---
name: baidu-scholar-guide
description: "Using Baidu Scholar for Chinese and English academic literature search"
metadata:
  openclaw:
    emoji: "🔍"
    category: "literature"
    subcategory: "search"
    keywords: ["baidu scholar", "chinese literature", "academic search", "CNKI", "bilingual research", "chinese journals"]
    source: "https://xueshu.baidu.com"
---

# Baidu Scholar Guide

## Overview

Baidu Scholar (百度学术, xueshu.baidu.com) is one of the largest academic search engines with particular strength in indexing Chinese-language scholarly publications. For researchers working with Chinese academic literature—or conducting bilingual research that spans both English and Chinese sources—Baidu Scholar provides access to content that is often underrepresented in Western databases like Google Scholar, Scopus, or Web of Science.

Baidu Scholar indexes content from major Chinese academic databases including CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang Data, VIP/CQVIP, as well as international sources like IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, and arXiv. This makes it a valuable complement to English-centric search tools, particularly for fields where Chinese research output is substantial: materials science, traditional medicine, agricultural science, renewable energy, and AI/ML.

This skill covers effective search strategies on Baidu Scholar, navigating its interface, accessing full-text content, and integrating Chinese-language papers into your broader research workflow.

## Search Strategies and Syntax

### Basic Search

Navigate to `https://xueshu.baidu.com` and enter your search terms. Baidu Scholar supports both Chinese and English queries. For bilingual research, run parallel searches:

- English query: `"deep learning" medical imaging`
- Chinese equivalent: `"深度学习" 医学影像`

### Advanced Filtering

After performing a search, use the left sidebar filters to narrow results:

- **Time range** (时间): Filter by publication year or custom date range
- **Author** (作者): Filter by specific author names
- **Journal/Conference** (来源): Filter by publication venue
- **Keywords** (关键词): Refine by subject keywords
- **Type** (类型): Journal article, conference paper, thesis, patent

### Effective Query Techniques

1. **Use quotes for exact phrases**: `"convolutional neural network"` or `"卷积神经网络"`
2. **Combine Chinese and English terms**: Many Chinese papers include English keywords—searching for the English term often finds Chinese papers too.
3. **Search by author in both scripts**: A Chinese researcher may publish as both "张三" and "San Zhang"—search both forms.
4. **Use subject-specific Chinese terminology**: Consult your field's Chinese glossary (术语表) for standard translations of technical terms.
5. **Check "related searches" (相关搜索)**: Baidu Scholar suggests related queries that can reveal alternative terminology.

## Navigating Chinese Academic Databases

Baidu Scholar results often link to papers hosted on major Chinese databases. Understanding how to access these is essential:

### CNKI (中国知网, cnki.net)
- The largest Chinese academic database with over 200 million records
- Requires institutional subscription for full-text access
- Many Chinese universities provide VPN-based remote access
- Supports export to EndNote, BibTeX, and other reference managers

### Wanfang Data (万方数据, wanfangdata.com.cn)
- Strong coverage of Chinese dissertations and conference proceedings
- Offers a free preview of the first page of many papers
- Institutional access widely available at Chinese universities

### VIP/CQVIP (维普, cqvip.com)
- Focuses on Chinese periodical literature
- Good coverage of Chinese-language journals not indexed elsewhere

### Access Tips

- If you lack institutional access, check whether the paper is also available on the author's personal page, ResearchGate, or a university repository.
- Many Chinese authors post preprints on arXiv or ChinaXiv (chinaxiv.org).
- Baidu Scholar's "free download" (免费下载) links sometimes point to open-access copies.
- Use the DOI when available to find the paper on the publisher's site.

## Citation Features and Export

Baidu Scholar provides several useful citation tools:

- **Citation count**: Displayed below each result; click to see citing papers.
- **Citation export**: Click "引用" (Cite) below any result to get formatted citations in GB/T 7714, MLA, APA, or BibTeX format.
- **Related papers**: The "相关文章" link shows semantically similar papers.
- **Author profiles**: Click an author name to see their indexed publications and citation metrics.

### Exporting to Reference Managers

To integrate Baidu Scholar results into your reference management workflow:

1. Click the "引用" button on a search result
2. Select "BibTeX" format
3. Copy the BibTeX entry and import into Zotero, Mendeley, or your preferred manager
4. Verify the metadata—Chinese-to-BibTeX conversion sometimes introduces encoding issues
5. Manually add the English translation of the title in a `note` field for bilingual libraries

## Best Practices for Bilingual Research

When conducting research that spans Chinese and English literature:

- **Maintain parallel search logs**: Document both your English and Chinese search strategies so your methodology is reproducible.
- **Use consistent translation**: Establish a glossary mapping key technical terms between languages and use it consistently in your review.
- **Cite Chinese sources properly**: Use the GB/T 7714 standard for Chinese references when publishing in Chinese venues, or transliterate titles when publishing in English journals.
- **Cross-validate findings**: When a claim appears in Chinese literature but not in English sources (or vice versa), investigate whether it represents a genuine knowledge gap or a language barrier issue.
- **Note database coverage differences**: Be transparent in your methodology about which databases you searched and in which languages.

## References

- Baidu Scholar: https://xueshu.baidu.com
- CNKI: https://www.cnki.net
- ChinaXiv: https://chinaxiv.org
- GB/T 7714-2015 citation standard: https://std.samr.gov.cn
