Industry Analysis
The Generative AI
software engineering stack
07Human oversightcode review · architecture · security
06Validation & evalbenchmarks · regression · observability
05Governance & controldecision corpus · precedence · pre-generation enforcement
04Tooling & executionMCP · APIs · shells · CI/CD
03Agent runtimeLangGraph · CrewAI · Agents SDK · Claude Code
02Context & retrievalRAG · vectors · embeddings · memory
01Foundation modelsOpenAI · Anthropic · Google · Meta · DeepSeek
everyone is competing in layers 01–03 · very few are building layer 05 seriously
mnemehq.com/insights/generative-ai-software-engineering-stack