"""OCTAVE constraint evaluation (Gap 2).

Implements constraint chain evaluation with 13 constraint types:
- REQ: Required field (must be present, not None/empty)
- OPT: Optional field (can be missing)
- CONST[X]: Constant value (must equal X)
- ENUM[a,b,c]: Enumerated values (must be one of list, supports prefix matching)
- TYPE[X]: Type check (STRING|NUMBER|LIST|BOOLEAN|LITERAL) - preferred lexer-compatible syntax
- TYPE(X): Type check legacy syntax (works with direct ConstraintChain.parse() only)
- REGEX[pat]: Pattern matching
- DIR: Directory path validation
- APPEND_ONLY: List append semantics
- RANGE[min,max]: Numeric bounds validation
- MAX_LENGTH[N]: Maximum collection/string size
- MIN_LENGTH[N]: Minimum collection/string size
- DATE: ISO8601 date format validation
- LANG[tag]: Literal zone language tag validation (Issue #235)

Constraint chains are evaluated left-to-right with fail-fast semantics.
Conflict detection identifies incompatible constraint combinations.
"""

import re
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Any

from octave_mcp.core.grammar.cst import LiteralZoneValue


@dataclass
class ValidationError:
    """Validation error from constraint evaluation."""

    code: str
    path: str
    constraint: str
    expected: str
    got: str
    message: str


@dataclass
class ValidationResult:
    """Result of constraint evaluation."""

    valid: bool
    errors: list[ValidationError] = field(default_factory=list)


@dataclass
class ConstraintConflictError:
    """Represents a conflict between constraints."""

    constraint1: str
    constraint2: str
    reason: str

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"Conflict: {self.constraint1} ∧ {self.constraint2} - {self.reason}"


class Constraint(ABC):
    """Base class for all constraints."""

    @abstractmethod
    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate constraint against value.

        Args:
            value: Value to validate
            path: Field path for error reporting

        Returns:
            ValidationResult with valid flag and any errors
        """
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def to_string(self) -> str:
        """Return constraint as string (e.g., 'REQ', 'ENUM[A,B]')."""
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile constraint to regex pattern for grammar generation.

        Returns:
            Regex pattern string suitable for grammar construction.
            Example: EnumConstraint(['A', 'B']).compile() -> r"(A|B)"
        """
        pass


@dataclass
class RequiredConstraint(Constraint):
    """REQ constraint - value must be present and non-empty."""

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate REQ constraint."""
        if value is None or value == "":
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E003",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="REQ",
                        expected="non-empty value",
                        got=str(value),
                        message=f"Field '{path}' is required but got {value}",
                    )
                ],
            )
        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return "REQ"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile REQ to non-empty pattern."""
        return r".+"


@dataclass
class OptionalConstraint(Constraint):
    """OPT constraint - value can be None or missing."""

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate OPT constraint - always passes."""
        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return "OPT"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile OPT to allow anything including empty."""
        return r".*"


@dataclass
class ConstConstraint(Constraint):
    """CONST[X] constraint - value must equal X exactly."""

    const_value: Any

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate CONST constraint."""
        if value != self.const_value:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E004",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="CONST",
                        expected=str(self.const_value),
                        got=str(value),
                        message=f"Field '{path}' must be {self.const_value}, got {value}",
                    )
                ],
            )
        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return f"CONST[{self.const_value}]"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile CONST to exact literal match."""
        return re.escape(str(self.const_value))


@dataclass
class EnumConstraint(Constraint):
    """ENUM[a,b,c] constraint - value must match one of the allowed values.

    Supports prefix matching: "ACT" matches "ACTIVE" if unambiguous.
    Rejects ambiguous prefixes: "ACTIV" matches both "ACTIVE" and "ACTIVATING".
    """

    allowed_values: list[str]

    def __post_init__(self):
        """Normalize allowed values to strings."""
        self.allowed_values = [str(v) for v in self.allowed_values]

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate ENUM constraint with prefix matching."""
        value_str = str(value)

        # Exact match
        if value_str in self.allowed_values:
            return ValidationResult(valid=True)

        # Prefix matching
        matches = [v for v in self.allowed_values if v.startswith(value_str)]

        if len(matches) == 0:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E005",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="ENUM",
                        expected=f"one of {self.allowed_values}",
                        got=value_str,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' must be one of {self.allowed_values}, got {value_str}",
                    )
                ],
            )
        elif len(matches) > 1:
            # Ambiguous prefix - error E006
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E006",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="ENUM",
                        expected=f"unambiguous match in {self.allowed_values}",
                        got=value_str,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' value '{value_str}' is ambiguous - matches {matches}",
                    )
                ],
            )

        # Unambiguous prefix match
        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return f"ENUM[{','.join(self.allowed_values)}]"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile ENUM to regex alternation pattern."""
        escaped_values = [re.escape(str(v)) for v in self.allowed_values]
        return f"({'|'.join(escaped_values)})"


@dataclass
class TypeConstraint(Constraint):
    """TYPE(X) constraint - value must be of specified type.

    Supported types: STRING, NUMBER, LIST, BOOLEAN.
    NUMBER accepts both int and float.
    """

    expected_type: str

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate TYPE constraint."""
        type_map: dict[str, type | tuple[type, ...]] = {
            "STRING": str,
            "NUMBER": (int, float),
            "BOOLEAN": bool,
            "LIST": list,
        }

        expected_python_type = type_map.get(self.expected_type)
        if expected_python_type is None:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E999",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="TYPE",
                        expected=f"valid type ({', '.join(type_map.keys())})",
                        got=self.expected_type,
                        message=f"Unknown type constraint: {self.expected_type}",
                    )
                ],
            )

        # I1 fix: TYPE(NUMBER) must reject bool (Python bool inherits from int)
        if self.expected_type == "NUMBER" and isinstance(value, bool):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E007",  # I4 fix: use E007 for type constraint violations
                        path=path,
                        constraint="TYPE",
                        expected=self.expected_type,
                        got=type(value).__name__,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' expected {self.expected_type}, got {type(value).__name__}",
                    )
                ],
            )

        if not isinstance(value, expected_python_type):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E007",  # I4 fix: use E007 for type constraint violations
                        path=path,
                        constraint="TYPE",
                        expected=self.expected_type,
                        got=type(value).__name__,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' expected {self.expected_type}, got {type(value).__name__}",
                    )
                ],
            )

        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return f"TYPE({self.expected_type})"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile TYPE to appropriate regex pattern."""
        type_patterns = {
            "STRING": r".+",
            "NUMBER": r"-?\d+(\.\d+)?",
            "BOOLEAN": r"(true|false)",
            "LIST": r"\[.*\]",
        }
        return type_patterns.get(self.expected_type, r".+")


@dataclass
class RegexConstraint(Constraint):
    """REGEX[pattern] constraint - value must match regex pattern."""

    pattern: str
    _compiled: re.Pattern[str] | None = field(default=None, init=False, repr=False)

    def __post_init__(self):
        """Compile regex pattern once."""
        try:
            self._compiled = re.compile(self.pattern)
        except re.error as e:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid regex pattern '{self.pattern}': {e}") from e

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate REGEX constraint."""
        value_str = str(value)

        if self._compiled and not self._compiled.match(value_str):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E008",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="REGEX",
                        expected=f"match pattern {self.pattern}",
                        got=value_str,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' does not match pattern {self.pattern}",
                    )
                ],
            )

        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return f'REGEX["{self.pattern}"]'

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile REGEX to its pattern (already a regex)."""
        return self.pattern


@dataclass
class DirConstraint(Constraint):
    """DIR constraint - value must be a valid directory path."""

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate DIR constraint."""
        value_str = str(value)

        # Check for invalid characters (null byte is always invalid)
        if "\0" in value_str:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E009",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="DIR",
                        expected="valid directory path",
                        got=value_str,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' contains invalid path characters",
                    )
                ],
            )

        # Basic path format validation (starts with / or ./)
        if not (value_str.startswith("/") or value_str.startswith("./")):
            # Still valid if it's a relative path without ./
            pass

        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return "DIR"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile DIR to path pattern (no null bytes)."""
        return r"[^\x00]+"


@dataclass
class AppendOnlyConstraint(Constraint):
    """APPEND_ONLY constraint - value must be a list (append semantics)."""

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate APPEND_ONLY constraint."""
        if not isinstance(value, list):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E010",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="APPEND_ONLY",
                        expected="list",
                        got=type(value).__name__,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' must be a list for APPEND_ONLY semantics",
                    )
                ],
            )

        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return "APPEND_ONLY"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile APPEND_ONLY to list pattern."""
        return r"\[.*\]"


@dataclass
class RangeConstraint(Constraint):
    """RANGE[min,max] constraint - value must be within numeric bounds (inclusive)."""

    min_value: int | float
    max_value: int | float

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate RANGE constraint."""
        # Reject booleans (same issue as TYPE(NUMBER) - bool is subclass of int)
        if isinstance(value, bool):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E011",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="RANGE",
                        expected=f"numeric value in range [{self.min_value}, {self.max_value}]",
                        got="boolean",
                        message=f"Field '{path}' must be numeric (not boolean) for RANGE constraint",
                    )
                ],
            )
        # Convert value to numeric type
        try:
            numeric_value = float(value) if isinstance(value, int | float) else float(value)
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E011",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="RANGE",
                        expected=f"numeric value in range [{self.min_value}, {self.max_value}]",
                        got=str(value),
                        message=f"Field '{path}' must be numeric for RANGE constraint",
                    )
                ],
            )

        # Check bounds (inclusive)
        if numeric_value < self.min_value or numeric_value > self.max_value:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E011",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="RANGE",
                        expected=f"value in range [{self.min_value}, {self.max_value}]",
                        got=str(value),
                        message=f"Value {value} is outside range [{self.min_value}, {self.max_value}]",
                    )
                ],
            )

        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return f"RANGE[{self.min_value},{self.max_value}]"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile RANGE to numeric pattern (bounds checked at validation)."""
        return r"-?\d+(\.\d+)?"


@dataclass
class MaxLengthConstraint(Constraint):
    """MAX_LENGTH[N] constraint - string/list length must not exceed N."""

    max_length: int

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate MAX_LENGTH constraint."""
        # Only accept strings and lists (not dicts, sets, tuples, etc.)
        if not isinstance(value, str | list):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E012",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="MAX_LENGTH",
                        expected="string or list",
                        got=type(value).__name__,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' must be string or list for MAX_LENGTH constraint",
                    )
                ],
            )
        # Get length
        try:
            length = len(value)
        except TypeError:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E012",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="MAX_LENGTH",
                        expected="string or list",
                        got=type(value).__name__,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' must have length for MAX_LENGTH constraint",
                    )
                ],
            )

        if length > self.max_length:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E012",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="MAX_LENGTH",
                        expected=f"length <= {self.max_length}",
                        got=str(length),
                        message=f"Length {length} exceeds maximum {self.max_length}",
                    )
                ],
            )

        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return f"MAX_LENGTH[{self.max_length}]"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile MAX_LENGTH to bounded repetition."""
        return f".{{0,{self.max_length}}}"


@dataclass
class MinLengthConstraint(Constraint):
    """MIN_LENGTH[N] constraint - string/list length must be at least N."""

    min_length: int

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate MIN_LENGTH constraint."""
        # Only accept strings and lists (not dicts, sets, tuples, etc.)
        if not isinstance(value, str | list):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E013",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="MIN_LENGTH",
                        expected="string or list",
                        got=type(value).__name__,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' must be string or list for MIN_LENGTH constraint",
                    )
                ],
            )
        # Get length
        try:
            length = len(value)
        except TypeError:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E013",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="MIN_LENGTH",
                        expected="string or list",
                        got=type(value).__name__,
                        message=f"Field '{path}' must be string or list for MIN_LENGTH constraint",
                    )
                ],
            )

        if length < self.min_length:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E013",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="MIN_LENGTH",
                        expected=f"length >= {self.min_length}",
                        got=str(length),
                        message=f"Length {length} is below minimum {self.min_length}",
                    )
                ],
            )

        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return f"MIN_LENGTH[{self.min_length}]"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile MIN_LENGTH to minimum repetition."""
        return f".{{{self.min_length},}}"


@dataclass
class DateConstraint(Constraint):
    """DATE constraint - value must be a valid date in YYYY-MM-DD format only.

    For full ISO8601 datetime support, use ISO8601 constraint instead.
    """

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate DATE constraint (strict YYYY-MM-DD only)."""
        import re

        value_str = str(value)

        # Strict YYYY-MM-DD pattern only
        if not re.match(r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$", value_str):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E014",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="DATE",
                        expected="date in YYYY-MM-DD format",
                        got=value_str,
                        message="Value must be a date in YYYY-MM-DD format (use ISO8601 for datetime)",
                    )
                ],
            )

        # Validate it's actually a valid date
        try:
            datetime.fromisoformat(value_str)
            return ValidationResult(valid=True)
        except ValueError:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E014",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="DATE",
                        expected="valid date",
                        got=value_str,
                        message=f"'{value_str}' is not a valid date",
                    )
                ],
            )

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return "DATE"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile DATE to YYYY-MM-DD pattern."""
        return r"\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}"


@dataclass
class Iso8601Constraint(Constraint):
    """ISO8601 constraint - value must be a valid ISO8601 date or datetime.

    Accepts:
    - YYYY-MM-DD (date only)
    - YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS (datetime)
    - YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ (datetime with UTC)
    - YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+HH:MM (datetime with timezone)
    """

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate ISO8601 constraint."""
        value_str = str(value)

        try:
            # datetime.fromisoformat handles various ISO8601 formats
            datetime.fromisoformat(value_str.replace("Z", "+00:00"))
            return ValidationResult(valid=True)
        except (ValueError, AttributeError):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E015",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="ISO8601",
                        expected="ISO8601 date/datetime format",
                        got=value_str,
                        message="Value is not a valid ISO8601 date or datetime",
                    )
                ],
            )

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return "ISO8601"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile ISO8601 to pattern supporting dates and datetimes."""
        # Matches YYYY-MM-DD or YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS with optional timezone
        return r"\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}(T\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(Z|[+-]\d{2}:\d{2})?)?"


@dataclass
class LiteralConstraint(Constraint):
    """TYPE[LITERAL] constraint: value must be a LiteralZoneValue.

    Issue #235: Validates that a field contains a literal zone.
    Does NOT validate the content of the literal zone (D4: content opaque).

    I5: Honest about what is validated -- only the presence and type.
    """

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate TYPE[LITERAL] constraint."""
        if not isinstance(value, LiteralZoneValue):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E007",
                        path=path,
                        constraint="TYPE[LITERAL]",
                        expected="LiteralZoneValue",
                        got=type(value).__name__,
                        message=(
                            f"E007_LITERAL_TYPE: Field '{path}' expected LITERAL "
                            f"(fenced code block), got {type(value).__name__}"
                        ),
                    )
                ],
            )
        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return "TYPE[LITERAL]"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile TYPE[LITERAL] to a placeholder pattern (literal zones are opaque)."""
        return r".*"


@dataclass
class LangConstraint(Constraint):
    """LANG[tag] constraint: literal zone must have matching info_tag.

    Issue #235: Validates the language tag on a literal zone.
    Does NOT validate the content against the language grammar (D4: content opaque).

    Comparison is case-insensitive (e.g., 'PYTHON' matches 'python').

    Args:
        expected_lang: Expected language tag (e.g., "python", "json").
                       Stored in lowercase.
    """

    expected_lang: str

    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
        """Normalise expected_lang to lowercase."""
        self.expected_lang = self.expected_lang.lower()

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate LANG[tag] constraint."""
        if not isinstance(value, LiteralZoneValue):
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E007",
                        path=path,
                        constraint=f"LANG[{self.expected_lang}]",
                        expected="LiteralZoneValue",
                        got=type(value).__name__,
                        message=(
                            f"E007_LANG_MISMATCH: LANG constraint requires a literal zone, "
                            f"got {type(value).__name__}"
                        ),
                    )
                ],
            )

        # Fix 3 (CE review): info_tag=None and info_tag="" are always invalid.
        # An absent or empty language tag cannot match any expected language;
        # normalizing both to "" caused validation theater when expected_lang
        # was also "" (degenerate LANG[] case). Explicit checks prevent this.
        if value.info_tag is None:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E007",
                        path=path,
                        constraint=f"LANG[{self.expected_lang}]",
                        expected=self.expected_lang or "(any)",
                        got="(none)",
                        message=(
                            f"E007_LANG_MISMATCH: Field '{path}' expected language tag "
                            f"'{self.expected_lang}', got '(none)' (no info_tag on literal zone)"
                        ),
                    )
                ],
            )
        if value.info_tag == "":
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E007",
                        path=path,
                        constraint=f"LANG[{self.expected_lang}]",
                        expected=self.expected_lang or "(any)",
                        got="(empty)",
                        message=(
                            f"E007_LANG_MISMATCH: Field '{path}' expected language tag "
                            f"'{self.expected_lang}', got '(empty)' (empty info_tag is not a valid language tag)"
                        ),
                    )
                ],
            )

        actual_tag = value.info_tag.lower()
        if actual_tag != self.expected_lang:
            return ValidationResult(
                valid=False,
                errors=[
                    ValidationError(
                        code="E007",
                        path=path,
                        constraint=f"LANG[{self.expected_lang}]",
                        expected=self.expected_lang,
                        got=actual_tag,
                        message=(
                            f"E007_LANG_MISMATCH: Field '{path}' expected language tag "
                            f"'{self.expected_lang}', got '{actual_tag}'"
                        ),
                    )
                ],
            )

        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        return f"LANG[{self.expected_lang}]"

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile LANG[tag] to a placeholder pattern (content opaque)."""
        return r".*"


def _parse_atom(s: str) -> Any:
    """Parse atom value from constraint string.

    Handles:
    - Quoted strings: "foo" → foo (strip quotes, handle escapes)
    - Numbers: 42, 3.14, 1e10, -5 → int/float
    - Booleans: true, false → True, False
    - Null: null → None
    - Raw identifier otherwise

    Args:
        s: String to parse

    Returns:
        Parsed Python value
    """
    s = s.strip()

    # Handle quoted strings
    if (s.startswith('"') and s.endswith('"')) or (s.startswith("'") and s.endswith("'")):
        # Strip quotes and handle basic escapes
        return s[1:-1].replace(r"\"", '"').replace(r"\'", "'").replace(r"\\", "\\")

    # Handle booleans
    if s == "true":
        return True
    if s == "false":
        return False

    # Handle null
    if s == "null":
        return None

    # Try to parse as number
    try:
        # Try int first (including negative)
        if "." not in s and "e" not in s.lower():
            return int(s)
        # Otherwise float (including scientific notation)
        return float(s)
    except ValueError:
        pass

    # Return as raw string identifier
    return s


class ConstraintChain:
    """Chain of constraints evaluated left-to-right with fail-fast semantics."""

    def __init__(self, constraints: list[Constraint]):
        """Initialize constraint chain.

        Args:
            constraints: Ordered list of constraints
        """
        self.constraints = constraints

    @classmethod
    def _split_parts(cls, constraint_str: str) -> list[str]:
        """Split a constraint string into individual constraint tokens.

        Supports two separator styles:
        - ``∧`` operator: "REQ∧TYPE[STRING]∧ENUM[A,B]"
        - Space separator: "REQ TYPE[LITERAL] LANG[python]"

        Uses a depth-aware character scan so that brackets and parentheses inside
        a token argument (e.g. ``REGEX["^[a-z]+$"]``) are never treated as
        separators.  Spaces are only treated as separators at bracket depth 0.

        Args:
            constraint_str: Raw constraint string to split.

        Returns:
            List of stripped, non-empty token strings.
        """
        # If ∧ is present use it as the separator (existing behaviour).
        if "∧" in constraint_str:
            return [p.strip() for p in constraint_str.split("∧") if p.strip()]

        # Space-separated: split at whitespace that is NOT inside brackets/parens.
        # Walk character-by-character, tracking bracket depth.
        tokens: list[str] = []
        current: list[str] = []
        depth = 0
        for ch in constraint_str:
            if ch in ("[", "("):
                depth += 1
                current.append(ch)
            elif ch in ("]", ")"):
                depth -= 1
                current.append(ch)
            elif ch == " " and depth == 0:
                token = "".join(current).strip()
                if token:
                    tokens.append(token)
                current = []
            else:
                current.append(ch)
        # Flush the last token.
        token = "".join(current).strip()
        if token:
            tokens.append(token)
        return tokens

    @classmethod
    def parse(cls, constraint_str: str) -> "ConstraintChain":
        """Parse constraint string into ConstraintChain.

        Supports:
        - Single: "REQ"
        - ∧-chain: "REQ∧TYPE[STRING]"
        - Space-chain: "REQ TYPE[LITERAL] LANG[python]"
        - Parameters: "ENUM[A,B,C]", "CONST[X]", "REGEX["pattern"]"

        Args:
            constraint_str: Constraint string (e.g., "REQ∧ENUM[A,B]")

        Returns:
            ConstraintChain instance
        """
        constraints: list[Constraint] = []

        parts = cls._split_parts(constraint_str)

        for part in parts:
            part = part.strip()

            if part == "REQ":
                constraints.append(RequiredConstraint())
            elif part == "OPT":
                constraints.append(OptionalConstraint())
            elif part == "DIR":
                constraints.append(DirConstraint())
            elif part == "APPEND_ONLY":
                constraints.append(AppendOnlyConstraint())
            elif part == "DATE":
                # Strict YYYY-MM-DD only
                constraints.append(DateConstraint())
            elif part == "ISO8601":
                # Full ISO8601 datetime support
                constraints.append(Iso8601Constraint())
            elif part == "TYPE[LITERAL]":
                # Issue #235: TYPE[LITERAL] -> LiteralConstraint (not TypeConstraint)
                constraints.append(LiteralConstraint())
            elif part.startswith("LANG[") and part.endswith("]"):
                # Issue #235: LANG[tag] -> LangConstraint
                # Fix 3 (CE review): reject empty LANG[] at parse time.
                # An empty tag is a degenerate constraint that accepts nothing
                # meaningful; fail early with a clear error rather than silently
                # creating a LangConstraint("") that behaves as validation theater.
                lang_tag = part[5:-1]
                if not lang_tag.strip():
                    raise ValueError(
                        "LANG[] requires a non-empty language tag. "
                        "Use LANG[python], LANG[json], etc. "
                        "An empty LANG[] constraint cannot match any valid language tag."
                    )
                constraints.append(LangConstraint(expected_lang=lang_tag))
            elif part.startswith("CONST[") and part.endswith("]"):
                # Extract value from CONST[value] - I2 fix: use _parse_atom
                const_value_str = part[6:-1]
                const_value = _parse_atom(const_value_str)
                constraints.append(ConstConstraint(const_value=const_value))
            elif part.startswith("ENUM[") and part.endswith("]"):
                # Extract values from ENUM[A,B,C] - I2 fix: use _parse_atom
                values_str = part[5:-1]
                values = [_parse_atom(v.strip()) for v in values_str.split(",")]
                constraints.append(EnumConstraint(allowed_values=values))
            elif part.startswith("TYPE[") and part.endswith("]"):
                # Extract type from TYPE[STRING] (square brackets for lexer compatibility)
                type_str = part[5:-1]
                constraints.append(TypeConstraint(expected_type=type_str))
            elif part.startswith("TYPE(") and part.endswith(")"):
                # Legacy: TYPE(STRING) with parentheses (kept for direct ConstraintChain.parse() calls)
                type_str = part[5:-1]
                constraints.append(TypeConstraint(expected_type=type_str))
            elif part.startswith("REGEX[") and part.endswith("]"):
                # Extract pattern from REGEX["pattern"] or REGEX[pattern]
                pattern = part[6:-1]
                # Remove quotes if present
                if pattern.startswith('"') and pattern.endswith('"'):
                    pattern = pattern[1:-1]
                constraints.append(RegexConstraint(pattern=pattern))
            elif part.startswith("RANGE[") and part.endswith("]"):
                # Extract min and max from RANGE[min,max]
                range_str = part[6:-1]
                try:
                    min_str, max_str = range_str.split(",", 1)
                except ValueError as err:
                    raise ValueError(f"RANGE requires two values: RANGE[min,max], got: {part}") from err
                min_value = _parse_atom(min_str.strip())
                max_value = _parse_atom(max_str.strip())
                if not isinstance(min_value, int | float) or not isinstance(max_value, int | float):
                    raise ValueError(f"RANGE requires numeric bounds, got: {range_str}")
                if min_value > max_value:
                    raise ValueError(f"RANGE min must be <= max, got: {min_value} > {max_value}")
                constraints.append(RangeConstraint(min_value=min_value, max_value=max_value))
            elif part.startswith("MAX_LENGTH[") and part.endswith("]"):
                # Extract N from MAX_LENGTH[N]
                length_str = part[11:-1]
                max_length = _parse_atom(length_str.strip())
                if not isinstance(max_length, int) or max_length < 0:
                    raise ValueError(f"MAX_LENGTH requires non-negative integer, got: {length_str}")
                constraints.append(MaxLengthConstraint(max_length=max_length))
            elif part.startswith("MIN_LENGTH[") and part.endswith("]"):
                # Extract N from MIN_LENGTH[N]
                length_str = part[11:-1]
                min_length = _parse_atom(length_str.strip())
                if not isinstance(min_length, int) or min_length < 0:
                    raise ValueError(f"MIN_LENGTH requires non-negative integer, got: {length_str}")
                constraints.append(MinLengthConstraint(min_length=min_length))
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"Unknown constraint: {part}")

        return cls(constraints)

    def evaluate(self, value: Any, path: str = "") -> ValidationResult:
        """Evaluate constraint chain with fail-fast semantics.

        Args:
            value: Value to validate
            path: Field path for error reporting

        Returns:
            ValidationResult (stops at first failure)
        """
        # I3 fix: Enforce conflict detection before evaluation
        conflicts = self.detect_conflicts()
        if conflicts:
            # Convert conflicts to validation errors
            errors = [
                ValidationError(
                    code="E999",
                    path=path,
                    constraint="CONFLICT",
                    expected="no conflicting constraints",
                    got=f"{conflict.constraint1} ∧ {conflict.constraint2}",
                    message=f"Constraint conflict: {conflict.reason}",
                )
                for conflict in conflicts
            ]
            return ValidationResult(valid=False, errors=errors)

        for constraint in self.constraints:
            result = constraint.evaluate(value, path)
            if not result.valid:
                # Fail fast - return immediately on first failure
                return result

        return ValidationResult(valid=True)

    def detect_conflicts(self) -> list[ConstraintConflictError]:
        """Detect conflicting constraints in chain.

        Conflicts:
        - REQ ∧ OPT (mutually exclusive)
        - ENUM[A,B] ∧ CONST[C] where C not in [A,B]
        - CONST[X] ∧ CONST[Y] where X ≠ Y

        Returns:
            List of detected conflicts
        """
        conflicts: list[ConstraintConflictError] = []

        # Check for REQ ∧ OPT
        has_req = any(isinstance(c, RequiredConstraint) for c in self.constraints)
        has_opt = any(isinstance(c, OptionalConstraint) for c in self.constraints)
        if has_req and has_opt:
            conflicts.append(
                ConstraintConflictError(
                    constraint1="REQ",
                    constraint2="OPT",
                    reason="Cannot be both required and optional",
                )
            )

        # Check for CONST[X] ∧ CONST[Y]
        const_constraints = [c for c in self.constraints if isinstance(c, ConstConstraint)]
        if len(const_constraints) > 1:
            for i in range(len(const_constraints) - 1):
                if const_constraints[i].const_value != const_constraints[i + 1].const_value:
                    conflicts.append(
                        ConstraintConflictError(
                            constraint1=const_constraints[i].to_string(),
                            constraint2=const_constraints[i + 1].to_string(),
                            reason="Cannot have different constant values",
                        )
                    )

        # Check for ENUM[...] ∧ CONST[X]
        enum_constraints = [c for c in self.constraints if isinstance(c, EnumConstraint)]
        for enum_c in enum_constraints:
            for const_c in const_constraints:
                if str(const_c.const_value) not in enum_c.allowed_values:
                    conflicts.append(
                        ConstraintConflictError(
                            constraint1=enum_c.to_string(),
                            constraint2=const_c.to_string(),
                            reason=f"Constant {const_c.const_value} not in enum values {enum_c.allowed_values}",
                        )
                    )

        return conflicts

    def compile(self) -> str:
        """Compile constraint chain to regex pattern for grammar generation.

        Combines individual constraint patterns using lookahead intersection.
        Example: REQ∧ENUM[A,B] -> ^(?=(?:.+)$)(?=(?:(A|B))$).*$

        Returns:
            Regex pattern string for complete chain validation
        """
        if not self.constraints:
            return r".*"  # Empty chain matches anything

        # Compile each constraint
        patterns = [c.compile() for c in self.constraints]

        # Join patterns - intersect them using lookaheads
        # We wrap each pattern in (?:...) to handle alternation safely
        # and assert it matches to the end ($)
        lookaheads = [f"(?=(?:{p})$)" for p in patterns]
        combined = "".join(lookaheads)

        # Add start anchor and consume patterns
        return f"^{combined}.*$"

    def to_string(self) -> str:
        """Return chain as string."""
        return "∧".join(c.to_string() for c in self.constraints)
