defmodule Pyex.InterpreterTest do
  use ExUnit.Case, async: true

  alias Pyex.Error

  describe "arithmetic" do
    test "operator precedence" do
      assert Pyex.run!("2 + 3 * 4") == 14
    end

    test "parenthesized expressions" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(2 + 3) * 4") == 20
    end

    test "floor division and modulo" do
      assert Pyex.run!("17 // 5") == 3
      assert Pyex.run!("17 % 5") == 2
    end

    test "floor division toward negative infinity" do
      assert Pyex.run!("-7 // 2") == -4
      assert Pyex.run!("7 // -2") == -4
      assert Pyex.run!("-7 // -2") == 3
    end

    test "modulo follows divisor sign" do
      assert Pyex.run!("-7 % 2") == 1
      assert Pyex.run!("7 % -2") == -1
      assert Pyex.run!("-7 % -2") == -1
    end

    test "floor division with floats" do
      assert Pyex.run!("7.0 // 2") == 3.0
      assert Pyex.run!("-7.0 // 2") == -4.0
    end

    test "exponentiation" do
      assert Pyex.run!("2 ** 10") == 1024
    end

    test "unary negation" do
      assert Pyex.run!("-5 + 3") == -2
    end

    test "float arithmetic" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1.5 + 2.5") == 4.0
    end

    test "true division" do
      assert Pyex.run!("7 / 2") == 3.5
    end

    test "not-equal operator" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 != 2") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("1 != 1") == false
    end

    test "greater-than-or-equal operator" do
      assert Pyex.run!("3 >= 3") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("2 >= 3") == false
    end
  end

  describe "variables and assignment" do
    test "simple assignment and reference" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 42\nx") == 42
    end

    test "chained assignments through expressions" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x = 10
        y = x + 5
        y
        """)

      assert result == 15
    end
  end

  describe "conditionals" do
    test "if/elif/else" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def classify(n):
            if n > 0:
                return 1
            elif n == 0:
                return 0
            else:
                return -1

        classify(-5)
        """)

      assert result == -1
    end
  end

  describe "boolean logic" do
    test "and/or/not" do
      assert Pyex.run!("True and False") == false
      assert Pyex.run!("True or False") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("not True") == false
    end

    test "truthy values follow Python semantics" do
      assert Pyex.run!("0 or 42") == 42
      assert Pyex.run!("None or 1") == 1
      assert Pyex.run!("1 and 2") == 2
    end

    test "falsy edge cases: 0.0, empty string, empty list, empty dict" do
      assert Pyex.run!("0.0 or 99") == 99
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("" or "fallback")) == "fallback"
      assert Pyex.run!("[] or 1") == 1
      assert Pyex.run!("{} or 1") == 1
    end
  end

  describe "while loops" do
    test "sum with a while loop" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        total = 0
        i = 1
        while i <= 10:
            total = total + i
            i = i + 1
        total
        """)

      assert result == 55
    end
  end

  describe "functions" do
    test "function with return" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def double(n):
            return n * 2

        double(21)
        """)

      assert result == 42
    end

    test "function without explicit return yields None" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def noop():
            pass

        noop()
        """)

      assert result == nil
    end

    test "closures capture enclosing scope" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x = 10
        def add_x(n):
            return n + x

        add_x(5)
        """)

      assert result == 15
    end

    test "return inside if unwinds correctly" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def abs_val(x):
            if x < 0:
                return -x
            return x

        abs_val(-7)
        """)

      assert result == 7
    end

    test "return inside while loop exits function" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def find_first_even(n):
            i = 1
            while i <= n:
                if i % 2 == 0:
                    return i
                i = i + 1
            return -1

        find_first_even(10)
        """)

      assert result == 2
    end

    test "return inside for loop exits function" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def find_negative(items):
            for x in items:
                if x < 0:
                    return x
            return None

        find_negative([3, 5, -2, 7])
        """)

      assert result == -2
    end

    test "recursive function calls itself" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def factorial(n):
            if n <= 1:
                return 1
            return n * factorial(n - 1)

        factorial(10)
        """)

      assert result == 3_628_800
    end

    test "ellipsis statement in function returns None" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def foo(): ...

        foo()
        """)

      assert result == nil
    end
  end

  describe "parser regressions" do
    test "ellipsis literal prints as Ellipsis" do
      code = """
      x = ...
      print(x)
      """

      {:ok, _result, ctx} = Pyex.run(code)
      assert Pyex.output(ctx) == "Ellipsis\n"
    end

    test "star unpacking works in collection literals" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a = [1, 2, 3]
        b = [*a, 4]
        c = (*a, 4)
        d = {**{'x': 1}, 'y': 2}
        [b, c, d['x'], d['y']]
        """)

      assert result == [[1, 2, 3, 4], {:tuple, [1, 2, 3, 4]}, 1, 2]
    end

    test "dict unpacking creates a new dict without mutating the source" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        post = {"title": "Hello"}
        final_data = {**post, "css": "body {}"}
        (post, final_data)
        """)

      assert result ==
               {:tuple,
                [
                  %{"title" => "Hello"},
                  %{"css" => "body {}", "title" => "Hello"}
                ]}
    end

    test "single-line compound statements execute" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def foo(): return 42
        class Foo: pass
        total = 0
        for i in range(3): total += i
        while False: pass
        [foo(), Foo().__class__.__name__, total]
        """)

      assert result == [42, "Foo", 3]
    end
  end

  describe "strings" do
    test "string literals" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("hello")) == "hello"
      assert Pyex.run!("'world'") == "world"
    end

    test "string concatenation with +" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("hello" + " " + "world")) == "hello world"
    end

    test "string repetition with *" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("ab" * 3)) == "ababab"
    end

    test "int * string repetition (reversed operand)" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s(3 * "ab")) == "ababab"
    end
  end

  describe "lists" do
    test "list literal" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[1, 2, 3]") == [1, 2, 3]
    end

    test "empty list" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[]") == []
    end

    test "list subscript by index" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[10, 20, 30][1]") == 20
    end

    test "list concatenation with +" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[1, 2] + [3, 4]") == [1, 2, 3, 4]
    end

    test "list repetition with *" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[1, 2] * 3") == [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
    end

    test "list equality uses recursive Python equality" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~S|[(1, ["a"]), (2, [])] == [(1, ["a"]), (2, [])]|) == true
      assert Pyex.run!(~S|[(1, ["a"])] != [(1, ["b"])]|) == true
    end

    test "list iteration observes appends before exhaustion" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             xs = [1, 2]
             seen = []
             for x in xs:
                 seen.append(x)
                 if x == 2:
                     xs.append(3)
             seen
             """) == [1, 2, 3]
    end

    test "assigning loop variable does not mutate iterated list" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             xs = [1, 2]
             for x in xs:
                 x = 9
             xs
             """) == [1, 2]
    end

    test "multi assignment supports subscript targets" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             xs = [1, 2, 3]
             i = 0
             j = 2
             xs[i], xs[j] = xs[j], xs[i]
             xs
             """) == [3, 2, 1]
    end

    test "int * list repetition (reversed operand)" do
      assert Pyex.run!("3 * [1, 2]") == [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
    end

    test "list * 0 yields empty list" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[1, 2, 3] * 0") == []
    end

    test "list slice [1:3]" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[10, 20, 30, 40, 50][1:3]") == [20, 30]
    end

    test "list slice with omitted start [:3]" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[10, 20, 30, 40, 50][:3]") == [10, 20, 30]
    end

    test "list slice with omitted stop [2:]" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[10, 20, 30, 40, 50][2:]") == [30, 40, 50]
    end

    test "list slice full copy [:]" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[10, 20, 30][:]") == [10, 20, 30]
    end

    test "list slice with negative indices" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[10, 20, 30, 40, 50][-3:-1]") == [30, 40]
    end

    test "list slice with step [::2]" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5][::2]") == [0, 2, 4]
    end

    test "list slice reverse [::-1]" do
      assert Pyex.run!("[1, 2, 3][::-1]") == [3, 2, 1]
    end

    test "string slice" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("hello"[1:4])) == "ell"
    end

    test "string slice reverse" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("hello"[::-1])) == "olleh"
    end
  end

  describe "dicts" do
    test "dict literal and subscript" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
        d["b"]
        """)

      assert result == 2
    end

    test "empty dict" do
      assert Pyex.run!("{}") == %{}
    end
  end

  describe "for loops" do
    test "iterate over a list" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        total = 0
        for x in [1, 2, 3, 4]:
            total = total + x
        total
        """)

      assert result == 10
    end

    test "for loop with conditional" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        count = 0
        for n in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
            if n > 3:
                count = count + 1
        count
        """)

      assert result == 2
    end
  end

  describe "import" do
    test "import unknown module raises ImportError" do
      assert_raise RuntimeError, ~r/ImportError/, fn ->
        Pyex.run!("import nonexistent")
      end
    end

    test "comma-separated imports" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        import os, json
        (type(os).__name__, type(json).__name__)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, ["module", "module"]}
    end

    test "comma-separated imports with aliases" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        import os as operating_system, json as json_lib
        (type(operating_system).__name__, type(json_lib).__name__)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, ["module", "module"]}
    end

    test "type(module) is module" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             import datetime as dt
             type(dt).__name__
             """) == "module"
    end

    test "module has __name__" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             import datetime as dt
             dt.__name__
             """) == "datetime"
    end

    test "aliased module __name__ is the original module name" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             import json as j
             j.__name__
             """) == "json"
    end

    test "submodule __name__ is dotted" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             import os
             os.path.__name__
             """) == "os.path"
    end

    test "attribute access on module returns class, not dict method" do
      {:class, "datetime", _, _} =
        Pyex.run!("""
        import datetime as dt
        dt.datetime
        """)
    end

    test "from datetime import time binds the time class" do
      {:class, "time", _, _} =
        Pyex.run!("""
        from datetime import time
        time
        """)
    end

    test "attribute error on missing module attr mentions module name" do
      assert_raise RuntimeError, ~r/module 'datetime' has no attribute 'nope'/, fn ->
        Pyex.run!("""
        import datetime
        datetime.nope
        """)
      end
    end

    test "dir(module) returns attribute names" do
      names = Pyex.run!("import datetime\ndir(datetime)")
      assert is_list(names)
      assert "datetime" in names
      assert "date" in names
      assert "time" in names
      assert "timedelta" in names
      assert "timezone" in names
    end

    test "repr of module" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             import datetime
             repr(datetime)
             """) == "<module 'datetime'>"
    end
  end

  describe "os module" do
    test "os.path.join" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        import os
        os.path.join("posts", "hello.md")
        """)

      assert result == "posts/hello.md"
    end

    test "os.path.basename" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        import os
        os.path.basename("posts/hello.md")
        """)

      assert result == "hello.md"
    end

    test "os.path.dirname" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        import os
        os.path.dirname("posts/hello.md")
        """)

      assert result == "posts"
    end

    test "os.path.splitext" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        import os
        os.path.splitext("hello.md")
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, ["hello", ".md"]}
    end

    test "os.makedirs" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!(
          """
          import os
          os.makedirs("public/posts", exist_ok=True)
          "ok"
          """,
          filesystem: Pyex.Filesystem.Memory.new()
        )

      assert result == "ok"
    end
  end

  describe "error handling" do
    test "undefined variable raises NameError" do
      assert_raise RuntimeError, ~r/NameError.*undefined_var/, fn ->
        Pyex.run!("undefined_var")
      end
    end

    test "missing attribute raises AttributeError" do
      assert_raise RuntimeError, ~r/AttributeError/, fn ->
        Pyex.run!("""
        import json
        json.nonexistent
        """)
      end
    end

    test "missing dict key raises KeyError" do
      assert_raise RuntimeError, ~r/KeyError/, fn ->
        Pyex.run!("""
        d = {"a": 1}
        d["missing"]
        """)
      end
    end

    test "run! raises on parse error" do
      assert_raise RuntimeError, fn ->
        Pyex.run!("(1 +")
      end
    end
  end

  describe "comments" do
    test "inline comment is ignored" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 42 # the answer\nx") == 42
    end

    test "full-line comment between statements" do
      code = """
      x = 1
      # increment
      x = x + 1
      x
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == 2
    end

    test "comment inside function body" do
      code = """
      def add(a, b):
          # sum two numbers
          return a + b
      add(3, 4)
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == 7
    end

    test "hash inside string is not treated as comment" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s[len("a#b")]) == 3
    end
  end

  describe "string subscript" do
    test "positive index" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|"hello"[0]|) == "h"
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|"hello"[4]|) == "o"
    end

    test "negative index" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|"hello"[-1]|) == "o"
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|"hello"[-5]|) == "h"
    end

    test "string index on variable" do
      code = """
      s = "abcde"
      s[2]
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == "c"
    end

    test "index out of range raises" do
      assert_raise RuntimeError, ~r/IndexError/, fn ->
        Pyex.run!(~s|"hi"[5]|)
      end
    end
  end

  describe "for over strings" do
    test "iterates characters" do
      code = """
      result = ""
      for ch in "abc":
          result = result + ch + "-"
      result
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == "a-b-c-"
    end

    test "for over string with len" do
      code = """
      count = 0
      for ch in "hello":
          count = count + 1
      count
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == 5
    end
  end

  describe "for over dicts" do
    test "iterates keys" do
      code = """
      d = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
      keys = ""
      for k in d:
          keys = keys + k
      len(keys)
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == 3
    end
  end

  describe "break and continue" do
    test "break exits while loop" do
      code = """
      i = 0
      while True:
          if i == 5:
              break
          i = i + 1
      i
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == 5
    end

    test "continue skips to next iteration in while" do
      code = """
      total = 0
      i = 0
      while i < 10:
          i = i + 1
          if i % 2 == 0:
              continue
          total = total + i
      total
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == 25
    end

    test "break exits for loop" do
      code = """
      result = 0
      for i in range(100):
          if i == 5:
              break
          result = result + i
      result
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == 10
    end

    test "continue skips in for loop" do
      code = """
      result = ""
      for i in range(6):
          if i == 3:
              continue
          result = result + str(i)
      result
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == "01245"
    end
  end

  describe "in and not in operators" do
    test "x in list" do
      assert Pyex.run!("3 in [1, 2, 3]") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("4 in [1, 2, 3]") == false
    end

    test "x not in list" do
      assert Pyex.run!("4 not in [1, 2, 3]") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("3 not in [1, 2, 3]") == false
    end

    test "key in dict" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("a" in {"a": 1, "b": 2})) == true
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("c" in {"a": 1, "b": 2})) == false
    end

    test "key not in dict" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("c" not in {"a": 1, "b": 2})) == true
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("a" not in {"a": 1, "b": 2})) == false
    end

    test "substring in string" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("ell" in "hello")) == true
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("xyz" in "hello")) == false
    end

    test "substring not in string" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("xyz" not in "hello")) == true
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("ell" not in "hello")) == false
    end

    test "in used in if condition" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        if 3 in items:
            x = "found"
        else:
            x = "missing"
        x
        """)

      assert result == "found"
    end
  end

  describe "default arguments" do
    test "uses default when argument not provided" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
            return greeting + " " + name

        greet("World")
        """)

      assert result == "Hello World"
    end

    test "override default argument" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
            return greeting + " " + name

        greet("World", "Hi")
        """)

      assert result == "Hi World"
    end
  end

  describe "keyword arguments" do
    test "call with keyword argument" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
            return greeting + " " + name

        greet(greeting="Hi", name="World")
        """)

      assert result == "Hi World"
    end

    test "mix positional and keyword arguments" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def add(a, b, c=0):
            return a + b + c

        add(1, c=10, b=2)
        """)

      assert result == 13
    end
  end

  describe "decorators" do
    test "simple decorator wraps function" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def double_result(fn):
            def wrapper():
                return fn() * 2
            return wrapper

        @double_result
        def get_value():
            return 21

        get_value()
        """)

      assert result == 42
    end

    test "decorator with arguments (decorator factory)" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def multiply(factor):
            def decorator(fn):
                def wrapper():
                    return fn() * factor
                return wrapper
            return decorator

        @multiply(3)
        def get_value():
            return 14

        get_value()
        """)

      assert result == 42
    end
  end

  describe "bare return" do
    test "return with no value returns None" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f():
            return

        f()
        """)

      assert result == nil
    end

    test "bare return in conditional" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def check(x):
            if x > 10:
                return
            return x

        check(20)
        """)

      assert result == nil
    end
  end

  describe "is / is not operators" do
    test "x is None" do
      assert Pyex.run!("None is None") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("0 is None") == false
    end

    test "x is not None" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 is not None") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("None is not None") == false
    end

    test "is with booleans" do
      assert Pyex.run!("True is True") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("False is False") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("True is False") == false
    end

    test "is in if condition" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x = None
        if x is None:
            y = "none"
        else:
            y = "not none"
        y
        """)

      assert result == "none"
    end
  end

  describe "ternary if/else expression" do
    test "true branch" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 if True else 2") == 1
    end

    test "false branch" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 if False else 2") == 2
    end

    test "ternary with variables" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x = 10
        result = "big" if x > 5 else "small"
        result
        """)

      assert result == "big"
    end

    test "nested ternary" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x = 5
        result = "pos" if x > 0 else "zero" if x == 0 else "neg"
        result
        """)

      assert result == "pos"
    end

    test "ternary in function return" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def sign(x):
            return 1 if x > 0 else -1

        sign(-5)
        """)

      assert result == -1
    end
  end

  describe "lambda expressions" do
    test "simple lambda" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        f = lambda x: x + 1
        f(10)
        """)

      assert result == 11
    end

    test "lambda with multiple params" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        add = lambda a, b: a + b
        add(3, 4)
        """)

      assert result == 7
    end

    test "lambda with no params" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        f = lambda: 42
        f()
        """)

      assert result == 42
    end

    test "lambda as sort key" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        items = [[3, "c"], [1, "a"], [2, "b"]]
        result = sorted(items)
        result
        """)

      assert result == [[1, "a"], [2, "b"], [3, "c"]]
    end

    test "lambda in list" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        ops = [lambda x: x + 1, lambda x: x * 2]
        ops[0](5)
        """)

      assert result == 6
    end
  end

  describe "multiple assignment / unpacking" do
    test "simple multi-assign" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a, b = 1, 2
        a + b
        """)

      assert result == 3
    end

    test "three variables" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x, y, z = 10, 20, 30
        x + y + z
        """)

      assert result == 60
    end

    test "unpack from list" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a, b, c = [1, 2, 3]
        b
        """)

      assert result == 2
    end

    test "unpack from function return" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def pair():
            return [10, 20]

        a, b = pair()
        a + b
        """)

      assert result == 30
    end

    test "swap values" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a, b = 1, 2
        a, b = b, a
        a
        """)

      assert result == 2
    end

    test "starred unpack at end" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        first, *rest = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        (first, rest)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, [1, [2, 3, 4, 5]]}
    end

    test "starred unpack at start" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        *init, last = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        (init, last)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, [[1, 2, 3, 4], 5]}
    end

    test "starred unpack in middle" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a, *mid, z = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        (a, mid, z)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, [1, [2, 3, 4], 5]}
    end

    test "starred unpack with empty rest" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a, *rest = [1]
        (a, rest)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, [1, []]}
    end

    test "starred unpack from tuple" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        first, *rest = (10, 20, 30)
        (first, rest)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, [10, [20, 30]]}
    end

    test "starred unpack from range" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        first, *rest = range(5)
        (first, rest)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, [0, [1, 2, 3, 4]]}
    end

    test "starred unpack too few values" do
      {:error, %Error{message: msg}} =
        Pyex.run("""
        a, b, *rest = [1]
        """)

      assert msg =~ "ValueError"
    end
  end

  describe "tuple type" do
    test "tuple literal" do
      result = Pyex.run!("(1, 2, 3)")
      assert result == {:tuple, [1, 2, 3]}
    end

    test "single-element tuple needs trailing comma" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(1,)") == {:tuple, [1]}
    end

    test "empty tuple" do
      assert Pyex.run!("()") == {:tuple, []}
    end

    test "tuple() constructor" do
      assert Pyex.run!("tuple()") == {:tuple, []}
      assert Pyex.run!("tuple([1, 2, 3])") == {:tuple, [1, 2, 3]}
    end

    test "len of tuple" do
      assert Pyex.run!("len((1, 2, 3))") == 3
    end

    test "tuple subscript" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(10, 20, 30)[1]") == 20
    end

    test "in operator with tuple" do
      assert Pyex.run!("2 in (1, 2, 3)") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("4 in (1, 2, 3)") == false
    end

    test "for over tuple" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        total = 0
        for x in (1, 2, 3):
            total = total + x
        total
        """)

      assert result == 6
    end

    test "tuple type function" do
      {:class, name, _, _} = Pyex.run!("type((1, 2))")
      assert name == "tuple"
    end
  end

  describe "f-strings" do
    test "simple interpolation" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        name = "World"
        f"Hello {name}"
        """)

      assert result == "Hello World"
    end

    test "expression in f-string" do
      assert Pyex.run!("f\"{1 + 2}\"") == "3"
    end

    test "multiple interpolations" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x = 3
        y = 4
        f"{x} + {y} = {x + y}"
        """)

      assert result == "3 + 4 = 7"
    end

    test "f-string with no interpolation" do
      assert Pyex.run!("f\"hello\"") == "hello"
    end

    test "f-string with function call" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        name = "world"
        f"Hello {name.upper()}"
        """)

      assert result == "Hello WORLD"
    end
  end

  describe "triple-quoted strings" do
    test "double-quote triple string" do
      result = Pyex.run!(~s|x = \"""hello\"""\nx|)
      assert result == "hello"
    end

    test "single-quote triple string" do
      result = Pyex.run!("x = '''hello'''\nx")
      assert result == "hello"
    end

    test "triple string with newlines" do
      result = Pyex.run!(~s|x = \"""line1\nline2\"""\nlen(x)|)
      assert result == 11
    end
  end

  describe "os.environ" do
    test "reads environment variable from ctx" do
      ctx = Pyex.Ctx.new(env: %{"MY_KEY" => "secret123"})

      {:ok, result, _ctx} =
        Pyex.run(
          """
          import os
          os.environ["MY_KEY"]
          """,
          ctx
        )

      assert result == "secret123"
    end

    test "missing key returns KeyError" do
      ctx = Pyex.Ctx.new(env: %{})

      assert {:error, %Error{message: msg}} =
               Pyex.run(
                 """
                 import os
                 os.environ["MISSING"]
                 """,
                 ctx
               )

      assert msg =~ "KeyError"
    end

    test "environ is a dict supporting in operator" do
      ctx = Pyex.Ctx.new(env: %{"A" => "1", "B" => "2"})

      {:ok, result, _ctx} =
        Pyex.run(
          """
          import os
          "A" in os.environ
          """,
          ctx
        )

      assert result == true
    end

    test "default empty environ when not provided" do
      {:ok, result, _ctx} =
        Pyex.run("""
        import os
        len(os.environ)
        """)

      assert result == 0
    end
  end

  describe "from_import" do
    test "from math import sin" do
      assert {:ok, +0.0, _ctx} = Pyex.run("from math import sin\nsin(0)")
    end

    test "from math import multiple names" do
      assert {:ok, result, _ctx} = Pyex.run("from math import pi, sin\nsin(pi)")
      assert_in_delta result, 0.0, 1.0e-10
    end

    test "from json import loads" do
      assert {:ok, [1, 2, 3], _ctx} = Pyex.run("from json import loads\nloads(\"[1,2,3]\")")
    end

    test "from X import Y as Z" do
      assert {:ok, +0.0, _ctx} = Pyex.run("from math import sin as s\ns(0)")
    end

    test "from fastapi import FastAPI" do
      app =
        Pyex.run!("""
        from fastapi import FastAPI
        app = FastAPI()
        app
        """)

      assert is_map(app)
      assert Map.has_key?(app, "__routes__")
    end

    test "importing nonexistent name returns error" do
      assert {:error, %Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run("from math import nonexistent")
      assert msg =~ "ImportError"
      assert msg =~ "nonexistent"
    end

    test "importing from nonexistent module returns error" do
      assert {:error, %Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run("from nope import x")
      assert msg =~ "ImportError"
      assert msg =~ "nope"
    end
  end

  describe "for loop tuple unpacking" do
    test "for k, v in dict.items()" do
      assert {:ok, ["a=1", "b=2"], _ctx} =
               Pyex.run("""
               d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
               result = []
               for k, v in d.items():
                   result.append(k + "=" + str(v))
               result
               """)
    end

    test "for a, b in list of lists" do
      assert {:ok, 9, _ctx} =
               Pyex.run("""
               total = 0
               for a, b in [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]:
                   total = total + a
               total
               """)
    end

    test "for with tuple unpacking in list comprehension" do
      assert {:ok, ["x=1", "y=2"], _ctx} =
               Pyex.run(~s|[k + "=" + str(v) for k, v in {"x": 1, "y": 2}.items()]|)
    end

    test "for k, v with wrong item length returns error" do
      assert {:error, %Error{message: msg}} =
               Pyex.run("""
               for a, b in [[1, 2, 3]]:
                   pass
               """)

      assert msg =~ "ValueError"
    end

    # Parenthesised tuple targets share the same `collect_nested_for_pattern`
    # path that comprehensions now use; these tests pin the surface area
    # where both forms must agree.
    test "for (a, b) in pairs binds parenthesised target" do
      assert {:ok, [3, 7, 11], _ctx} =
               Pyex.run("""
               result = []
               for (a, b) in [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]:
                   result.append(a + b)
               result
               """)
    end

    test "for (a,) single-element tuple target unpacks 1-tuples" do
      assert {:ok, [1, 2, 3], _ctx} =
               Pyex.run("""
               result = []
               for (a,) in [(1,), (2,), (3,)]:
                   result.append(a)
               result
               """)
    end

    test "for (a, *rest) starred target collects tail into a list" do
      assert {:ok, [[2, 3], [5]], _ctx} =
               Pyex.run("""
               result = []
               for (a, *rest) in [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5)]:
                   result.append(rest)
               result
               """)
    end

    test "for (*head, last) starred target collects head into a list" do
      assert {:ok, [[1, 2], [4]], _ctx} =
               Pyex.run("""
               result = []
               for (*head, last) in [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5)]:
                   result.append(head)
               result
               """)
    end

    test "for (a, (b, c)) nested parenthesised target" do
      assert {:ok, [6, 15], _ctx} =
               Pyex.run("""
               result = []
               for (a, (b, c)) in [(1, (2, 3)), (4, (5, 6))]:
                   result.append(a + b + c)
               result
               """)
    end
  end

  describe "chained comparisons" do
    test "simple two-operator chain" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 < 2 < 3") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("1 < 3 < 2") == false
      assert Pyex.run!("3 < 2 < 1") == false
    end

    test "three-operator chain" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 < 2 < 3 < 4") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("1 < 2 < 4 < 3") == false
    end

    test "mixed comparison operators" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 < 2 <= 2 < 3") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("1 <= 1 < 2 <= 2") == true
    end

    test "chained equality" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 == 1 == 1") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("1 == 1 == 2") == false
    end

    test "chained with variables" do
      code = """
      x = 5
      1 < x < 10
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == true

      code2 = """
      x = 15
      1 < x < 10
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code2) == false
    end

    test "short-circuit stops early on false" do
      code = """
      x = 5
      10 < x < 3
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == false
    end

    test "middle operand evaluated only once in chain" do
      code = """
      x = 5
      1 < x < 10
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == true
    end

    test "chained with in operator" do
      code = """
      x = 3
      0 < x < 10
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == true
    end

    test "chained gte and lte" do
      assert Pyex.run!("0 <= 0 <= 1") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("0 >= 0 >= -1") == true
    end

    test "short-circuit skips later operands" do
      assert Pyex.run!("10 < 5 < 1 / 0") == false
    end

    test "single comparison still works" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 < 2") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("2 < 1") == false
    end
  end

  describe "else on for loop" do
    test "else runs when loop completes normally" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             result = "none"
             for x in [1, 2, 3]:
                 pass
             else:
                 result = "completed"
             result
             """) == "completed"
    end

    test "else does not run when break is used" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             result = "none"
             for x in [1, 2, 3]:
                 break
             else:
                 result = "completed"
             result
             """) == "none"
    end

    test "else runs on empty iterable" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             result = "none"
             for x in []:
                 result = "body"
             else:
                 result = "completed"
             result
             """) == "completed"
    end

    test "for-else without break exits normally" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             found = False
             for x in [1, 2, 3]:
                 if x == 2:
                     found = True
             else:
                 found = "else ran"
             found
             """) == "else ran"
    end
  end

  describe "else on while loop" do
    test "else runs when condition becomes false" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             x = 3
             result = "none"
             while x > 0:
                 x = x - 1
             else:
                 result = "completed"
             result
             """) == "completed"
    end

    test "else does not run when break is used" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             x = 3
             result = "none"
             while x > 0:
                 x = x - 1
                 if x == 1:
                     break
             else:
                 result = "completed"
             result
             """) == "none"
    end

    test "else runs when condition is initially false" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             result = "none"
             while False:
                 result = "body"
             else:
                 result = "completed"
             result
             """) == "completed"
    end
  end

  describe "assert statement" do
    test "assert passes on truthy" do
      assert Pyex.run!("assert True") == nil
      assert Pyex.run!("assert 1") == nil
    end

    test "assert fails on falsy" do
      {:error, %Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run("assert False")
      assert msg =~ "AssertionError"
    end

    test "assert with message" do
      {:error, %Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run(~s|assert False, "oops"|)
      assert msg =~ "AssertionError: oops"
    end

    test "assert with expression" do
      assert Pyex.run!("assert 1 + 1 == 2") == nil
    end
  end

  describe "del statement" do
    test "del variable" do
      {:error, %Error{message: msg}} =
        Pyex.run("""
        x = 10
        del x
        x
        """)

      assert msg =~ "NameError"
    end

    test "del dict key" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
             del d["a"]
             d
             """) == %{"b" => 2}
    end

    test "del list element" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             lst = [1, 2, 3]
             del lst[1]
             lst
             """) == [1, 3]
    end

    test "del attribute-backed dict key" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             class Box:
                 def __init__(self):
                     self.data = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

             box = Box()
             del box.data["a"]
             box.data
             """) == %{"b" => 2}
    end
  end

  describe "augmented subscript assignment" do
    test "dict value += " do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             d = {"a": 1}
             d["a"] += 10
             d["a"]
             """) == 11
    end

    test "list element += " do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             lst = [10, 20, 30]
             lst[1] += 5
             lst
             """) == [10, 25, 30]
    end

    test "dict value *= " do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             d = {"x": 3}
             d["x"] *= 4
             d["x"]
             """) == 12
    end

    test "nested dict augmented assign" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             counts = {"a": 0, "b": 0}
             counts["a"] += 1
             counts["a"] += 1
             counts["b"] += 1
             counts
             """) == %{"a" => 2, "b" => 1}
    end
  end

  describe "subscript assign on expression target" do
    test "method call result subscript assign" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             rows = {}
             rows.setdefault(1, {})[2] = "x"
             rows[1][2]
             """) == "x"
    end

    test "call result subscript assign populates nested dict" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             rows = {}
             rows.setdefault("a", {})["b"] = 99
             rows.setdefault("a", {})["c"] = 100
             rows
             """) == %{"a" => %{"b" => 99, "c" => 100}}
    end

    test "subscript on function return value" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             def get_d():
                 return d
             d = {}
             get_d()["k"] = 42
             d["k"]
             """) == 42
    end
  end

  describe "chained assignment" do
    test "a = b = 1" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             a = b = 1
             a + b
             """) == 2
    end

    test "a = b = c = 5" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             a = b = c = 5
             a + b + c
             """) == 15
    end

    test "chained assign with expression" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             x = y = 2 + 3
             x * y
             """) == 25
    end
  end

  describe "global keyword" do
    test "global variable is accessible after function call" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x = 0
        def set_x():
            global x
            x = 42
        set_x()
        x
        """)

      assert result == 42
    end

    test "global variable created inside function" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def make_global():
            global y
            y = 99
        make_global()
        y
        """)

      assert result == 99
    end

    test "multiple global declarations" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a = 1
        b = 2
        def swap():
            global a, b
            a, b = b, a
        swap()
        a
        """)

      assert result == 2
    end

    test "global with augmented assignment" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        counter = 0
        def increment():
            global counter
            counter += 1
        increment()
        increment()
        increment()
        counter
        """)

      assert result == 3
    end
  end

  describe "nonlocal keyword" do
    test "nonlocal modifies enclosing variable" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def outer():
            x = 10
            def inner():
                nonlocal x
                x = 20
            inner()
            return x
        outer()
        """)

      assert result == 20
    end

    test "nonlocal counter pattern" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def make_counter():
            count = 0
            def increment():
                nonlocal count
                count += 1
                return count
            return increment
        c = make_counter()
        c()
        c()
        c()
        """)

      assert result == 3
    end

    test "multiple nonlocal declarations" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def outer():
            a = 1
            b = 2
            def inner():
                nonlocal a, b
                a = 10
                b = 20
            inner()
            return a + b
        outer()
        """)

      assert result == 30
    end
  end

  describe "*args and **kwargs" do
    test "*args collects extra positional arguments" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f(a, *args):
            return args
        f(1, 2, 3, 4)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, [2, 3, 4]}
    end

    test "*args is empty when no extra args" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f(a, *args):
            return args
        f(1)
        """)

      assert result == {:tuple, []}
    end

    test "**kwargs collects extra keyword arguments" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f(a, **kwargs):
            return kwargs
        f(1, x=10, y=20)
        """)

      assert result == %{"x" => 10, "y" => 20}
    end

    test "**kwargs is empty when no extra kwargs" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f(a, **kwargs):
            return kwargs
        f(1)
        """)

      assert result == %{}
    end

    test "*args and **kwargs together" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f(*args, **kwargs):
            return [args, kwargs]
        f(1, 2, x=3)
        """)

      assert result == [{:tuple, [1, 2]}, %{"x" => 3}]
    end

    test "regular + *args + **kwargs" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
            return [a, b, args, kwargs]
        f(1, 2, 3, 4, key="val")
        """)

      assert result == [1, 2, {:tuple, [3, 4]}, %{"key" => "val"}]
    end

    test "len(*args)" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def count(*args):
            return len(args)
        count(1, 2, 3)
        """)

      assert result == 3
    end

    test "*args with for loop" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def total(*args):
            s = 0
            for x in args:
                s += x
            return s
        total(10, 20, 30)
        """)

      assert result == 60
    end
  end

  describe "set type" do
    test "set literal" do
      result = Pyex.run!("{1, 2, 3}")
      assert result == {:set, MapSet.new([1, 2, 3])}
    end

    test "set() constructor empty" do
      result = Pyex.run!("set()")
      assert result == {:set, MapSet.new()}
    end

    test "set() from list" do
      result = Pyex.run!("set([1, 2, 2, 3])")
      assert result == {:set, MapSet.new([1, 2, 3])}
    end

    test "set() from string" do
      result = Pyex.run!("set(\"abc\")")
      {:set, s} = result
      assert MapSet.size(s) == 3
    end

    test "len of set" do
      assert Pyex.run!("len({1, 2, 3})") == 3
    end

    test "in operator with set" do
      assert Pyex.run!("2 in {1, 2, 3}") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("5 in {1, 2, 3}") == false
    end

    test "for loop over set" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        s = 0
        for x in {10, 20, 30}:
            s += x
        s
        """)

      assert result == 60
    end

    test "set difference with -" do
      result = Pyex.run!("{1, 2, 3} - {2}")
      assert result == {:set, MapSet.new([1, 3])}
    end

    test "set.add()" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        s = {1, 2}
        s.add(3)
        s
        """)

      assert result == {:set, MapSet.new([1, 2, 3])}
    end

    test "set.remove()" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        s = {1, 2, 3}
        s.remove(2)
        s
        """)

      assert result == {:set, MapSet.new([1, 3])}
    end

    test "set.discard() on missing element" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        s = {1, 2}
        s.discard(99)
        s
        """)

      assert result == {:set, MapSet.new([1, 2])}
    end

    test "set.union()" do
      result = Pyex.run!("{1, 2}.union({2, 3})")
      assert result == {:set, MapSet.new([1, 2, 3])}
    end

    test "set.intersection()" do
      result = Pyex.run!("{1, 2, 3}.intersection({2, 3, 4})")
      assert result == {:set, MapSet.new([2, 3])}
    end

    test "set.issubset()" do
      assert Pyex.run!("{1, 2}.issubset({1, 2, 3})") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("{1, 4}.issubset({1, 2, 3})") == false
    end

    test "sorted(set)" do
      assert Pyex.run!("sorted({3, 1, 2})") == [1, 2, 3]
    end

    test "list(set)" do
      result = Pyex.run!("list({1, 2, 3})")
      assert is_list(result)
      assert Enum.sort(result) == [1, 2, 3]
    end

    test "empty set is falsy" do
      assert Pyex.run!("not set()") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("not {1}") == false
    end

    test "isinstance with set" do
      assert Pyex.run!("isinstance({1, 2}, \"set\")") == true
    end
  end

  describe "bitwise operators" do
    test "bitwise AND" do
      assert Pyex.run!("0b1100 & 0b1010") == 0b1000
      assert Pyex.run!("15 & 9") == 9
    end

    test "bitwise OR" do
      assert Pyex.run!("0b1100 | 0b1010") == 0b1110
      assert Pyex.run!("8 | 5") == 13
    end

    test "bitwise XOR" do
      assert Pyex.run!("0b1100 ^ 0b1010") == 0b0110
      assert Pyex.run!("12 ^ 10") == 6
    end

    test "bitwise NOT" do
      assert Pyex.run!("~0") == -1
      assert Pyex.run!("~1") == -2
      assert Pyex.run!("~-1") == 0
      assert Pyex.run!("~42") == -43
    end

    test "left shift" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 << 4") == 16
      assert Pyex.run!("3 << 2") == 12
    end

    test "right shift" do
      assert Pyex.run!("16 >> 2") == 4
      assert Pyex.run!("15 >> 1") == 7
    end

    test "precedence: bitwise AND binds tighter than OR" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 | 2 & 3") == 3
      assert Pyex.run!("(1 | 2) & 3") == 3
    end

    test "precedence: shift binds tighter than bitwise AND" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 << 2 & 7") == 4
    end

    test "precedence: arithmetic binds tighter than shift" do
      assert Pyex.run!("1 << 2 + 1") == 8
    end

    test "bitwise XOR between AND and OR in precedence" do
      assert Pyex.run!("2 | 4 ^ 6") == 2
    end

    test "chained bitwise" do
      assert Pyex.run!("0xFF & 0x0F | 0xF0") == 0xFF
    end

    test "bitwise type errors" do
      {:error, %Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run("1.0 & 2")
      assert msg =~ "TypeError"

      {:error, %Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run("~1.5")
      assert msg =~ "TypeError"
    end

    test "set operations with | & ^" do
      assert Pyex.run!("{1, 2} | {2, 3}") == {:set, MapSet.new([1, 2, 3])}
      assert Pyex.run!("{1, 2, 3} & {2, 3, 4}") == {:set, MapSet.new([2, 3])}
      assert Pyex.run!("{1, 2, 3} ^ {2, 3, 4}") == {:set, MapSet.new([1, 4])}
    end

    test "augmented bitwise assignment" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 0xFF\nx &= 0x0F\nx") == 0x0F
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 0\nx |= 0xFF\nx") == 0xFF
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 0xFF\nx ^= 0x0F\nx") == 0xF0
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 1\nx <<= 4\nx") == 16
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 16\nx >>= 2\nx") == 4
    end

    test "augmented bitwise on subscripts" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             d = {"flags": 0}
             d["flags"] |= 0x01
             d["flags"] |= 0x04
             d["flags"]
             """) == 5
    end
  end

  describe "unary plus" do
    test "unary plus on integers" do
      assert Pyex.run!("+5") == 5
      assert Pyex.run!("+0") == 0
    end

    test "unary plus on floats" do
      assert Pyex.run!("+3.14") == 3.14
    end

    test "unary plus on negative" do
      assert Pyex.run!("+-5") == -5
    end

    test "unary plus type error" do
      {:error, %Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run(~s|+"hello"|)
      assert msg =~ "TypeError"
    end
  end

  describe "starred expressions in calls" do
    test "*args unpacking in call" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def add(a, b, c):
            return a + b + c
        args = [1, 2, 3]
        add(*args)
        """)

      assert result == 6
    end

    test "**kwargs unpacking in call" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def greet(name, greeting):
            return greeting + " " + name
        kw = {"name": "World", "greeting": "Hello"}
        greet(**kw)
        """)

      assert result == "Hello World"
    end

    test "mixed positional and *args" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f(a, b, c, d):
            return [a, b, c, d]
        rest = [3, 4]
        f(1, 2, *rest)
        """)

      assert result == [1, 2, 3, 4]
    end

    test "mixed *args and **kwargs" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f(a, b, c=0):
            return a + b + c
        f(*[1, 2], **{"c": 10})
        """)

      assert result == 13
    end

    test "*args with builtin" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        args = [1, 10]
        list(range(*args))
        """)

      assert result == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    end

    test "**kwargs with string keys" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def f(x, y):
            return x * y
        f(**{"x": 3, "y": 4})
        """)

      assert result == 12
    end
  end

  describe "semicolon statement separator" do
    test "two statements on one line" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 1; x + 1") == 2
    end

    test "three statements on one line" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 1; y = 2; x + y") == 3
    end

    test "semicolon inside string is preserved" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|"a;b"|) == "a;b"
    end

    test "semicolon with function calls" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        items = []; items.append(1); items.append(2)
        items
        """)

      assert result == [1, 2]
    end
  end

  describe "infinity and nan" do
    test "float('inf') returns infinity atom" do
      assert Pyex.run!("float('inf')") == :infinity
    end

    test "float('-inf') returns neg_infinity atom" do
      assert Pyex.run!("float('-inf')") == :neg_infinity
    end

    test "float('nan') returns nan atom" do
      assert Pyex.run!("float('nan')") == :nan
    end

    test "float('infinity') case insensitive" do
      assert Pyex.run!("float('Infinity')") == :infinity
      assert Pyex.run!("float('+inf')") == :infinity
      assert Pyex.run!("float('-Infinity')") == :neg_infinity
    end

    test "str() of special floats" do
      assert Pyex.run!("str(float('inf'))") == "inf"
      assert Pyex.run!("str(float('-inf'))") == "-inf"
      assert Pyex.run!("str(float('nan'))") == "nan"
    end

    test "math.inf and math.nan" do
      assert Pyex.run!("import math\nmath.inf") == :infinity
      assert Pyex.run!("import math\nmath.nan") == :nan
    end

    test "math.isinf()" do
      assert Pyex.run!("import math\nmath.isinf(math.inf)") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("import math\nmath.isinf(float('-inf'))") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("import math\nmath.isinf(42)") == false
    end

    test "math.isnan()" do
      assert Pyex.run!("import math\nmath.isnan(math.nan)") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("import math\nmath.isnan(42)") == false
    end

    test "special floats are truthy" do
      assert Pyex.run!("bool(float('inf'))") == true
      assert Pyex.run!("bool(float('nan'))") == true
    end
  end

  describe "walrus operator :=" do
    test "basic walrus in if condition" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        if (n := 10) > 5:
            x = n
        else:
            x = 0
        x
        """)

      assert result == 10
    end

    test "walrus assigns and returns value" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(x := 42)") == 42
    end

    test "walrus in while loop" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        items = [1, 2, 3, 0, 4]
        total = 0
        i = 0
        while (val := items[i]) != 0:
            total += val
            i += 1
        total
        """)

      assert result == 6
    end

    test "walrus variable accessible after expression" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        if (n := len(data)) > 3:
            result = n
        else:
            result = 0
        result
        """)

      assert result == 5
    end

    test "walrus in list comprehension filter" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        results = [y for x in [1, 2, 3, 4] if (y := x * 2) > 4]
        results
        """)

      assert result == [6, 8]
    end
  end

  describe "inline if body" do
    test "if x: y" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 5\nif x > 3: x = 10\nx") == 10
    end

    test "if/else inline" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x = 1
        if x > 5: y = "big"
        else: y = "small"
        y
        """)

      assert result == "small"
    end

    test "inline if with function call" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        items = []
        if True: items.append(1)
        items
        """)

      assert result == [1]
    end

    test "inline if false branch not taken" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x = 0\nif False: x = 99\nx") == 0
    end
  end

  describe "type annotations" do
    test "variable annotation with value" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x: int = 5\nx") == 5
    end

    test "bare variable annotation" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        x: int
        y = 10
        y
        """)

      assert result == 10
    end

    test "complex type annotation" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x: List[int] = [1, 2]\nx") == [1, 2]
    end

    test "None type annotation" do
      assert Pyex.run!("x: None = None\nx") == nil
    end

    test "function with annotated params and return" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
            return a + b
        add(3, 4)
        """)

      assert result == 7
    end
  end

  describe "string % formatting" do
    test "basic string substitution" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("Hello %s" % "world")) == "Hello world"
    end

    test "integer substitution with %d" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%d items" % 5)) == "5 items"
    end

    test "multiple substitutions with tuple" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~S["Name: %s, Age: %d" % ("Alice", 30)]) == "Name: Alice, Age: 30"
    end

    test "float formatting with %f" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%.2f" % 3.14159)) == "3.14"
    end

    test "zero-padded integer" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%05d" % 42)) == "00042"
    end

    test "literal percent with %%" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~S["100%%" % ()]) == "100%"
    end

    test "hex formatting with %x" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%x" % 255)) == "ff"
    end

    test "octal formatting with %o" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%o" % 8)) == "10"
    end

    test "repr formatting with %r" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%r" % "hello")) == "'hello'"
    end

    test "width padding with right alignment" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%10s" % "hi")) == "        hi"
    end

    test "width padding with left alignment" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%-10s" % "hi")) == "hi        "
    end

    test "multiple format codes in one string" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~S["%s has %d apples and %.1f oranges" % ("Bob", 3, 2.5)]) ==
               "Bob has 3 apples and 2.5 oranges"
    end

    test "integer substitution with %i" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%i" % 42)) == "42"
    end

    test "scientific notation with %e" do
      result = Pyex.run!(~s("%e" % 12345.6789))
      assert result =~ ~r/1\.\d+e\+04/
    end

    test "string formatting with precision truncates" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s("%.3s" % "hello")) == "hel"
    end
  end

  describe "with statement" do
    test "basic with statement" do
      code = """
      class Ctx:
          def __enter__(self):
              return "entered"
          def __exit__(self, *args):
              pass

      with Ctx() as val:
          result = val
      result
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == "entered"
    end

    test "with statement without as clause" do
      code = """
      class Ctx:
          def __enter__(self):
              return 42
          def __exit__(self, *args):
              pass

      with Ctx():
          result = "done"
      result
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == "done"
    end

    test "with statement __enter__ return value is bound" do
      code = """
      class Ctx:
          def __enter__(self):
              return "resource"
          def __exit__(self, *args):
              pass

      with Ctx() as val:
          result = val
      result
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == "resource"
    end

    test "with plain value (no __enter__/__exit__)" do
      code = """
      with 42 as x:
          result = x
      result
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == 42
    end
  end

  describe "trailing commas" do
    test "trailing comma in dict literal" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s({"a": 1, "b": 2,})) == %{"a" => 1, "b" => 2}
    end

    test "trailing comma in multiline dict" do
      code = """
      x = {
          "key": "value",
          "num": 42,
      }
      x["key"]
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == "value"
    end

    test "trailing comma in nested dicts" do
      code = """
      data = {
          "headers": {
              "content-type": "application/json",
              "x-api-key": "test",
          },
          "body": {
              "model": "claude",
              "messages": [
                  {"role": "user", "content": "hello",},
              ],
          },
      }
      data["body"]["messages"][0]["content"]
      """

      assert Pyex.run!(code) == "hello"
    end
  end

  describe "f-string format specs" do
    test "float formatting with .2f" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             val = 3.14159
             f"{val:.2f}"
             """) == "3.14"
    end

    test "left-align string" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             f"{'ACCOUNT':<14}"
             """) == "ACCOUNT       "
    end

    test "right-align with comma grouping and .2f" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             v = 1234567.891
             f"{v:>18,.2f}"
             """) == "      1,234,567.89"
    end

    test "right-align integer" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             count = 42
             f"{count:>6}"
             """) == "    42"
    end

    test "center with fill char" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             f"{'hi':*^10}"
             """) == "****hi****"
    end

    test "subscript expression with format spec" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             info = {"count": 42}
             f"{info['count']:>6}"
             """) == "    42"
    end

    test "zero-padded integer" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             n = 7
             f"{n:05d}"
             """) == "00007"
    end

    test "mixed plain and formatted expressions" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             name = "Alice"
             score = 95.5
             f"{name} scored {score:.1f}"
             """) == "Alice scored 95.5"
    end

    test "backward compat: f-strings without format specs still work" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             x = 42
             f"value is {x}"
             """) == "value is 42"
    end

    # --- Hex / Octal / Binary integer formatting ---

    test "hex formatting lowercase :x" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{255:x}"|) == "ff"
    end

    test "hex formatting uppercase :X" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{255:X}"|) == "FF"
    end

    test "hex with alt form #x shows 0x prefix" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{255:#x}"|) == "0xff"
    end

    test "hex with alt form #X shows 0X prefix" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{255:#X}"|) == "0XFF"
    end

    test "octal formatting :o" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{255:o}"|) == "377"
    end

    test "octal with alt form #o" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{255:#o}"|) == "0o377"
    end

    test "binary formatting :b" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{10:b}"|) == "1010"
    end

    test "binary with alt form #b" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{10:#b}"|) == "0b1010"
    end

    test "hex of zero" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{0:x}"|) == "0"
    end

    test "hex of negative number" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{-42:x}"|) == "-2a"
    end

    test "hex negative with alt form" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{-42:#x}"|) == "-0x2a"
    end

    # --- Percentage formatting ---

    test "percentage formatting :%" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{0.125:.1%}"|) == "12.5%"
    end

    test "percentage with default precision" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{0.5:%}"|) == "50.000000%"
    end

    test "percentage zero" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{0:.0%}"|) == "0%"
    end

    # --- Scientific notation ---

    test "scientific notation lowercase :e" do
      result = Pyex.run!(~s|f"{1234.5:.3e}"|)
      assert result == "1.234e+03"
    end

    test "scientific notation uppercase :E" do
      result = Pyex.run!(~s|f"{1234.5:.3E}"|)
      assert result == "1.234E+03"
    end

    test "scientific notation default precision :e" do
      result = Pyex.run!(~s|f"{1234.5:e}"|)
      assert String.contains?(result, "e+")
    end

    # --- String formatting ---

    test "string type :s" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{'hello':s}"|) == "hello"
    end

    test "string truncation with precision :.3s" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{'hello':.3s}"|) == "hel"
    end

    test "string left-aligned in width" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{'hi':<10s}"|) == "hi        "
    end

    # --- Underscore grouping ---

    test "underscore grouping :_" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             f"{1000000:_}"
             """) == "1_000_000"
    end

    # --- Comma grouping with integers ---

    test "comma grouping with integer :," do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             f"{1234567:,}"
             """) == "1,234,567"
    end

    # --- Zero padding ---

    test "zero padding float :08.2f" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             f"{3.14:08.2f}"
             """) == "00003.14"
    end

    test "zero padding integer :06" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             f"{42:06}"
             """) == "000042"
    end

    # --- Width without explicit alignment ---

    test "width only on integer defaults to right-align" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{42:6}"|) == "    42"
    end

    test "width only on string defaults to left-align" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{'hi':10}"|) == "hi        "
    end

    # --- = alignment (pad after sign) ---

    test "= alignment pads after sign" do
      result = Pyex.run!(~s|f"{-42:=10d}"|)
      assert result == "-       42"
      assert String.length(result) == 10
    end

    # --- Edge cases ---

    test "empty format spec is identity" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             x = 42
             f"{x:}"
             """) == "42"
    end

    test "format spec on expression result" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             f"{1 + 2:.2f}"
             """) == "3.00"
    end

    test "multiple formatted expressions in one f-string" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             a = 3.14
             b = 42
             f"{a:.1f} and {b:05d}"
             """) == "3.1 and 00042"
    end

    test "format spec with float default precision (.6f)" do
      assert Pyex.run!(~s|f"{3.14:f}"|) == "3.140000"
    end

    test "invalid format type raises ValueError" do
      assert {:error, %Pyex.Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run(~s|f"{42:q}"|)
      assert msg =~ "ValueError"
    end

    test "format :d on string raises ValueError" do
      assert {:error, %Pyex.Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run(~s|f"{'hi':d}"|)
      assert msg =~ "ValueError"
    end

    test "format :f on string raises ValueError" do
      assert {:error, %Pyex.Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run(~s|f"{'hi':f}"|)
      assert msg =~ "ValueError"
    end
  end

  describe "dict | dict merge (PEP 584)" do
    test "basic dict merge with |" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a = {"x": 1, "y": 2}
        b = {"y": 3, "z": 4}
        c = a | b
        [c["x"], c["y"], c["z"]]
        """)

      assert result == [1, 3, 4]
    end

    test "dict |= augmented assignment" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a = {"x": 1}
        a |= {"y": 2, "x": 10}
        [a["x"], a["y"]]
        """)

      assert result == [10, 2]
    end

    test "dict merge preserves insertion order" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        a = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
        b = {"c": 3, "b": 99}
        c = a | b
        list(c.keys())
        """)

      assert result == ["a", "b", "c"]
    end

    test "building request params with |" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        base_params = {"api_key": "abc", "format": "json"}
        day_params = base_params | {"day": "2026-04-02"}
        list(day_params.keys())
        """)

      assert result == ["api_key", "format", "day"]
    end

    test "dict | non-dict raises TypeError" do
      assert {:error, %Pyex.Error{message: msg}} = Pyex.run(~s[{"a": 1} | 42])
      assert msg =~ "TypeError"
    end

    test "int | int still works (bitwise OR unchanged)" do
      assert Pyex.run!("5 | 3") == 7
    end
  end

  # ── Tuple slicing ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

  describe "tuple slicing" do
    test "basic slice" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(1, 2, 3, 4)[1:3]") == {:tuple, [2, 3]}
    end

    test "step slice" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)[::2]") == {:tuple, [1, 3, 5]}
    end

    test "reverse slice" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(1, 2, 3, 4)[::-1]") == {:tuple, [4, 3, 2, 1]}
    end

    test "open start" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(1, 2, 3, 4)[:2]") == {:tuple, [1, 2]}
    end

    test "open end" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(1, 2, 3, 4)[2:]") == {:tuple, [3, 4]}
    end

    test "negative index slice" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(1, 2, 3, 4)[-2:]") == {:tuple, [3, 4]}
    end

    test "empty slice" do
      assert Pyex.run!("(1, 2, 3)[5:]") == {:tuple, []}
    end
  end

  # ── with statement multi-target ────────────────────────────────────────────

  describe "with statement multi-target" do
    test "multi-target with as" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        class CM:
            def __init__(self, v): self.v = v
            def __enter__(self): return self.v
            def __exit__(self, *a): pass
        with CM(10) as a, CM(20) as b:
            r = a + b
        r
        """)

      assert result == 30
    end

    test "multi-target without as" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        log = []
        class CM:
            def __init__(self, n): self.n = n
            def __enter__(self):
                log.append("enter" + str(self.n))
            def __exit__(self, *a):
                log.append("exit" + str(self.n))
        with CM(1), CM(2):
            log.append("body")
        log
        """)

      assert result == ["enter1", "enter2", "body", "exit2", "exit1"]
    end

    test "three-target with" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        class CM:
            def __init__(self, v): self.v = v
            def __enter__(self): return self.v
            def __exit__(self, *a): pass
        with CM(1) as a, CM(2) as b, CM(3) as c:
            r = a + b + c
        r
        """)

      assert result == 6
    end

    test "__exit__ receives exception type name" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        class Log:
            def __init__(self): self.got = None
            def __enter__(self): return self
            def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
                self.got = t.__name__ if t else None
                return False
        cm = Log()
        try:
            with cm:
                raise TypeError("boom")
        except TypeError:
            pass
        cm.got
        """)

      assert result == "TypeError"
    end

    test "__exit__ returning True suppresses exception" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        class Suppress:
            def __enter__(self): return self
            def __exit__(self, t, v, tb): return True
        with Suppress():
            raise ValueError("gone")
        "survived"
        """)

      assert result == "survived"
    end

    test "__exit__ returning False propagates exception" do
      code = """
      class NoSuppress:
          def __enter__(self): return self
          def __exit__(self, t, v, tb): return False
      with NoSuppress():
          raise ValueError("propagated")
      """

      {:error, err} = Pyex.run(code)
      assert err.message =~ "ValueError"
    end
  end

  # ── raise ... from ... ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────

  describe "raise from" do
    test "raise X from Y parses and raises X" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        try:
            try:
                raise ValueError("original")
            except ValueError as e:
                raise TypeError("wrapped") from e
        except TypeError as e:
            str(e)
        """)

      assert result == "wrapped"
    end

    test "raise X from None parses correctly" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        try:
            raise RuntimeError("clean") from None
        except RuntimeError as e:
            str(e)
        """)

      assert result == "clean"
    end
  end

  # ── keyword-only parameters ────────────────────────────────────────────────

  describe "keyword-only parameters" do
    test "required keyword-only" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             def f(a, *, x):
                 return a + x
             f(1, x=5)
             """) == 6
    end

    test "keyword-only with default" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             def f(a, *, x=10):
                 return a + x
             f(1)
             """) == 11
    end

    test "keyword-only overrides default" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             def f(a, *, x=10):
                 return a + x
             f(1, x=3)
             """) == 4
    end

    test "positional arg for keyword-only raises TypeError" do
      {:error, err} =
        Pyex.run("""
        def f(a, *, x):
            return a + x
        f(1, 5)
        """)

      assert err.message =~ "TypeError"
    end

    test "missing required keyword-only raises TypeError" do
      {:error, err} =
        Pyex.run("""
        def f(a, *, x):
            return a + x
        f(1)
        """)

      assert err.message =~ "TypeError"
    end

    test "keyword-only combined with *args" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             def f(*args, sep=" "):
                 return sep.join(str(a) for a in args)
             f(1, 2, 3, sep="-")
             """) == "1-2-3"
    end

    test "multiple keyword-only params" do
      assert Pyex.run!("""
             def f(*, x, y, z=0):
                 return x + y + z
             f(x=1, y=2)
             """) == 3
    end
  end

  # ── del obj.attr ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

  describe "del object attribute" do
    test "deletes instance attribute" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        class X:
            def __init__(self):
                self.v = 42
        x = X()
        del x.v
        hasattr(x, "v")
        """)

      assert result == false
    end

    test "AttributeError when accessing deleted attribute" do
      code = """
      class X:
          def __init__(self):
              self.v = 42
      x = X()
      del x.v
      x.v
      """

      {:error, err} = Pyex.run(code)
      assert err.message =~ "AttributeError"
    end

    test "AttributeError when deleting nonexistent attribute" do
      code = """
      class X:
          pass
      x = X()
      del x.missing
      """

      {:error, err} = Pyex.run(code)
      assert err.message =~ "AttributeError"
    end

    test "del does not affect other instances" do
      result =
        Pyex.run!("""
        class X:
            def __init__(self, v):
                self.v = v
        a = X(1)
        b = X(2)
        del a.v
        b.v
        """)

      assert result == 2
    end
  end
end
