People. \u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_e_t_sr_1745\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/LI\u003E\u003C/OL\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cdiv class\u003D\u0027extract-via\u0027\u003E\u003Ci\u003Evia\u003C/i\u003E\u003CP class\u003D\"jade-outdent\"\u003E\u003CA href\u003D\"#_ftnref297\" name\u003D\"_ftn297\" title\u003D\"\"\u003E[297]\u003C/A\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-ts-7\"\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CI\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186356\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184759\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003EMabo v Queensland [No 2] \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/I\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E(1992) 175 CLR 1 at \u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_cc_838186355\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA class\u003D\"bn_wrapped_span jade-out-article\" href\u003D\"https://jade.io/article/67683/section/140469\"\u003E\u003CSPAN class\u003D\"jade-incoming-citation\"\u003E60.\u003C/SPAN\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003CA id\u003D\"bnj_a_1127773_ct_583184759_e_t\"\u003E\u003C/A\u003E\u003C/P\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/body\u003E\u003C/html\u003E","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.csobjects.avd.PerSectionCitationCounts/2976259334","cc.alcina.framework.common.client.util.UnsortedMultikeyMap/3665600109","Para 102","Para 20","Para 46","Para 6","Para 52","Para 146","Para 116","Para 147","Page 598","Page 597","Page 1824","Page 581","Page 580","Para 62","Para 58","Page 239","Page 237","Page 11","Page 452","Page 220","Para 23","Page 433","Page 587","Page 291","Para 70","Page 236","Page 5","Para 13","Page 525","Page 218","Page 450","Para 73","Para 66","Para 61","Para 41","Para 3","Page 259","Page 258","Page 2","Page 13642","Page 3524","Para 10","Para 109","Page 598A","Page 222","Page 221.8","Para 83","Para 110","Para 89","Para 60","Para 604","Para 16","Para 1489","Para 12","Para 29","Para 42","Page 422E","Page 420","Page 419","Page 442","Page 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case)","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.trans.othersearch.citation.CitationsFilterCriteriaGroup/3683112863","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.trans.othersearch.citation.IgnoreSelfCitationsCriterion/3894086720","cc.alcina.framework.common.client.search.BooleanEnum/357020803"," ignore self citations","au.com.barnet.jade.cs.trans.othersearch.citation.IgnoreShortCitationsCriterion/2514397111"," ignore repeated citations in short 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