#
# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
# distributed with this work for additional information
# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
# specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.

"""
Utility code that writes DAGs in bulk into the database.

This should generally only be called by internal methods such as
``DagBag._sync_to_db``, ``DAG.bulk_write_to_db``.

:meta private:
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import traceback
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NamedTuple, TypeVar

import structlog
from sqlalchemy import delete, func, insert, select, tuple_, update
from sqlalchemy.exc import OperationalError
from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload, load_only

from airflow._shared.timezones.timezone import utcnow
from airflow.assets.manager import asset_manager
from airflow.configuration import conf
from airflow.models.asset import (
    AssetActive,
    AssetAliasModel,
    AssetModel,
    DagScheduleAssetAliasReference,
    DagScheduleAssetNameReference,
    DagScheduleAssetReference,
    DagScheduleAssetUriReference,
    TaskInletAssetReference,
    TaskOutletAssetReference,
)
from airflow.models.dag import DagModel, DagOwnerAttributes, DagTag
from airflow.models.dagrun import DagRun
from airflow.models.dagwarning import DagWarningType
from airflow.models.errors import ParseImportError
from airflow.models.serialized_dag import SerializedDagModel
from airflow.models.trigger import Trigger
from airflow.serialization.definitions.assets import (
    SerializedAsset,
    SerializedAssetAlias,
    SerializedAssetNameRef,
    SerializedAssetUriRef,
)
from airflow.serialization.definitions.dag import SerializedDAG
from airflow.serialization.enums import Encoding
from airflow.serialization.serialized_objects import BaseSerialization, LazyDeserializedDAG
from airflow.triggers.base import BaseEventTrigger
from airflow.utils.retries import MAX_DB_RETRIES, run_with_db_retries
from airflow.utils.sqlalchemy import get_dialect_name, with_row_locks
from airflow.utils.types import DagRunType

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from collections.abc import Collection, Iterable, Iterator

    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
    from sqlalchemy.sql import Select

    from airflow.models.dagwarning import DagWarning
    from airflow.models.serialized_dag import DagWriteMetadata
    from airflow.typing_compat import Self, Unpack

    AssetT = TypeVar("AssetT", SerializedAsset, SerializedAssetAlias)

log = structlog.get_logger(__name__)


def _create_orm_dags(
    bundle_name: str,
    bundle_version: str | None,
    dags: Iterable[LazyDeserializedDAG],
    *,
    session: Session,
) -> Iterator[DagModel]:
    for dag in dags:
        orm_dag = DagModel(
            dag_id=dag.dag_id,
            bundle_name=bundle_name,
            bundle_version=bundle_version,
        )
        if dag.is_paused_upon_creation is not None:
            orm_dag.is_paused = dag.is_paused_upon_creation
        log.info("Creating ORM DAG for %s", dag.dag_id)
        session.add(orm_dag)
        yield orm_dag


def _get_latest_runs_stmt(dag_id: str) -> Select:
    """Build a select statement to retrieve the last automated run for each dag."""
    max_logical_date = (
        select(func.max(DagRun.logical_date).label("max_logical_date"))
        .where(
            DagRun.dag_id == dag_id,
            DagRun.run_type.in_(
                (
                    DagRunType.BACKFILL_JOB,
                    DagRunType.SCHEDULED,
                )
            ),
        )
        .scalar_subquery()
    )
    return (
        select(DagRun)
        .where(
            DagRun.dag_id == dag_id,
            DagRun.logical_date == max_logical_date,
        )
        .options(
            load_only(
                DagRun.dag_id,
                DagRun.logical_date,
                DagRun.data_interval_start,
                DagRun.data_interval_end,
            )
        )
    )


def _get_latest_runs_stmt_partitioned(dag_id: str) -> Select:
    """Build a select statement to retrieve the last partitioned run for each Dag."""
    latest_run_id = (
        select(DagRun.id)
        .where(
            DagRun.dag_id == dag_id,
            DagRun.run_type.in_(
                (
                    DagRunType.BACKFILL_JOB,
                    DagRunType.SCHEDULED,
                )
            ),
            DagRun.partition_key.is_not(None),
        )
        .order_by(
            DagRun.partition_date.is_(None),
            DagRun.partition_date.desc(),
            DagRun.run_after.desc(),
        )
        .limit(1)
        .scalar_subquery()
    )
    return (
        select(DagRun)
        .where(DagRun.id == latest_run_id)
        .options(
            load_only(
                DagRun.dag_id,
                DagRun.logical_date,
                DagRun.data_interval_start,
                DagRun.data_interval_end,
            )
        )
    )


class _RunInfo(NamedTuple):
    latest_run: DagRun | None
    num_active_runs: int

    @classmethod
    def calculate(cls, dag: LazyDeserializedDAG, *, session: Session) -> Self:
        """
        Query the run counts from the db.

        :param dags: dict of dags to query
        """
        # Skip these queries entirely if no Dags can be scheduled to save time.
        if not dag.timetable.can_be_scheduled:
            return cls(None, 0)

        if dag.timetable.partitioned:
            log.info("Getting latest run for partitioned Dag", dag_id=dag.dag_id)
            latest_run = session.scalar(_get_latest_runs_stmt_partitioned(dag_id=dag.dag_id))
        else:
            log.info("Getting latest run for non-partitioned Dag", dag_id=dag.dag_id)
            latest_run = session.scalar(_get_latest_runs_stmt(dag_id=dag.dag_id))
        if latest_run:
            log.info(
                "got latest run",
                dag_id=dag.dag_id,
                logical_date=str(latest_run.logical_date),
                partition_key=latest_run.partition_key,
            )
        else:
            log.info("no latest run found", dag_id=dag.dag_id)
        active_run_counts = DagRun.active_runs_of_dags(
            dag_ids=[dag.dag_id],
            exclude_backfill=True,
            session=session,
        )
        return cls(latest_run, active_run_counts.get(dag.dag_id, 0))


def _update_dag_tags(tag_names: set[str], dm: DagModel, *, session: Session) -> None:
    orm_tags = {t.name: t for t in dm.tags}
    tags_to_delete = []
    for name, orm_tag in orm_tags.items():
        if name not in tag_names:
            session.delete(orm_tag)
            tags_to_delete.append(orm_tag)

    tags_to_add = tag_names.difference(orm_tags)
    if tags_to_delete:
        # Remove deleted tags from the collection to keep it in sync
        for tag in tags_to_delete:
            dm.tags.remove(tag)

        # Check if there's a potential case-only rename on MySQL (e.g., 'tag' -> 'TAG').
        # MySQL uses case-insensitive collation for the (name, dag_id) primary key by default,
        # which can cause duplicate key errors when renaming tags with only case changes.
        if get_dialect_name(session) == "mysql":
            orm_tags_lower = {name.lower(): name for name in orm_tags}
            has_case_only_change = any(tag.lower() in orm_tags_lower for tag in tags_to_add)

            if has_case_only_change:
                # Force DELETE operations to execute before INSERT operations.
                session.flush()
                # Refresh the tags relationship from the database to reflect the deletions.
                session.expire(dm, ["tags"])

    dm.tags.extend(DagTag(name=name, dag_id=dm.dag_id) for name in tags_to_add)


def _update_dag_owner_links(dag_owner_links: dict[str, str], dm: DagModel, *, session: Session) -> None:
    orm_dag_owner_attributes = {obj.owner: obj for obj in dm.dag_owner_links}
    for owner, obj in orm_dag_owner_attributes.items():
        try:
            link = dag_owner_links[owner]
        except KeyError:
            session.delete(obj)
        else:
            if obj.link != link:
                obj.link = link
    dm.dag_owner_links.extend(
        DagOwnerAttributes(dag_id=dm.dag_id, owner=owner, link=link)
        for owner, link in dag_owner_links.items()
        if owner not in orm_dag_owner_attributes
    )


def _serialize_dag_capturing_errors(
    dag: LazyDeserializedDAG,
    bundle_name,
    session: Session,
    bundle_version: str | None,
    _prefetched: DagWriteMetadata | None = None,
):
    """
    Try to serialize the dag to the DB, but make a note of any errors.

    We can't place them directly in import_errors, as this may be retried, and work the next time
    """
    from airflow.models.dagcode import DagCode

    # Updating serialized DAG can not be faster than a minimum interval to reduce database write rate.
    MIN_SERIALIZED_DAG_UPDATE_INTERVAL = conf.getint(
        "core", "min_serialized_dag_update_interval", fallback=30
    )

    try:
        # We can't use bulk_write_to_db as we want to capture each error individually
        dag_was_updated = SerializedDagModel.write_dag(
            dag,
            bundle_name=bundle_name,
            bundle_version=bundle_version,
            min_update_interval=MIN_SERIALIZED_DAG_UPDATE_INTERVAL,
            session=session,
            _prefetched=_prefetched,
        )
        if not dag_was_updated:
            # Check and update DagCode
            DagCode.update_source_code(dag.dag_id, dag.fileloc, session=session)
        if "FabAuthManager" in conf.get("core", "auth_manager"):
            _sync_dag_perms(dag, session=session)

        return []
    except OperationalError:
        raise
    except Exception:
        log.exception("Failed to write serialized DAG dag_id=%s fileloc=%s", dag.dag_id, dag.fileloc)
        dagbag_import_error_traceback_depth = conf.getint("core", "dagbag_import_error_traceback_depth")
        return [
            (
                (bundle_name, dag.relative_fileloc),
                traceback.format_exc(limit=-dagbag_import_error_traceback_depth),
            )
        ]


def _sync_dag_perms(dag: LazyDeserializedDAG, session: Session):
    """Sync DAG specific permissions."""
    dag_id = dag.dag_id

    log.debug("Syncing DAG permissions: %s to the DB", dag_id)
    from airflow.providers.fab.www.security_appless import ApplessAirflowSecurityManager

    security_manager = ApplessAirflowSecurityManager(session=session)
    security_manager.sync_perm_for_dag(dag_id, dag.access_control)


def _update_dag_warnings(
    dag_ids: list[str],
    warnings: set[DagWarning],
    warning_types: tuple[DagWarningType, ...],
    session: Session,
):
    from airflow.models.dagwarning import DagWarning

    stored_warnings = set(
        session.scalars(
            select(DagWarning).where(
                DagWarning.dag_id.in_(dag_ids),
                DagWarning.warning_type.in_(warning_types),
            )
        )
    )

    for warning_to_delete in stored_warnings - warnings:
        session.delete(warning_to_delete)

    for warning_to_add in warnings:
        session.merge(warning_to_add)


def _update_import_errors(
    files_parsed: set[tuple[str, str]],
    bundle_name: str,
    import_errors: dict[tuple[str, str], str],
    session: Session,
):
    from airflow.listeners.listener import get_listener_manager

    # Check existing import errors BEFORE deleting, so we can determine if we should update or create
    existing_import_error_files = set(
        session.execute(select(ParseImportError.bundle_name, ParseImportError.filename))
    )

    # Delete errors for files that were parsed but don't have errors in import_errors
    # (i.e., files that were successfully parsed without errors)
    files_to_clear = files_parsed.difference(import_errors)
    if files_to_clear:
        session.execute(
            delete(ParseImportError).where(
                tuple_(ParseImportError.bundle_name, ParseImportError.filename).in_(files_to_clear)
            )
        )

    # Add or update the errors of the processed files
    for key, stacktrace in import_errors.items():
        bundle_name_, relative_fileloc = key

        if key in existing_import_error_files:
            session.execute(
                update(ParseImportError)
                .where(
                    ParseImportError.filename == relative_fileloc,
                    ParseImportError.bundle_name == bundle_name_,
                )
                .values(
                    filename=relative_fileloc,
                    bundle_name=bundle_name_,
                    timestamp=utcnow(),
                    stacktrace=stacktrace,
                ),
            )
            # sending notification when an existing dag import error occurs
            try:
                # todo: make listener accept bundle_name and relative_filename
                import_error = session.scalar(
                    select(ParseImportError).where(
                        ParseImportError.bundle_name == bundle_name_,
                        ParseImportError.filename == relative_fileloc,
                    )
                )
                if import_error is not None:
                    get_listener_manager().hook.on_existing_dag_import_error(
                        filename=import_error.full_file_path(), stacktrace=stacktrace
                    )
            except Exception:
                log.exception("error calling listener")
        else:
            import_error = ParseImportError(
                filename=relative_fileloc,
                bundle_name=bundle_name,
                timestamp=utcnow(),
                stacktrace=stacktrace,
            )
            session.add(import_error)
            # sending notification when a new dag import error occurs
            try:
                get_listener_manager().hook.on_new_dag_import_error(
                    filename=import_error.full_file_path(), stacktrace=stacktrace
                )
            except Exception:
                log.exception("error calling listener")
        session.execute(
            update(DagModel)
            .where(
                DagModel.relative_fileloc == relative_fileloc,
                DagModel.bundle_name == bundle_name_,
            )
            .values(
                has_import_errors=True,
                bundle_name=bundle_name,
                is_stale=True,
            )
            .execution_options(synchronize_session="fetch")
        )


def update_dag_parsing_results_in_db(
    bundle_name: str,
    bundle_version: str | None,
    dags: Collection[LazyDeserializedDAG],
    import_errors: dict[tuple[str, str], str],
    parse_duration: float | None,
    warnings: set[DagWarning],
    session: Session,
    *,
    warning_types: tuple[DagWarningType, ...] = (
        DagWarningType.NONEXISTENT_POOL,
        DagWarningType.RUNTIME_VARYING_VALUE,
    ),
    files_parsed: set[tuple[str, str]] | None = None,
):
    """
    Update everything to do with DAG parsing in the DB.

    This function will create or update rows in the following tables:

    - DagModel (`dag` table), DagTag, DagCode and DagVersion
    - SerializedDagModel (`serialized_dag` table)
    - ParseImportError (including with any errors as a result of serialization, not just parsing)
    - DagWarning
    - DAG Permissions

    This function will not remove any rows for dags not passed in. It will remove parse errors and warnings
    from dags/dag files that are passed in. In order words, if a DAG is passed in with a fileloc of `a.py`
    then all warnings and errors related to this file will be removed.

    ``import_errors`` will be updated in place with an new errors

    :param files_parsed: Set of (bundle_name, relative_fileloc) tuples for all files that were parsed.
        If None, will be inferred from dags and import_errors. Passing this explicitly ensures that
        import errors are cleared for files that were parsed but no longer contain DAGs.
    """
    # Retry 'DAG.bulk_write_to_db' & 'SerializedDagModel.bulk_sync_to_db' in case
    # of any Operational Errors
    # In case of failures, provide_session handles rollback
    for attempt in run_with_db_retries(logger=log):
        with attempt:
            serialize_errors = []
            log.debug(
                "Running dagbag.bulk_write_to_db with retries. Try %d of %d",
                attempt.retry_state.attempt_number,
                MAX_DB_RETRIES,
            )
            log.debug("Calling the DAG.bulk_sync_to_db method")
            try:
                SerializedDAG.bulk_write_to_db(
                    bundle_name, bundle_version, dags, parse_duration, session=session
                )
                # Bulk prefetch metadata for all DAGs to avoid the standard per-DAG
                # metadata lookups in write_dag. This replaces the update-interval,
                # hash, and version queries with 2 bulk queries total; DAGs with
                # deadlines may still do an additional lookup for deadline UUID reuse.
                prefetched_metadata = SerializedDagModel._prefetch_dag_write_metadata(
                    [dag.dag_id for dag in dags], session=session
                )
                # Write Serialized DAGs to DB, capturing errors
                for dag in dags:
                    serialize_errors.extend(
                        _serialize_dag_capturing_errors(
                            dag=dag,
                            bundle_name=bundle_name,
                            bundle_version=bundle_version,
                            session=session,
                            _prefetched=prefetched_metadata.get(dag.dag_id),
                        )
                    )
            except OperationalError:
                session.rollback()
                raise
            # Only now we are "complete" do we update import_errors - don't want to record errors from
            # previous failed attempts
            import_errors.update(serialize_errors)
    # Record import errors into the ORM - we don't retry on this one as it's not as critical that it works
    try:
        _update_import_errors(
            files_parsed=files_parsed if files_parsed is not None else set(),
            bundle_name=bundle_name,
            import_errors=import_errors,
            session=session,
        )
    except Exception:
        log.exception("Error logging import errors!")

    # Record DAG warnings in the metadatabase.
    try:
        _update_dag_warnings([dag.dag_id for dag in dags], warnings, warning_types, session)
    except Exception:
        log.exception("Error logging DAG warnings.")

    session.flush()


class DagModelOperation(NamedTuple):
    """Collect DAG objects and perform database operations for them."""

    dags: dict[str, LazyDeserializedDAG]
    bundle_name: str
    bundle_version: str | None

    def find_orm_dags(self, *, session: Session) -> dict[str, DagModel]:
        """Find existing DagModel objects from DAG objects."""
        stmt: Select[Unpack[tuple[DagModel]]] = with_row_locks(
            (
                select(DagModel)
                .options(joinedload(DagModel.tags, innerjoin=False))
                .where(DagModel.dag_id.in_(self.dags))
                .options(joinedload(DagModel.schedule_asset_references))
                .options(joinedload(DagModel.schedule_asset_alias_references))
                .options(joinedload(DagModel.task_outlet_asset_references))
                .options(joinedload(DagModel.dag_owner_links))
            ),
            of=DagModel,
            session=session,
        )
        return {dm.dag_id: dm for dm in session.scalars(stmt).unique()}

    def add_dags(self, *, session: Session) -> dict[str, DagModel]:
        orm_dags = self.find_orm_dags(session=session)
        orm_dags.update(
            (model.dag_id, model)
            for model in _create_orm_dags(
                bundle_name=self.bundle_name,
                bundle_version=self.bundle_version,
                dags=(dag for dag_id, dag in self.dags.items() if dag_id not in orm_dags),
                session=session,
            )
        )
        return orm_dags

    def update_dags(
        self,
        orm_dags: dict[str, DagModel],
        parse_duration: float | None,
        *,
        session: Session,
    ) -> None:
        # we exclude backfill from active run counts since their concurrency is separate
        for dag_id, dm in sorted(orm_dags.items()):
            run_info = _RunInfo.calculate(dag=self.dags[dag_id], session=session)
            dag = self.dags[dag_id]
            dm.fileloc = dag.fileloc
            dm.relative_fileloc = dag.relative_fileloc
            dm.owners = dag.owner or conf.get("operators", "default_owner")
            dm.is_stale = False
            dm.has_import_errors = False
            dm.last_parsed_time = utcnow()
            dm.last_parse_duration = parse_duration
            if hasattr(dag, "_dag_display_property_value"):
                dm._dag_display_property_value = dag._dag_display_property_value
            elif dag.dag_display_name != dag.dag_id:
                dm._dag_display_property_value = dag.dag_display_name
            dm.description = dag.description

            # These "is not None" checks are because a LazySerializedDag object does not
            # provide the default value if the user doesn't provide an explicit value.

            # if dag.max_active_tasks come as None then default max_active_tasks should be updated
            # similar for max_consecutive_failed_dag_runs, max_active_runs

            if dag.max_active_tasks is None:
                dm.max_active_tasks = conf.getint("core", "max_active_tasks_per_dag")
            else:
                dm.max_active_tasks = dag.max_active_tasks

            if dag.max_active_runs is None:
                dm.max_active_runs = conf.getint("core", "max_active_runs_per_dag")
            else:
                dm.max_active_runs = dag.max_active_runs

            if dag.max_consecutive_failed_dag_runs is None:
                dm.max_consecutive_failed_dag_runs = conf.getint(
                    "core", "max_consecutive_failed_dag_runs_per_dag"
                )
            else:
                dm.max_consecutive_failed_dag_runs = dag.max_consecutive_failed_dag_runs

            if (deadline_uuids := dag.data.get("dag", {}).get("deadline")) is not None:
                dm.deadline = deadline_uuids

            if hasattr(dag, "has_task_concurrency_limits"):
                dm.has_task_concurrency_limits = dag.has_task_concurrency_limits
            else:
                dm.has_task_concurrency_limits = any(
                    t.max_active_tis_per_dag is not None or t.max_active_tis_per_dagrun is not None
                    for t in dag.tasks
                )
            dm.timetable_type = dag.timetable.type_name
            dm.timetable_summary = dag.timetable.summary
            dm.timetable_description = dag.timetable.description
            dm.timetable_partitioned = dag.timetable.partitioned
            dm.timetable_periodic = dag.timetable.periodic
            dm.fail_fast = dag.fail_fast if dag.fail_fast is not None else False

            allowed_types = dag.allowed_run_types
            if allowed_types:
                dm.allowed_run_types = sorted(allowed_types)
            else:
                dm.allowed_run_types = None

            dm.bundle_name = self.bundle_name
            dm.bundle_version = self.bundle_version

            last_automated_run: DagRun | None = run_info.latest_run
            dm.exceeds_max_non_backfill = run_info.num_active_runs >= dm.max_active_runs
            dm.calculate_dagrun_date_fields(dag, last_automated_run=last_automated_run)
            if not dag.timetable.asset_condition:
                dm.schedule_asset_references = []
                dm.schedule_asset_alias_references = []
            # FIXME: STORE NEW REFERENCES.

            if dag.tags:
                _update_dag_tags(set(dag.tags), dm, session=session)
            else:  # Optimization: no references at all, just clear everything.
                dm.tags = []
            if dag.owner_links:
                _update_dag_owner_links(dag.owner_links, dm, session=session)
            else:  # Optimization: no references at all, just clear everything.
                dm.dag_owner_links = []

    def update_dag_asset_expression(
        self,
        *,
        orm_dags: dict[str, DagModel],
        orm_assets: dict[tuple[str, str], AssetModel],
    ) -> None:
        def expand_asset_obj_expr(asset_expr: dict) -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
            asset_name = asset_expr["name"]
            asset_uri = asset_expr["uri"]

            asset_expr["id"] = orm_assets[(asset_name, asset_uri)].id
            return asset_expr

        def expand_composite_asset_expr(asset_exprs: list) -> list:
            for expr_index, expr in enumerate(asset_exprs):
                key = expr.keys()
                expaned_expr: dict
                if key == {"all"}:
                    # e.g., {"all": [{"asset": {"name": ..., "uri": ...}}]}
                    expaned_expr = {"all": expand_composite_asset_expr(expr["all"])}
                elif key == {"any"}:
                    # e.g., {"any": [{"asset": {"name": ..., "uri": ...}}]}
                    expaned_expr = {"any": expand_composite_asset_expr(expr["any"])}
                elif key == {"asset"}:
                    # e.g., {"asset": {"name": ..., "uri": ...}}
                    expaned_expr = {"asset": expand_asset_obj_expr(expr["asset"])}
                else:
                    # we don't need to handle asset aliases, asset refs
                    continue

                asset_exprs[expr_index] = expaned_expr

            return asset_exprs

        def expand_asset_expr(asset_expr: dict[str, list | dict]) -> dict[str, list | dict]:
            for key, value in asset_expr.items():
                # these isisntance checks are only used to make Mypy happy
                if key == "asset" and isinstance(value, dict):
                    # e.g., {"asset": {"name": ..., "uri": ...}}
                    asset_expr[key] = expand_asset_obj_expr(value)
                elif key in {"all", "any"} and isinstance(value, list):
                    # e.g., {"all": [{"asset": {"name": ..., "uri": ...}}]}
                    asset_expr[key] = expand_composite_asset_expr(value)

                # we don't need to handle asset aliases and asset refs
            return asset_expr

        for dag_id, dm in sorted(orm_dags.items()):
            asset_expression = self.dags[dag_id].timetable.asset_condition.as_expression()
            if asset_expression is not None:
                asset_expression = expand_asset_expr(asset_expression)
            dm.asset_expression = asset_expression


def _get_task_ports(data: dict, inlets: bool, outlets: bool) -> Iterable[str]:
    if inlets:
        yield from data.get("inlets") or ()
    if outlets:
        yield from data.get("outlets") or ()


def _get_dag_assets(
    dag: LazyDeserializedDAG,
    of: type[AssetT],
    *,
    inlets: bool = True,
    outlets: bool = True,
) -> Iterable[tuple[str, AssetT]]:
    for raw_task in dag.data["dag"]["tasks"]:
        task = raw_task[Encoding.VAR]
        ports = _get_task_ports(task["partial_kwargs"] if task.get("_is_mapped") else task, inlets, outlets)
        for port in ports:
            if isinstance(obj := BaseSerialization.deserialize(port), of):
                yield task["task_id"], obj


def _find_all_assets(dags: Iterable[LazyDeserializedDAG]) -> Iterator[SerializedAsset]:
    for dag in dags:
        for _, asset in dag.timetable.asset_condition.iter_assets():
            yield asset
        for _, asset in _get_dag_assets(dag, of=SerializedAsset):
            yield asset


def _find_all_asset_aliases(dags: Iterable[LazyDeserializedDAG]) -> Iterator[SerializedAssetAlias]:
    for dag in dags:
        for _, alias in dag.timetable.asset_condition.iter_asset_aliases():
            yield alias
        for _, alias in _get_dag_assets(dag, of=SerializedAssetAlias):
            yield alias


def _find_active_assets(name_uri_assets: Iterable[tuple[str, str]], session: Session) -> set[tuple[str, str]]:
    return {
        (str(row[0]), str(row[1]))
        for row in session.execute(
            select(AssetModel.name, AssetModel.uri).where(
                tuple_(AssetModel.name, AssetModel.uri).in_(name_uri_assets),
                AssetModel.active.has(),
                AssetModel.scheduled_dags.any(
                    DagScheduleAssetReference.dag.has(~DagModel.is_stale & ~DagModel.is_paused)
                ),
            )
        )
    }


class AssetModelOperation(NamedTuple):
    """Collect asset/alias objects from DAGs and perform database operations for them."""

    schedule_asset_references: dict[str, list[SerializedAsset]]
    schedule_asset_alias_references: dict[str, list[SerializedAssetAlias]]
    schedule_asset_name_references: set[tuple[str, str]]  # dag_id, ref_name.
    schedule_asset_uri_references: set[tuple[str, str]]  # dag_id, ref_uri.
    inlet_references: dict[str, list[tuple[str, SerializedAsset]]]
    outlet_references: dict[str, list[tuple[str, SerializedAsset]]]
    assets: dict[tuple[str, str], SerializedAsset]
    asset_aliases: dict[str, SerializedAssetAlias]

    @classmethod
    def collect(cls, dags: dict[str, LazyDeserializedDAG]) -> Self:
        coll = cls(
            schedule_asset_references={
                dag_id: [asset for _, asset in dag.timetable.asset_condition.iter_assets()]
                for dag_id, dag in dags.items()
            },
            schedule_asset_alias_references={
                dag_id: [alias for _, alias in dag.timetable.asset_condition.iter_asset_aliases()]
                for dag_id, dag in dags.items()
            },
            schedule_asset_name_references={
                (dag_id, ref.name)
                for dag_id, dag in dags.items()
                for ref in dag.timetable.asset_condition.iter_asset_refs()
                if isinstance(ref, SerializedAssetNameRef)
            },
            schedule_asset_uri_references={
                (dag_id, ref.uri)
                for dag_id, dag in dags.items()
                for ref in dag.timetable.asset_condition.iter_asset_refs()
                if isinstance(ref, SerializedAssetUriRef)
            },
            inlet_references={
                dag_id: list(_get_dag_assets(dag, SerializedAsset, inlets=True, outlets=False))
                for dag_id, dag in dags.items()
            },
            outlet_references={
                dag_id: list(_get_dag_assets(dag, SerializedAsset, inlets=False, outlets=True))
                for dag_id, dag in dags.items()
            },
            assets={(asset.name, asset.uri): asset for asset in _find_all_assets(dags.values())},
            asset_aliases={alias.name: alias for alias in _find_all_asset_aliases(dags.values())},
        )
        return coll

    def sync_assets(self, *, session: Session) -> dict[tuple[str, str], AssetModel]:
        # Optimization: skip all database calls if no assets were collected.
        if not self.assets:
            return {}
        orm_assets: dict[tuple[str, str], AssetModel] = {
            (am.name, am.uri): am
            for am in session.scalars(
                select(AssetModel).where(tuple_(AssetModel.name, AssetModel.uri).in_(self.assets))
            )
        }
        for key, model in orm_assets.items():
            asset = self.assets[key]
            model.group = asset.group
            model.extra = asset.extra
        orm_assets.update(
            ((model.name, model.uri), model)
            for model in asset_manager.create_assets(
                [asset for name_uri, asset in self.assets.items() if name_uri not in orm_assets],
                session=session,
            )
        )
        return orm_assets

    def sync_asset_aliases(self, *, session: Session) -> dict[str, AssetAliasModel]:
        # Optimization: skip all database calls if no asset aliases were collected.
        if not self.asset_aliases:
            return {}
        orm_aliases: dict[str, AssetAliasModel] = {
            da.name: da
            for da in session.scalars(
                select(AssetAliasModel).where(AssetAliasModel.name.in_(self.asset_aliases))
            )
        }
        for name, model in orm_aliases.items():
            model.group = self.asset_aliases[name].group
        orm_aliases.update(
            (model.name, model)
            for model in asset_manager.create_asset_aliases(
                [alias for name, alias in self.asset_aliases.items() if name not in orm_aliases],
                session=session,
            )
        )
        return orm_aliases

    def activate_assets_if_possible(self, models: Iterable[AssetModel], *, session: Session) -> None:
        """
        Try to activate assets eagerly.

        This inserts a record to AssetActive for an asset so it is activated
        on creation if its ``name`` and ``uri`` values do not conflict with
        anything else. This is a best-effort operation; we simply give up if
        there's a conflict. The scheduler makes a more comprehensive pass
        through all assets in ``_update_asset_orphanage``.
        """
        if (dialect_name := get_dialect_name(session)) == "postgresql":
            from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert as postgresql_insert

            stmt: Any = postgresql_insert(AssetActive).on_conflict_do_nothing()
        elif session.bind is not None and dialect_name == "mysql":
            from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import insert as mysql_insert

            # MySQL does not support "do nothing"; this updates the row in
            # conflict with its own value to achieve the same idea.
            stmt = mysql_insert(AssetActive).on_duplicate_key_update(name=AssetActive.name)
        else:
            from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import insert as sqlite_insert

            stmt = sqlite_insert(AssetActive).on_conflict_do_nothing()
        if values := [{"name": m.name, "uri": m.uri} for m in models]:
            session.execute(stmt, values)

    def add_dag_asset_references(
        self,
        dags: dict[str, DagModel],
        assets: dict[tuple[str, str], AssetModel],
        *,
        session: Session,
    ) -> None:
        # Optimization: No assets means there are no references to update.
        if not assets:
            return
        for dag_id, references in self.schedule_asset_references.items():
            # Optimization: no references at all; this is faster than repeated delete().
            if not references:
                dags[dag_id].schedule_asset_references = []
                continue
            referenced_assets = {assets[r.name, r.uri]: r.allow_producer_teams for r in references}
            referenced_asset_ids = {a.id for a in referenced_assets}
            orm_refs = {r.asset_id: r for r in dags[dag_id].schedule_asset_references}
            for asset_id, ref in orm_refs.items():
                if asset_id not in referenced_asset_ids:
                    session.delete(ref)
            for asset_model, teams in referenced_assets.items():
                if asset_model.id in orm_refs:
                    orm_refs[asset_model.id].allow_producer_teams = teams
            session.bulk_save_objects(
                DagScheduleAssetReference(
                    asset_id=asset_model.id,
                    dag_id=dag_id,
                    allow_producer_teams=teams,
                )
                for asset_model, teams in referenced_assets.items()
                if asset_model.id not in orm_refs
            )

    def add_dag_asset_alias_references(
        self,
        dags: dict[str, DagModel],
        aliases: dict[str, AssetAliasModel],
        *,
        session: Session,
    ) -> None:
        # Optimization: No aliases means there are no references to update.
        if not aliases:
            return
        for dag_id, references in self.schedule_asset_alias_references.items():
            # Optimization: no references at all; this is faster than repeated delete().
            if not references:
                dags[dag_id].schedule_asset_alias_references = []
                continue
            referenced_alias_ids = {alias.id for alias in (aliases[r.name] for r in references)}
            orm_refs = {a.alias_id: a for a in dags[dag_id].schedule_asset_alias_references}
            for alias_id, ref in orm_refs.items():
                if alias_id not in referenced_alias_ids:
                    session.delete(ref)
            session.bulk_save_objects(
                DagScheduleAssetAliasReference(alias_id=alias_id, dag_id=dag_id)
                for alias_id in referenced_alias_ids
                if alias_id not in orm_refs
            )

    @staticmethod
    def _add_dag_asset_references(
        references: set[tuple[str, str]],
        model: type[DagScheduleAssetNameReference] | type[DagScheduleAssetUriReference],
        attr: str,
        *,
        session: Session,
    ) -> None:
        if not references:
            return
        orm_refs = {
            (str(row[0]), str(row[1]))
            for row in session.execute(
                select(model.dag_id, getattr(model, attr)).where(
                    model.dag_id.in_(dag_id for dag_id, _ in references)
                )
            )
        }
        new_refs = references - orm_refs
        old_refs = orm_refs - references
        if old_refs:
            session.execute(delete(model).where(tuple_(model.dag_id, getattr(model, attr)).in_(old_refs)))
        if new_refs:
            session.execute(insert(model), [{"dag_id": d, attr: r} for d, r in new_refs])

    def add_dag_asset_name_uri_references(self, *, session: Session) -> None:
        self._add_dag_asset_references(
            self.schedule_asset_name_references,
            DagScheduleAssetNameReference,
            "name",
            session=session,
        )
        self._add_dag_asset_references(
            self.schedule_asset_uri_references,
            DagScheduleAssetUriReference,
            "uri",
            session=session,
        )

    def add_task_asset_references(
        self,
        dags: dict[str, DagModel],
        assets: dict[tuple[str, str], AssetModel],
        *,
        session: Session,
    ) -> None:
        # Optimization: No assets means there are no references to update.
        if not assets:
            return
        for dag_id, references in self.inlet_references.items():
            # Optimization: no references at all; this is faster than repeated delete().
            if not references:
                dags[dag_id].task_inlet_asset_references = []
                continue
            referenced_inlets = {
                (task_id, asset.id)
                for task_id, asset in ((task_id, assets[d.name, d.uri]) for task_id, d in references)
            }
            orm_refs = {(r.task_id, r.asset_id): r for r in dags[dag_id].task_inlet_asset_references}
            for key, ref in orm_refs.items():
                if key not in referenced_inlets:
                    session.delete(ref)
            session.bulk_save_objects(
                TaskInletAssetReference(asset_id=asset_id, dag_id=dag_id, task_id=task_id)
                for task_id, asset_id in referenced_inlets
                if (task_id, asset_id) not in orm_refs
            )
        for dag_id, references in self.outlet_references.items():
            # Optimization: no references at all; this is faster than repeated delete().
            if not references:
                dags[dag_id].task_outlet_asset_references = []
                continue
            referenced_outlets = {
                (task_id, asset.id)
                for task_id, asset in ((task_id, assets[d.name, d.uri]) for task_id, d in references)
            }
            orm_refs = {(r.task_id, r.asset_id): r for r in dags[dag_id].task_outlet_asset_references}
            for key, ref in orm_refs.items():
                if key not in referenced_outlets:
                    session.delete(ref)
            session.bulk_save_objects(
                TaskOutletAssetReference(asset_id=asset_id, dag_id=dag_id, task_id=task_id)
                for task_id, asset_id in referenced_outlets
                if (task_id, asset_id) not in orm_refs
            )

    def add_asset_trigger_references(
        self, assets: dict[tuple[str, str], AssetModel], *, session: Session
    ) -> None:
        from airflow.serialization.encoders import encode_trigger

        # Update references from assets being used
        refs_to_add: dict[tuple[str, str], set[int]] = {}
        refs_to_remove: dict[tuple[str, str], set[int]] = {}
        triggers: dict[int, dict] = {}

        # Optimization: if no asset collected, skip fetching active assets
        active_assets = _find_active_assets(self.assets, session=session) if self.assets else {}

        for name_uri, asset in self.assets.items():
            # If the asset belong to a DAG not active or paused, consider there is no watcher associated to it
            asset_watcher_triggers = (
                [
                    {**encode_trigger(watcher.trigger), "watcher_name": watcher.name}
                    for watcher in asset.watchers
                ]
                if name_uri in active_assets
                else []
            )
            trigger_hash_to_trigger_dict: dict[int, dict] = {
                BaseEventTrigger.hash(trigger["classpath"], trigger["kwargs"]): trigger
                for trigger in asset_watcher_triggers
            }
            triggers.update(trigger_hash_to_trigger_dict)
            trigger_hash_from_asset: set[int] = set(trigger_hash_to_trigger_dict.keys())

            asset_model = assets[name_uri]
            trigger_hash_from_asset_model: set[int] = {
                BaseEventTrigger.hash(trigger.classpath, trigger.kwargs) for trigger in asset_model.triggers
            }

            # Optimization: no diff between the DB and DAG definitions, no update needed
            if trigger_hash_from_asset == trigger_hash_from_asset_model:
                continue

            diff_to_add = trigger_hash_from_asset - trigger_hash_from_asset_model
            diff_to_remove = trigger_hash_from_asset_model - trigger_hash_from_asset
            if diff_to_add:
                refs_to_add[name_uri] = diff_to_add
            if diff_to_remove:
                refs_to_remove[name_uri] = diff_to_remove

        if refs_to_add:
            all_trigger_hashes: set[int] = {
                trigger_hash for trigger_hashes in refs_to_add.values() for trigger_hash in trigger_hashes
            }

            all_trigger_keys: set[tuple[str, str]] = {
                (
                    triggers[trigger_hash]["classpath"],
                    Trigger.encrypt_kwargs(triggers[trigger_hash]["kwargs"]),
                )
                for trigger_hashes in refs_to_add.values()
                for trigger_hash in trigger_hashes
            }
            orm_triggers: dict[int, Trigger] = {
                BaseEventTrigger.hash(trigger.classpath, trigger.kwargs): trigger
                for trigger in session.scalars(
                    select(Trigger).where(
                        tuple_(Trigger.classpath, Trigger.encrypted_kwargs).in_(all_trigger_keys)
                    )
                )
            }

            # Create new triggers
            new_trigger_models = [
                trigger
                for trigger in [
                    Trigger(
                        classpath=triggers[trigger_hash]["classpath"], kwargs=triggers[trigger_hash]["kwargs"]
                    )
                    for trigger_hash in all_trigger_hashes
                    if trigger_hash not in orm_triggers
                ]
            ]
            session.add_all(new_trigger_models)
            session.flush()  # Flush to get the IDs assigned
            orm_triggers.update(
                (BaseEventTrigger.hash(trigger.classpath, trigger.kwargs), trigger)
                for trigger in new_trigger_models
            )

            # Add new references
            for name_uri, trigger_hashes in refs_to_add.items():
                asset_model = assets[name_uri]

                for trigger_hash in trigger_hashes:
                    trigger = triggers.get(trigger_hash)
                    orm_trigger = orm_triggers.get(trigger_hash)
                    if orm_trigger and trigger:
                        asset_model.add_trigger(orm_trigger, trigger["watcher_name"])

        if refs_to_remove:
            # Remove old references
            for name_uri, trigger_hashes in refs_to_remove.items():
                asset_model = assets[name_uri]
                asset_model.watchers = [
                    watcher
                    for watcher in asset_model.watchers
                    if watcher.trigger is not None
                    and BaseEventTrigger.hash(watcher.trigger.classpath, watcher.trigger.kwargs)
                    not in trigger_hashes
                ]

        # Remove references from assets no longer used
        orphan_assets = session.scalars(
            select(AssetModel).filter(~AssetModel.scheduled_dags.any()).filter(AssetModel.triggers.any())
        )
        for asset_model in orphan_assets:
            if (asset_model.name, asset_model.uri) not in self.assets:
                # Delete all watchers for this orphaned asset
                asset_model.watchers = []
