---
name: epic-ui-guidelines
description:
  Guide on UI/UX guidelines, accessibility, and component usage for Epic Stack
categories:
  - ui
  - accessibility
  - tailwind
  - radix-ui
---

# Epic Stack: UI Guidelines

## When to use this skill

Use this skill when you need to:

- Create accessible UI components
- Follow Epic Stack design patterns
- Use Tailwind CSS effectively
- Implement semantic HTML
- Add ARIA attributes correctly
- Create responsive layouts
- Ensure proper form accessibility
- Follow Epic Stack's UI component conventions

## Patterns and conventions

### UI Philosophy

Following Epic Web principles:

**Software is built for people, by people** - Accessibility isn't about checking
boxes or meeting standards. It's about creating software that works for real
people with diverse needs, abilities, and contexts. Every UI decision should
prioritize the human experience over technical convenience.

Accessibility is not optional - it's how we ensure our software serves all
users, not just some. When you make UI accessible, you're making it better for
everyone: clearer labels help all users, keyboard navigation helps power users,
and semantic HTML helps search engines.

**Example - Human-centered approach:**

```typescript
// ✅ Good - Built for people
function NoteForm() {
	return (
		<Form method="POST">
			<Field
				labelProps={{
					htmlFor: fields.title.id,
					children: 'Note Title', // Clear, human-readable label
				}}
				inputProps={{
					...getInputProps(fields.title),
					placeholder: 'Enter a descriptive title', // Helpful guidance
					autoFocus: true, // Saves time for users
				}}
				errors={fields.title.errors} // Clear error messages
			/>
		</Form>
	)
}

// ❌ Avoid - Technical convenience over user experience
function NoteForm() {
	return (
		<Form method="POST">
			<input name="title" /> {/* No label, no guidance, no accessibility */}
		</Form>
	)
}
```

### Semantic HTML

**✅ Good - Use semantic elements:**

```typescript
function UserCard({ user }: { user: User }) {
	return (
		<article>
			<header>
				<h2>{user.name}</h2>
			</header>
			<p>{user.bio}</p>
			<footer>
				<time dateTime={user.createdAt}>{formatDate(user.createdAt)}</time>
			</footer>
		</article>
	)
}
```

**❌ Avoid - Generic divs:**

```typescript
// ❌ Don't use divs for everything
<div>
	<div>{user.name}</div>
	<div>{user.bio}</div>
	<div>{formatDate(user.createdAt)}</div>
</div>
```

### Form Accessibility

**✅ Good - Always use labels:**

```typescript
import { Field } from '#app/components/forms.tsx'

<Field
	labelProps={{
		htmlFor: fields.email.id,
		children: 'Email',
	}}
	inputProps={{
		...getInputProps(fields.email, { type: 'email' }),
		autoFocus: true,
		autoComplete: 'email',
	}}
	errors={fields.email.errors}
/>
```

The `Field` component automatically:

- Associates labels with inputs using `htmlFor` and `id`
- Adds `aria-invalid` when there are errors
- Adds `aria-describedby` pointing to error messages
- Ensures proper error announcement

**❌ Avoid - Unlabeled inputs:**

```typescript
// ❌ Don't forget labels
<input type="email" name="email" />
```

### ARIA Attributes

**✅ Good - Use ARIA appropriately:**

```typescript
// Epic Stack's Field component handles this automatically
<Field
	inputProps={{
		...getInputProps(fields.email, { type: 'email' }),
		// aria-invalid and aria-describedby are added automatically
	}}
	errors={fields.email.errors} // Error messages are linked via aria-describedby
/>
```

**✅ Good - ARIA for custom components:**

```typescript
function LoadingButton({ isLoading, children }: { isLoading: boolean; children: React.ReactNode }) {
	return (
		<button aria-busy={isLoading} disabled={isLoading}>
			{isLoading ? 'Loading...' : children}
		</button>
	)
}
```

### Using Radix UI Components

Epic Stack uses Radix UI for accessible, unstyled components.

**✅ Good - Use Radix primitives:**

```typescript
import * as Dialog from '@radix-ui/react-dialog'
import { Button } from '#app/components/ui/button.tsx'

function MyDialog() {
	return (
		<Dialog.Root>
			<Dialog.Trigger asChild>
				<Button>Open Dialog</Button>
			</Dialog.Trigger>
			<Dialog.Portal>
				<Dialog.Overlay className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/50" />
				<Dialog.Content className="fixed top-1/2 left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 bg-white p-6">
					<Dialog.Title>Dialog Title</Dialog.Title>
					<Dialog.Description>Dialog description</Dialog.Description>
					<Dialog.Close asChild>
						<Button>Close</Button>
					</Dialog.Close>
				</Dialog.Content>
			</Dialog.Portal>
		</Dialog.Root>
	)
}
```

Radix components automatically handle:

- Keyboard navigation
- Focus management
- ARIA attributes
- Screen reader announcements

### Tailwind CSS Patterns

**✅ Good - Use Tailwind utility classes:**

```typescript
function Card({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
	return (
		<div className="rounded-lg border border-gray-200 bg-white p-6 shadow-sm">
			{children}
		</div>
	)
}
```

**✅ Good - Use Tailwind responsive utilities:**

```typescript
<div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-4 md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3">
	{items.map(item => (
		<Card key={item.id}>{item.name}</Card>
	))}
</div>
```

**✅ Good - Use Tailwind dark mode:**

```typescript
<div className="bg-white text-gray-900 dark:bg-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100">
	{content}
</div>
```

### Error Handling in Forms

**✅ Good - Display errors accessibly:**

```typescript
import { Field, ErrorList } from '#app/components/forms.tsx'

<Field
	labelProps={{ htmlFor: fields.email.id, children: 'Email' }}
	inputProps={getInputProps(fields.email, { type: 'email' })}
	errors={fields.email.errors} // Errors are displayed below input
/>

<ErrorList errors={form.errors} id={form.errorId} /> // Form-level errors
```

Errors are automatically:

- Associated with inputs via `aria-describedby`
- Announced to screen readers
- Visually distinct with error styling

### Focus Management

**✅ Good - Visible focus indicators:**

```typescript
// Tailwind's default focus:ring handles this
<button className="focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-blue-500 focus:ring-offset-2">
	Click me
</button>
```

**✅ Good - Focus on form errors:**

```typescript
import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'

function FormWithErrorFocus() {
	const firstErrorRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)

	useEffect(() => {
		if (actionData?.errors && firstErrorRef.current) {
			firstErrorRef.current.focus()
		}
	}, [actionData?.errors])

	return <Field inputProps={{ ref: firstErrorRef, ... }} />
}
```

### Keyboard Navigation

**✅ Good - Keyboard accessible components:**

```typescript
// Radix components handle keyboard navigation automatically
<Dialog.Trigger asChild>
	<Button>Open</Button>
</Dialog.Trigger>

// Custom components should support keyboard
<button
	onKeyDown={(e) => {
		if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') {
			handleClick()
		}
	}}
>
	Custom Button
</button>
```

### Color Contrast

**✅ Good - Use accessible color combinations:**

```typescript
// Use Tailwind's semantic colors that meet WCAG AA
<div className="bg-white text-gray-900"> // High contrast
<div className="text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-700"> // Accessible links
```

**❌ Avoid - Low contrast text:**

```typescript
// ❌ Don't use low contrast
<div className="bg-gray-100 text-gray-200"> // Very low contrast
```

### Responsive Design

**✅ Good - Mobile-first approach:**

```typescript
<div className="
	flex flex-col gap-4
	md:flex-row md:gap-8
	lg:gap-12
">
	{/* Content */}
</div>
```

**✅ Good - Responsive typography:**

```typescript
<h1 className="text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl">
	Responsive Heading
</h1>
```

### Loading States

**✅ Good - Accessible loading indicators:**

```typescript
import { useNavigation } from 'react-router'

function SubmitButton() {
	const navigation = useNavigation()
	const isSubmitting = navigation.state === 'submitting'

	return (
		<button
			type="submit"
			disabled={isSubmitting}
			aria-busy={isSubmitting}
		>
			{isSubmitting ? 'Saving...' : 'Save'}
		</button>
	)
}
```

### Icon Usage

**✅ Good - Decorative icons:**

```typescript
import { Icon } from '#app/components/ui/icon.tsx'

<button aria-label="Delete note">
	<Icon name="trash" />
	<span className="sr-only">Delete note</span>
</button>
```

**✅ Good - Semantic icons:**

```typescript
<button>
	<Icon name="check" aria-hidden="true" />
	Save
</button>
```

### Skip Links

**✅ Good - Add skip to main content:**

```typescript
// In your root layout
<a href="#main-content" className="sr-only focus:not-sr-only focus:absolute focus:top-0 focus:left-0 focus:z-50 focus:p-4 focus:bg-blue-600 focus:text-white">
	Skip to main content
</a>

<main id="main-content">
	{/* Main content */}
</main>
```

### Progressive Enhancement

**✅ Good - Forms work without JavaScript:**

```typescript
// Conform forms work without JavaScript
<Form method="POST" {...getFormProps(form)}>
	<Field {...props} />
	<StatusButton type="submit">Submit</StatusButton>
</Form>
```

Forms automatically:

- Submit via native HTML forms if JavaScript is disabled
- Validate server-side
- Show errors appropriately

### Screen Reader Best Practices

**✅ Good - Use semantic HTML first:**

```typescript
// ✅ Semantic HTML provides context automatically
<nav aria-label="Main navigation">
	<ul>
		<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
		<li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
	</ul>
</nav>
```

**✅ Good - Announce dynamic content:**

```typescript
import { useNavigation } from 'react-router'

function SearchResults({ results }: { results: Result[] }) {
	const navigation = useNavigation()
	const isSearching = navigation.state === 'loading'

	return (
		<div
			role="status"
			aria-live="polite"
			aria-atomic="true"
			className="sr-only"
		>
			{isSearching ? 'Searching...' : `${results.length} results found`}
		</div>
	)
}
```

**✅ Good - Live regions for important updates:**

```typescript
function ToastContainer({ toasts }: { toasts: Toast[] }) {
	return (
		<div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true" className="sr-only">
			{toasts.map(toast => (
				<div key={toast.id} role="alert">
					{toast.message}
				</div>
			))}
		</div>
	)
}
```

**ARIA live region options:**

- `aria-live="polite"` - For non-critical updates (search results, status
  messages)
- `aria-live="assertive"` - For critical updates (errors, confirmations)
- `aria-atomic="true"` - Screen reader reads entire region on update
- `aria-atomic="false"` - Screen reader reads only changed parts

### Keyboard Navigation Patterns

**✅ Good - Tab order follows visual order:**

```typescript
// Elements appear in logical tab order
<nav>
	<a href="/">Home</a>
	<a href="/about">About</a>
	<a href="/contact">Contact</a>
</nav>
```

**✅ Good - Keyboard shortcuts:**

```typescript
import { useEffect } from 'react'

function SearchDialog({ onClose }: { onClose: () => void }) {
	useEffect(() => {
		function handleKeyDown(e: KeyboardEvent) {
			if (e.key === 'Escape') {
				onClose()
			}
		}

		window.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown)
		return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown)
	}, [onClose])

	return <Dialog>{/* content */}</Dialog>
}
```

**✅ Good - Focus trap in modals:**

```typescript
// Radix Dialog automatically handles focus trap
<Dialog.Root>
	<Dialog.Content>
		{/* Focus is trapped inside dialog */}
		<Dialog.Close>Close</Dialog.Close>
	</Dialog.Content>
</Dialog.Root>
```

### Focus Management for React Router

**✅ Good - Focus on route changes:**

```typescript
import { useEffect } from 'react'
import { useNavigation } from 'react-router'

function RouteComponent() {
	const navigation = useNavigation()
	const mainRef = useRef<HTMLElement>(null)

	useEffect(() => {
		if (navigation.state === 'idle' && mainRef.current) {
			mainRef.current.focus()
		}
	}, [navigation.state])

	return (
		<main ref={mainRef} tabIndex={-1}>
			{/* Content */}
		</main>
	)
}
```

**✅ Good - Focus on errors:**

```typescript
import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'

function FormWithErrorFocus({ actionData }: Route.ComponentProps) {
	const firstErrorRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)

	useEffect(() => {
		if (actionData?.errors && firstErrorRef.current) {
			// Focus first error field
			firstErrorRef.current.focus()
			// Announce error
			firstErrorRef.current.setAttribute('aria-invalid', 'true')
		}
	}, [actionData?.errors])

	return <Field inputProps={{ ref: firstErrorRef, ... }} />
}
```

### Typography and Readability

**✅ Good - Readable text sizes:**

```typescript
// Use Tailwind's text size scale
<p className="text-base md:text-lg">Readable body text</p>
<h1 className="text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl">Clear headings</h1>
```

**✅ Good - Sufficient line height:**

```typescript
// Tailwind defaults provide good line height
<p className="leading-relaxed">Comfortable reading</p>
```

**❌ Avoid - Small or hard-to-read text:**

```typescript
// ❌ Don't use very small text
<p className="text-xs">Hard to read</p>
```

### Touch Target Sizes

**✅ Good - Sufficient touch targets:**

```typescript
// Buttons should be at least 44x44px (touch target size)
<button className="min-h-[44px] min-w-[44px] px-4 py-2">
	Click me
</button>
```

**✅ Good - Spacing between interactive elements:**

```typescript
<div className="flex gap-4">
	<Button>Save</Button>
	<Button>Cancel</Button>
</div>
```

### Internationalization (i18n) Considerations

**✅ Good - Use semantic HTML for dates/times:**

```typescript
<time dateTime={note.createdAt.toISOString()}>
	{formatDate(note.createdAt)}
</time>
```

**✅ Good - Use semantic HTML for numbers:**

```typescript
// Screen readers can pronounce numbers correctly
<p>Total: <span aria-label={`${count} items`}>{count}</span></p>
```

**✅ Good - Language attributes:**

```typescript
// In root.tsx
<html lang="en">
	<body>
		{/* Content */}
	</body>
</html>
```

### Dark Mode Accessibility

**✅ Good - Maintain contrast in dark mode:**

```typescript
// Ensure sufficient contrast in both modes
<div className="bg-white text-gray-900 dark:bg-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">
	{content}
</div>
```

**✅ Good - Respect user preference:**

```typescript
// Epic Stack automatically handles theme preference
// Use semantic colors that work in both modes
<button className="bg-blue-600 text-white hover:bg-blue-700 dark:bg-blue-500 dark:hover:bg-blue-600">
	Button
</button>
```

### Animation and Motion

**✅ Good - Respect reduced motion:**

```typescript
// Tailwind automatically respects prefers-reduced-motion
<div className="transition-transform duration-200 hover:scale-105 motion-reduce:transition-none">
	{/* Animations disabled for users who prefer reduced motion */}
</div>
```

**✅ Good - Use CSS for animations:**

```typescript
// ✅ CSS animations can be disabled via prefers-reduced-motion
<div className="animate-fade-in">
	{/* Content */}
</div>

// ❌ JavaScript animations may not respect user preferences
```

## Common mistakes to avoid

- ❌ **Treating accessibility as a checklist**: Accessibility is about serving
  real people, not just meeting standards
- ❌ **Missing form labels**: Always use `Field` component which includes
  labels - helps all users, not just screen reader users
- ❌ **Using divs for semantic elements**: Use `<article>`, `<header>`, `<nav>`,
  etc. - helps all users understand content structure
- ❌ **Ignoring keyboard navigation**: Ensure all interactive elements are
  keyboard accessible - helps power users and those who can't use a mouse
- ❌ **Low color contrast**: Test color combinations for WCAG AA compliance -
  helps users with visual impairments and in bright sunlight
- ❌ **Missing ARIA attributes**: Use Epic Stack components which handle this
  automatically
- ❌ **Breaking focus management**: Let Radix components handle focus
- ❌ **Not testing with screen readers**: Test with VoiceOver, NVDA, or JAWS -
  understand how real users experience your UI
- ❌ **Hiding content from screen readers**: Use `sr-only` instead of
  `display: none` for screen reader only content
- ❌ **Ignoring mobile users**: Always test on mobile devices - many users only
  have mobile access
- ❌ **Not using Tailwind's responsive utilities**: Use mobile-first responsive
  design
- ❌ **Not using live regions**: Use `aria-live` for dynamic content
  announcements
- ❌ **Small touch targets**: Ensure interactive elements are at least 44x44px -
  helps users with motor impairments and on mobile
- ❌ **Ignoring reduced motion**: Respect `prefers-reduced-motion` media query -
  helps users with vestibular disorders
- ❌ **Poor focus indicators**: Ensure focus is always visible - helps keyboard
  users navigate
- ❌ **Missing skip links**: Add skip to main content links for keyboard users

## References

- [Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)](https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/)
- [Epic Web Principles](https://www.epicweb.dev/principles)
- [Radix UI Documentation](https://www.radix-ui.com/)
- [Tailwind CSS Documentation](https://tailwindcss.com/)
- [Epic Stack Forms Documentation](../epic-forms/SKILL.md)
- `app/components/forms.tsx` - Accessible form components
- `app/components/ui/` - Accessible UI components using Radix
- `app/styles/tailwind.css` - Tailwind configuration
