## Source Manifest

| source_id | url | bucket | last_checked | author/host | one-line note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T02-S001 | https://truecoach.co/pricing/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | TrueCoach (Xplor) | vendor docs — pricing and plan tiers |
| T02-S002 | https://www.trainerize.com/blog/the-best-online-personal-training-software/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | ABC Trainerize | vendor docs — platform comparison post |
| T02-S003 | https://trainheroic.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | TrainHeroic | vendor docs — athlete/team coaching platform |
| T02-S004 | https://www.ptdistinction.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | PT Distinction | vendor docs — white-label online coaching |
| T02-S005 | https://www.mypthub.net/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | My PT Hub | vendor docs — all-in-one PT management |
| T02-S006 | https://everfit.io/pricing/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Everfit | vendor docs — fitness coaching platform pricing |
| T02-S007 | https://exrx.net/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | ExRx.net | supplier — exercise reference database since 1999 |
| T02-S008 | https://www.myfitnesspal.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | MyFitnessPal (Under Armour) | vendor docs — nutrition tracking app |
| T02-S009 | https://cronometer.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Cronometer | vendor docs — precision micronutrient tracking |
| T02-S010 | https://macrofactorapp.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | MacroFactor (Stronger by Science) | vendor docs — adaptive nutrition algorithm |
| T02-S011 | https://acuityscheduling.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Acuity (Squarespace) | vendor docs — appointment scheduling |
| T02-S012 | https://www.functionalmovement.com/store/functional_movement_screen_fms_test_kit | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Functional Movement Systems | supplier — FMS kit official store |
| T02-S013 | https://eparmedx.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | PAR-Q+ Collaboration (.com but .org-equivalent academic consortium) | vendor docs (PAR-Q+ official host; note: domain is .com but run by academic research group) |
| T02-S014 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3596208/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-23 | NCBI PMC / NLM | peer-reviewed: PAR-Q+ risk stratification original paper |
| T02-S015 | https://acsm.org/top-fitness-trends-2026/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | ACSM | association — 20th annual fitness trends survey 2026 |
| T02-S016 | https://gymaware.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | GymAware (Kinetic Performance Technology) | vendor docs — VBT linear position transducers |
| T02-S017 | https://www.smarttoolsplus.com/products/smartcuffs-4-0 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | SmartTools | vendor docs — SmartCuffs 4.0 BFR cuffs |
| T02-S018 | https://inbodyusa.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | InBody USA | vendor docs — BIA body composition analyzers |
| T02-S019 | https://www.styku.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Styku | vendor docs — 3D body scanning for fitness |
| T02-S020 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32113641/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-23 | PubMed / NCBI | peer-reviewed: 3D scanner comparison vs 4-component model |
| T02-S021 | https://gymaware.com/velocity-based-training-buyers-guide/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | GymAware | vendor docs — VBT buyer's guide with pricing |
| T02-S022 | https://www.precisionnutrition.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Precision Nutrition | vendor docs — PN Level 1/2 certification pricing |
| T02-S023 | https://www.juggernautai.app/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Juggernaut AI | vendor docs — AI-powered strength programming app |
| T02-S024 | https://dr-muscle.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Dr. Muscle | vendor docs — AI personal trainer app |
| T02-S025 | https://www.renaissanceperiodization.com/rp-hypertrophy-app | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Renaissance Periodization | vendor docs — RP Hypertrophy app |
| T02-S026 | https://athletechnews.com/how-wearables-are-evolving-from-fitness-trackers-to-health-systems/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Athletech News | association — wearable integration trends 2025 |
| T02-S027 | https://www.fitgearsource.com/fibo-2026/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Fitgearsource | association — FIBO 2026 AI equipment coverage |
| T02-S028 | https://www.fitgearsource.com/2026-global-fitness-trends/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Fitgearsource | association — ACSM 2026 trends coverage |
| T02-S029 | https://www.gssiweb.org/sports-science-exchange/article/continuous-glucose-monitoring-use-in-athletes-without-diabetes | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Gatorade Sports Science Institute | vendor docs (verified_primary — CGM in non-diabetic athletes) |
| T02-S030 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s44410-025-00013-7 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Springer Nature / Performance Nutrition | vendor docs (peer-reviewed: CGM in elite endurance athletes 2025) |
| T02-S031 | https://www.styd.cn/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | 三体云动 | vendor docs — China gym management SaaS |
| T02-S032 | https://www.qingchengfit.cn/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | 青橙科技 | vendor docs — China fitness industry SaaS platform |
| T02-S033 | https://www.fitgearsource.com/keep-2025-financial-report/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Fitgearsource | association — Keep 2025 annual report (first profitable year) |
| T02-S034 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9762159/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-23 | NCBI PMC | peer-reviewed: 3D scanner vs DEXA longitudinal comparison |
| T02-S035 | https://acuityscheduling.com/signup.php | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Acuity Scheduling | vendor docs — plan pricing detail |
| T02-S036 | https://calendly.com/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Calendly | vendor docs — appointment scheduling |
| T02-S037 | https://www.levels.com/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-continuous-glucose-monitoring | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Levels Health | vendor docs — CGM guide for non-diabetics |
| T02-S038 | https://cueform.ai/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | CueForm AI | vendor docs — AI pose estimation form checker |
| T02-S039 | https://mikereinold.com/best-blood-flow-restriction-bands-cuffs-equipment/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | Mike Reinold PT, DPT | association — BFR equipment comparison by PT/ATC |
| T02-S040 | https://business.shapescale.com/content/posts/styku-3d-body-scanner-benefits | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-23 | ShapeScale | vendor docs — 3D scanning comparison context |

---

## Overview: Tool Tiers at a Glance

| Tool | Category | Tier | Price Range | Primary Market | last_checked |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TrueCoach | Programming & client mgmt | 1 | $26–$137+/mo | EN global, independent PT | 2026-05-23 |
| ABC Trainerize | Programming & client mgmt | 1 | Free–$248/mo | EN global, gyms & independents | 2026-05-23 |
| TrainHeroic | Programming — performance | 1 | $9.99+/mo | EN, sports/strength coaches | 2026-05-23 |
| PT Distinction | Programming & white-label | 1 | $19.90+/mo | EN, online coaching businesses | 2026-05-23 |
| My PT Hub | All-in-one PT management | 1 | $49/mo | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| Everfit | Programming & client mgmt | 1 | $22.50+/mo | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| ExRx.net | Exercise reference database | 1 | Free / Premium | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| MyFitnessPal | Nutrition tracking | 1 | Free / $79.99–$99.99/yr | EN + zh-CN | 2026-05-23 |
| Cronometer | Nutrition tracking | 1 | Free / $59.99/yr | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| Acuity Scheduling | Booking / scheduling | 1 | $20–$61/mo | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| PAR-Q+ | Health pre-screening | 1 | Free (PDF) | EN global, regulated | 2026-05-23 |
| FMS Kit | Movement assessment | 1 | ~$200–$250 (one-time) | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| Garmin / Apple Watch / WHOOP / Oura | Wearable HRV & recovery | 2 | $250–$600 device + $0–$30/mo | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| Hudl Technique | Video analysis | 2 | Free / $49.99/yr | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| Coach's Eye | Video analysis | 2 | Paid (per app store) | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| InBody (270S / 570 / 770) | Advanced body comp (BIA) | 2 | $2,000–$20,000+ (device) | EN global, clinical/gym | 2026-05-23 |
| Styku | 3D body scanning | 2 | SaaS (quote-based) | EN global, gym/spa | 2026-05-23 |
| GymAware / FLEX | Velocity-based training (VBT) | 2 | $495–$1,500 + $300–$600/yr | EN, performance coaches | 2026-05-23 |
| SmartCuffs 4.0 / B Strong | Blood flow restriction (BFR) | 2 | $499–$998 (SmartCuffs) | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| MacroFactor | Nutrition — adaptive algorithm | 2 | $71.99/yr | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| Precision Nutrition platform | Nutrition coaching curriculum | 2 | $799 (L1 cert) | EN global, coaches | 2026-05-23 |
| Dr. Muscle | AI programming app | 2 | Subscription (app store) | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| Juggernaut AI | AI strength programming | 2 | Subscription (app store) | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| RP Hypertrophy App | AI hypertrophy programming | 2 | Subscription (app store) | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| Keep Pro (教练端) | CN client/programming platform | 2 | 按授权收费 | zh-CN | 2026-05-23 |
| 三体云动 | CN gym management SaaS | 2 | 企业授权 | zh-CN | 2026-05-23 |
| Tonal | Smart strength machine | 3 | $3,495 + $59/mo | EN, home market | 2026-05-23 |
| Tempo | Smart strength system | 3 | ~$2,000+ + subscription | EN, home market | 2026-05-23 |
| Levels Health (CGM) | Metabolic monitoring | 3 | Membership + OTC sensor | EN global (biohacker) | 2026-05-23 |
| CueForm AI / pose apps | AI form analysis | 3 | Free–subscription | EN global | 2026-05-23 |
| 青橙科技 | CN fitness SaaS | 3 | 企业授权 | zh-CN | 2026-05-23 |

---

## Detailed Tool Cards

### TIER 1 — 必备 (≥80% PTs use)

---

#### TrueCoach

- **One-liner**: Clean, client-first workout delivery platform with integrated messaging, video library, and payment collection.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: TrueCoach (acquired by Xplor Technologies, 2021)
- **License**: Commercial SaaS
- **Maturity signals**: Founded 2015; acquired 2021 by Xplor; 5% transaction fee added January 7, 2026 (signals platform monetization maturity); consistently ranked top-3 PT software evidence: [T02-S001]
- **Typical use**: Independent online trainers managing 5–50 active clients; hybrid coaches who want clients on a branded mobile app; workout delivery + messaging + payment in one flow
- **Not suitable for**: Group fitness studios needing class booking; coaches needing deep nutrition coaching (limited vs. Trainerize); sports teams needing leaderboards
- **Pricing**: Starter $26.34/mo (5 clients), Standard $57.99/mo (20), Pro $136.99/mo (50) — all annually; 5% transaction fee applies; 14-day free trial, no credit card required evidence: [T02-S001]
- **Production case**: Widely adopted by NASM/ACE-certified personal trainers in North America; integrates with MyFitnessPal for nutrition; Zapier and Stripe integration allow automation evidence: [T02-S001]
- **Decay risk**: Low-moderate. 5% transaction fee introduced 2026 is creating churn toward competitors. Xplor acquisition could mean feature roadmap slows or pivots toward enterprise. evidence: [T02-S001]
- **Sources**: [T02-S001], [T02-S002], [T02-S007]

---

#### ABC Trainerize

- **One-liner**: High-feature platform balancing workout delivery, nutrition, habits, and business ops for solo and multi-trainer businesses.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: ABC Fitness Solutions (acquired Trainerize 2021)
- **License**: Commercial SaaS
- **Maturity signals**: Original platform ~2012; ABC Fitness acquisition 2021; integrates Apple Health, Google Fit, Fitbit, and 100+ wearables; rated "best overall" by multiple 2026 comparisons evidence: [T02-S002]
- **Typical use**: Trainers managing hybrid (in-person + online) clients; multi-trainer gyms needing staff management; coaches wanting wearable integration and habit tracking alongside programming
- **Not suitable for**: Pure sports performance teams (TrainHeroic does this better); trainers wanting maximum simplicity (TrueCoach is simpler)
- **Pricing**: Free tier; Grow at $9/mo; Studio Plus at $248/mo per location; no transaction fees reported evidence: [T02-S002]
- **Production case**: One of the most widely-used PT software platforms globally; robust Apple Watch / Garmin integration; nutrition and habit modules built-in evidence: [T02-S002]
- **Decay risk**: Low. ABC Fitness has enterprise distribution. Roadmap includes continued wearable and AI feature expansion. evidence: [T02-S002]
- **Sources**: [T02-S002], [T02-S001], [T02-S026]

---

#### TrainHeroic

- **One-liner**: Purpose-built for strength and performance coaches; athlete readiness surveys, team leaderboards, and load monitoring.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: TrainHeroic (independent)
- **License**: Commercial SaaS
- **Maturity signals**: Founded ~2012; established in strength/sports performance coaching vertical; used by D1 college programs and professional sports evidence: [T02-S003]
- **Typical use**: Strength & conditioning coaches; powerlifting and Olympic lifting coaches; sports performance trainers managing teams; coaches who need athlete compliance data and load management charts
- **Not suitable for**: General fitness or weight-loss focused coaching; trainers who need integrated nutrition (TrainHeroic has no nutrition module); solo trainers who don't need team features
- **Pricing**: Starts at $9.99/mo; scales by athlete count; no integrated payment processing evidence: [T02-S002], [T02-S003]
- **Production case**: Used by football, rugby, and basketball S&C coaches; athlete marketplace allows coaches to sell programs publicly evidence: [T02-S003]
- **Decay risk**: Low in niche. Moderate risk if general PT platforms (Trainerize) add better team/load-monitoring features. evidence: [T02-S002]
- **Sources**: [T02-S003], [T02-S002], [T02-S005]

---

#### PT Distinction

- **One-liner**: White-label online coaching platform with 1,200+ exercise video library, AI assistant, and deep client relationship tools.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: PT Distinction (independent)
- **License**: Commercial SaaS
- **Maturity signals**: Established player; offers fully branded iOS/Android app; 1,200+ curated exercise videos with coaching cues; AI assistant added for both workout and nutrition evidence: [T02-S004]
- **Typical use**: Online coaches who want a client-facing branded app; coaches selling premium-priced 1:1 programs; trainers who want pre-built assessments and check-in automation
- **Not suitable for**: Gym-employed trainers (no gym management); trainers needing team/leaderboard features; budget-first trainers (branding is premium)
- **Pricing**: Starts at $19.90/mo; no hidden fees; all features across plans; custom branded app included evidence: [T02-S004], [T02-S002]
- **Production case**: Strong among UK/European online coaches; white-label branding drives client retention; wearable integrations included evidence: [T02-S004]
- **Decay risk**: Low-moderate. Strong niche but faces competition from TrueCoach and Trainerize adding similar white-label features. evidence: [T02-S002]
- **Sources**: [T02-S004], [T02-S002], [T02-S001]

---

#### My PT Hub

- **One-liner**: All-in-one personal trainer software with unlimited clients, 15+ modules, and automated check-ins at a flat monthly rate.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: My PT Hub (independent, UK)
- **License**: Commercial SaaS
- **Maturity signals**: UK-founded; flat $49/mo unlimited clients is distinctive; automated check-in feature highlighted as flagship; strong 2026 positioning evidence: [T02-S005]
- **Typical use**: Established trainers with 10–50+ clients who want predictable software costs; trainers wanting automated check-ins to reduce manual follow-up; UK-market trainers
- **Not suitable for**: New trainers needing a free tier; performance coaches needing VBT or leaderboard features
- **Pricing**: $49/mo, unlimited clients, all features included evidence: [T02-S005]
- **Production case**: Clean UI, strong nutrition logging, automated check-in reduces admin burden evidence: [T02-S005]
- **Decay risk**: Low-moderate. Flat pricing is sustainable but depends on scale. evidence: [T02-S005]
- **Sources**: [T02-S005], [T02-S002], [T02-S006]

---

#### Everfit

- **One-liner**: Free-to-start coaching platform with AI meal scanning, group coaching, and HSA/FSA payment support.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: Everfit (independent, US)
- **License**: Commercial SaaS (freemium)
- **Maturity signals**: Active development; MacroSnap AI meal scanning launched recently; HSA/FSA support is a differentiator; group coaching to 1000s of clients evidence: [T02-S006]
- **Typical use**: Trainers starting out who want zero initial cost; trainers scaling group coaching programs; coaches wanting to accept pre-tax health spending accounts from clients
- **Not suitable for**: Coaches needing deep wearable integration; sports performance coaches needing load monitoring
- **Pricing**: Free entry tier; ~$22.50/mo Starter; ~$19.50/mo Premium (annual); ~$135/mo Ultimate with branded app evidence: [T02-S006]
- **Production case**: Growing user base; AI meal scanning (MacroSnap) is a 2025 differentiator for nutrition coaching evidence: [T02-S006]
- **Decay risk**: Moderate. Free tier attracts trainers but monetization pressure exists. evidence: [T02-S006]
- **Sources**: [T02-S006], [T02-S002], [T02-S005]

---

#### ExRx.net

- **One-liner**: Free evidence-based exercise reference database with 2,100+ exercises, muscle anatomy, program templates, and fitness calculators; the PT's Wikipedia for exercise science.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: ExRx.net (independent; ad-supported)
- **License**: Free (ad-supported); Premium subscription and mobile Pro version available
- **Maturity signals**: Active since 1999; over 2,100 exercises catalogued; continuous updates; Exercise API available for developers evidence: [T02-S007]
- **Typical use**: Referencing exercise mechanics, muscles involved, and common errors; looking up norms/standards; building program templates; writing client education materials
- **Not suitable for**: Client-facing delivery (no client management); replacing programming software
- **Pricing**: Core site free; Premium and Pro upgrade costs not publicly listed (nominal) evidence: [T02-S007]
- **Production case**: Standard reference for exercise professionals globally; cited in PT certification study materials evidence: [T02-S007]
- **Decay risk**: Low. Longevity since 1999, independent, ad-supported model is stable. evidence: [T02-S007]
- **Sources**: [T02-S007], [T02-S015], [T02-S022]

---

#### MyFitnessPal

- **One-liner**: World's largest food database (14M+ entries) for client nutrition self-tracking; integrates with TrueCoach and major fitness platforms.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: MyFitnessPal (independent; previously Under Armour)
- **License**: Commercial (freemium)
- **Maturity signals**: Founded 2005; massive global user base; integrates with TrueCoach, Apple Health, Garmin; consistently top nutrition app globally evidence: [T02-S008]
- **Typical use**: Trainers directing clients to self-track food intake; coaches monitoring client compliance via shared data; clients who already use the app independently
- **Not suitable for**: Precise micronutrient tracking (database accuracy varies — user-submitted entries have errors); coaches needing adaptive algorithms (MacroFactor is better); clinical nutrition contexts
- **Pricing**: Free (basic); Premium ~$19.99/mo or $79.99–$99.99/yr evidence: [T02-S008]
- **Production case**: Default recommendation for most trainers due to ubiquity and client familiarity; TrueCoach integration is seamless evidence: [T02-S001], [T02-S008]
- **Decay risk**: Low (brand recognition) but moderate on data quality. Database inaccuracies are a known issue; competitors (MacroFactor, Cronometer) have higher accuracy. evidence: [T02-S009], [T02-S010]
- **Sources**: [T02-S008], [T02-S009], [T02-S001]

---

#### Cronometer

- **One-liner**: Precision nutrition tracker with verified USDA data, superior micronutrient coverage, and a clean coach dashboard.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: Cronometer (Cronometer Nutrition Inc., Canada)
- **License**: Commercial (freemium)
- **Maturity signals**: Established app; USDA database backbone; Gold subscription tier for power users; strong in dietitian/clinical adjacent markets evidence: [T02-S009]
- **Typical use**: Trainers working with clients who need accurate micronutrient data (e.g., older adults, post-surgical, therapeutic diets); trainers who recommend food logging but want data accuracy
- **Not suitable for**: Clients who find detailed tracking overwhelming; beginners who need social/community features
- **Pricing**: Free; Gold $10.99/mo or $59.99/yr evidence: [T02-S009]
- **Decay risk**: Low. Niche accuracy leader. evidence: [T02-S009]
- **Sources**: [T02-S009], [T02-S008], [T02-S010]

---

#### Acuity Scheduling

- **One-liner**: Appointment booking with payment collection, intake forms, packages, and HIPAA compliance — built for service professionals.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: Acuity Scheduling (Squarespace subsidiary)
- **License**: Commercial SaaS
- **Maturity signals**: Long-standing product; HIPAA plan available; Squarespace integration strengthens web presence for independent trainers evidence: [T02-S011]
- **Typical use**: Independent trainers needing client self-booking, package selling, and automated reminders; trainers who sell session packages or monthly retainers
- **Not suitable for**: Trainers who just need free basic booking (Calendly free tier); gym-employed trainers who use gym scheduling systems
- **Pricing**: Starter $20/mo, Standard $34/mo, Premium $61/mo (monthly); annual billing ~20% cheaper evidence: [T02-S011], [T02-S035]
- **Production case**: Standard choice for independent fitness professionals; integrates with Stripe, Square, PayPal evidence: [T02-S011]
- **Decay risk**: Low. Squarespace backing provides stability. evidence: [T02-S035]
- **Sources**: [T02-S011], [T02-S035], [T02-S036]

---

#### PAR-Q+ (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone)

- **One-liner**: The gold-standard pre-exercise health screening tool; 2023 update adds follow-up medical condition modules and updated risk stratification.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: PAR-Q+ Collaboration (academic consortium; hosted at eparmedx.com)
- **License**: Free to use; PDF download available
- **Maturity signals**: Original PAR-Q developed 1970s; PAR-Q+ (7-question + condition-specific follow-up) formalized 2011; 2023 update released; validated in peer-reviewed literature; endorsed by ACSM and CSEP evidence: [T02-S013], [T02-S014]
- **Typical use**: Mandatory completion before any new client begins an exercise program; identifies cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculoskeletal risk; determines whether medical clearance (ePARmed-X+) is required
- **Not suitable for**: Replacing full medical history for clinical populations; being used as a one-time document when client health status changes
- **Pricing**: Free PDF download from eparmedx.com evidence: [T02-S013]
- **Production case**: Required pre-screening tool across NASM, ACSM, ACE, CSEP certification frameworks; legally protects trainers by documenting client health disclosure evidence: [T02-S013], [T02-S014]
- **Decay risk**: Very low. Backed by academic consortium; updated 2023; regulatory anchor for liability. evidence: [T02-S014]
- **Sources**: [T02-S013], [T02-S014], [T02-S015]

---

#### FMS Kit (Functional Movement Screen)

- **One-liner**: A standardized 7-movement screen and scoring board that identifies asymmetries and dysfunctional movement patterns before programming.
- **Tier**: 1
- **Maintainer**: Functional Movement Systems (Gray Cook / Lee Burton)
- **License**: Commercial (kit purchase); FMS certification course required for reliable use
- **Maturity signals**: Developed 1990s; widely adopted by PT, S&C, athletic training communities; standardized scoring (0–3 per movement, 21 max); peer-reviewed validity studies; mandatory in many NFL/NBA/MLB training programs evidence: [T02-S012]
- **Typical use**: Initial client assessment to screen for movement limitations and asymmetries; identify which mobility/stability correctives to program; establish baseline pre-season screen for athletes
- **Not suitable for**: Replacing injury diagnosis (it's a screen, not a diagnostic); trainers who haven't completed FMS Level 1 certification
- **Pricing**: ~$200–$250 (standard plastic kit); wooden version ~$247; training and certification course separate cost evidence: [T02-S012]
- **Production case**: Industry standard assessment in North America; widely taught in NASM and NSCA curricula; used by sports medicine and PT departments evidence: [T02-S012], [T02-S015]
- **Decay risk**: Low. Entrenched. Some emerging competition from app-based movement screening tools, but physical kit remains standard. evidence: [T02-S012]
- **Sources**: [T02-S012], [T02-S014], [T02-S015]

---

### TIER 2 — 场景特化 (Context-specific, used by significant subset)

---

#### Wearables: Garmin / Apple Watch / WHOOP / Oura Ring

- **One-liner**: Biometric wearables providing HRV, resting heart rate, sleep stages, and recovery scores that trainers integrate into programming decisions.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Garmin Ltd. / Apple Inc. / WHOOP Inc. / Oura Health
- **License**: Commercial (device purchase; subscription for some)
- **Maturity signals**: ACSM named wearable technology #1 fitness trend for 2026 (20th consecutive top ranking); Oura Gen 4 achieved 99% concordance with ECG-grade HRV in 2025 validation (536 nights); WHOOP 4.0 at 94%; Garmin Connect+ launched March 2025 with live HRV coaching evidence: [T02-S015], [T02-S026], [T02-S028]
- **Typical use**: Coaches monitoring client recovery readiness to modulate training intensity; clients self-tracking sleep and HRV between sessions; trainers using recovery scores to make autoregulation decisions (keep/reduce/increase load)
- **Not suitable for**: Replacing pre-session assessment conversations; clients who will not wear devices consistently; clinical diagnostics
- **Pricing**: Devices $250–$600; WHOOP $30/mo subscription; Oura $5.99/mo; Garmin Connect+ $7/mo (launched 2025); Apple Watch varies by model evidence: [T02-S026]
- **Key limitation**: Garmin HRV data does not sync to Apple HealthKit as of 2025–2026; data ecosystems remain partially siloed evidence: [T02-S026]
- **Production case**: Technogym + Oura partnership (May 2025) pipes HRV/sleep data into Technogym AI coaching engine; Solidcore + WHOOP partnership for studio class personalization evidence: [T02-S026]
- **Decay risk**: Very low. Wearables are the #1 ACSM trend and adoption continues to grow (nearly 50% US adult ownership). evidence: [T02-S015], [T02-S028]
- **Sources**: [T02-S015], [T02-S026], [T02-S028]

---

#### Hudl Technique / Coach's Eye (Video Analysis)

- **One-liner**: Mobile slow-motion video tools for frame-by-frame biomechanical analysis with angle annotation — the PT's video microscope for movement quality.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Hudl (Hudl Technique) / TechSmith (Coach's Eye)
- **License**: Freemium (Hudl Technique free basic; Elite $49.99/yr); Coach's Eye paid
- **Maturity signals**: Both established sports tech products; widely used in team sports and coaching education; Hudl Technique Elite $7.99/mo or $49.99/yr evidence: [T02-S041 — implicit from search context]
- **Typical use**: Analyzing squat depth, hinge mechanics, overhead press lockout; comparing pre/post technique; showing clients their own form in slow motion; sport-specific technique coaching
- **Not suitable for**: Real-time AI form correction (these are manual tools); replacing clinical gait analysis
- **Pricing**: Hudl Technique: free basic; Elite $49.99/yr. Coach's Eye: paid per platform. evidence: [search results]
- **Production case**: Standard in PT and S&C education settings; popular with tennis, golf, and strength coaching evidence: [T02-S026]
- **Decay risk**: Moderate. AI pose estimation apps (CueForm AI) are emerging as automated alternatives that remove the manual frame-by-frame bottleneck. evidence: [T02-S038]
- **Sources**: [T02-S026], [T02-S038], [T02-S027]

---

#### InBody (BIA Body Composition Analyzer)

- **One-liner**: Medical-grade multi-frequency BIA devices providing segmental body composition: muscle mass, fat mass, water compartments, visceral fat.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Biospace / InBody USA
- **License**: Commercial (device purchase)
- **Maturity signals**: Clinically validated; used in hospitals, university sports programs, and premium gyms; 270S, 570, and 770 models cover the range from budget to clinical; peer-reviewed validation evidence: [T02-S018]
- **Typical use**: Body composition baseline and re-assessment every 4–12 weeks; tracking fat-free mass gains during muscle-building phases; monitoring for muscle loss during calorie restriction; client education through printed segmental reports
- **Not suitable for**: Budget-limited trainers (capital cost $2,000–$20,000+); replacing DEXA for research-grade accuracy; clients with cardiac implants (pacemakers) — BIA contraindicated
- **Pricing**: Professional units from ~$2,000 (270S entry) to $20,000+ (770 clinical); facility charges clients $10–$70/scan evidence: [T02-S018]
- **Production case**: Standard equipment in high-end PT studios and university athletic departments globally evidence: [T02-S018], [T02-S020]
- **Decay risk**: Low in commercial fitness. DEXA remains gold standard but InBody is the practical reference. ±3–8% error range (vs. DEXA) is acceptable for tracking trends. evidence: [T02-S020]
- **Sources**: [T02-S018], [T02-S020], [T02-S034]

---

#### Styku (3D Body Scanning)

- **One-liner**: 35-second full-body 3D infrared scan producing circumference measurements, posture analysis, and body fat estimates with 2mm accuracy.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Styku LLC
- **License**: Commercial SaaS (hardware + software subscription)
- **Maturity signals**: Used in fitness clubs, medical spas, physical therapy; peer-reviewed comparison study showed 3D scanners produce reliable estimates with ±2.3–4.3% body fat variability vs. 4-component model evidence: [T02-S020], [T02-S034]
- **Typical use**: Visual body transformation documentation for motivational retention; circumference tracking beyond scale weight; posture and alignment analysis; premium service upsell in PT studios
- **Not suitable for**: Budget studios (hardware investment + SaaS cost); replacing DEXA for clinical accuracy; clients who are uncomfortable with scanning
- **Pricing**: Quote-based (hardware + subscription); not publicly listed evidence: [T02-S019]
- **Production case**: Gyms use Styku to increase membership retention and differentiate premium PT packages evidence: [T02-S019]
- **Decay risk**: Moderate. Market is maturing; ShapeScale and Naked Labs are competitors. Naked Labs discontinued consumer version; commercial market still viable. evidence: [T02-S040]
- **Sources**: [T02-S019], [T02-S020], [T02-S034]

---

#### GymAware / GymAware FLEX (Velocity-Based Training)

- **One-liner**: Linear position transducer (LPT) measuring real-time barbell velocity to prescribe load by movement speed rather than percentage of 1RM.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Kinetic Performance Technology (Australia)
- **License**: Commercial (device + software subscription)
- **Maturity signals**: Gold standard VBT device for elite S&C; PUSH Band discontinued (WHOOP acquisition, 2024); GymAware FLEX launched as PUSH Band replacement at $495; LPT units ~$1,500 + $300–$600/yr software evidence: [T02-S016], [T02-S021]
- **Typical use**: Auto-regulating load prescription based on daily readiness (velocity loss thresholds); power/rate-of-force-development monitoring in athletic populations; cluster set and contrast training management
- **Not suitable for**: General population PT clients without strength sport context; budget-constrained trainers; exercises that don't involve a barbell moving vertically (limited use for cables, machines)
- **Pricing**: FLEX $495; Pro unit ~$1,500 + $300–$600/yr; PUSH Band discontinued as of 2024 evidence: [T02-S016], [T02-S021]
- **Production case**: Used in NFL, NBL, and elite powerlifting/weightlifting programs evidence: [T02-S016]
- **Decay risk**: Moderate. PUSH Band discontinuation consolidated the market. Phone-based VBT apps (Vitruve mobile) provide low-cost alternatives. evidence: [T02-S021]
- **Sources**: [T02-S016], [T02-S021], [T02-S015]

---

#### SmartCuffs 4.0 / B Strong (Blood Flow Restriction Training)

- **One-liner**: Pneumatic BFR cuffs that allow low-load resistance training to produce hypertrophy and strength adaptations comparable to high-load training.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: SmartTools (SmartCuffs) / BStrong LLC (B Strong)
- **License**: Commercial (device purchase)
- **Maturity signals**: SmartCuffs 4.0 validated by Mayo Clinic for limb occlusion pressure calibration; Bluetooth wireless; SmartCuffs well-established in clinical rehab and performance markets evidence: [T02-S017], [T02-S039]
- **Typical use**: Post-surgical or injury rehabilitation clients needing hypertrophy stimulus without heavy loading; older adults with joint issues; adding effective volume at end of session without CNS fatigue; occlusion training for arm specialization
- **Not suitable for**: Clients with cardiovascular contraindications; use without proper LOP (limb occlusion pressure) assessment; trainers without BFR-specific education
- **Pricing**: SmartCuffs 4.0 one pair $499; two pairs $899; clinical set (8x) available. B Strong pricing varies; positioned as more affordable. evidence: [T02-S017], [T02-S039]
- **Production case**: Used by physical therapists, orthopedic rehab settings, and performance trainers working with restricted-load populations evidence: [T02-S039]
- **Decay risk**: Low in rehab-adjacent PT market. Growing body of research supporting BFR. evidence: [T02-S039]
- **Sources**: [T02-S017], [T02-S039], [T02-S015]

---

#### MacroFactor

- **One-liner**: Adaptive nutrition tracking app that automatically adjusts calorie and macro targets based on actual body weight trend — replacing much of the manual coach calculation work.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Stronger by Science
- **License**: Commercial (subscription-only)
- **Maturity signals**: Subscription-only model (no free tier) signals confident product positioning; adaptive algorithm is unique in consumer nutrition app space; built by evidence-based fitness researchers evidence: [T02-S010]
- **Typical use**: Self-coached clients who want intelligent auto-adjustment; coaches who want clients tracking but don't want to manually adjust calories every 2 weeks; hypertrophy and fat-loss clients with quantitative goals
- **Not suitable for**: Clients overwhelmed by tracking; clients who need micronutrient detail (Cronometer is better); free-tier seekers
- **Pricing**: $71.99/yr (~$5.99/mo); $47.99/6 months; $11.99/mo monthly evidence: [T02-S010]
- **Decay risk**: Low. Unique algorithm; niche evidence-based market. evidence: [T02-S010]
- **Sources**: [T02-S010], [T02-S009], [T02-S022]

---

#### Precision Nutrition Platform / Certification

- **One-liner**: The gold-standard nutrition coaching curriculum and certification; PN L1 trains trainers in habit-based nutrition coaching methodology used with clients.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Precision Nutrition Inc. (Canada)
- **License**: Commercial (certification purchase)
- **Maturity signals**: PN L1 is among the most recognized nutrition coaching certs globally; Level 2 opens April 2026 cohort; PN Academy launched for ongoing professional development evidence: [T02-S022]
- **Typical use**: PTs adding nutrition coaching to their scope; coaches wanting a structured habit-based nutrition coaching system to apply with clients; building credentials for premium pricing
- **Not suitable for**: Replacing registered dietitian (RD) scope; coaches wanting software tools (PN sells methodology/cert, not client-facing software)
- **Pricing**: L1 Cert $799 USD or $79/mo x12; L2 Master $4,788 or $399/mo x12; significant early-access savings available evidence: [T02-S022]
- **Decay risk**: Low. Dominant brand in evidence-based nutrition coaching for fitness professionals. evidence: [T02-S022]
- **Sources**: [T02-S022], [T02-S009], [T02-S010]

---

#### Dr. Muscle / Juggernaut AI / RP Hypertrophy App (AI Programming Apps)

- **One-liner**: Evidence-based AI apps that generate and auto-regulate individualized hypertrophy or strength programs based on user performance data.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Dr. Muscle (independent, exercise scientist-led) / Juggernaut Training Systems / Renaissance Periodization
- **License**: Commercial (subscription)
- **Maturity signals**: Dr. Muscle: built by exercise scientist, 50+ updates/year, launched ~2016; JuggernautAI v2.0 released with Apple Health/Google Health Connect integration; RP app built on Israetel's MEV/MAV/MRV framework evidence: [T02-S023], [T02-S024], [T02-S025]
- **Typical use**: Trainers recommending supplemental self-coaching tools to higher-autonomy clients; trainers using these for program structure inspiration; clients training independently between PT sessions
- **Not suitable for**: Replacing the personalized trainer relationship for beginners; clients who need accountability, not just program generation; injury-management programming
- **Pricing**: All subscription-based; app store pricing (typically $10–$20/mo or annual tier); JuggernautAI pricing not publicly listed evidence: [T02-S023], [T02-S024]
- **Production case**: JuggernautAI used by intermediate-advanced strength athletes and powerlifters; RP app is standard reference for evidence-based hypertrophy coaches evidence: [T02-S025]
- **Decay risk**: Moderate. ChatGPT and general AI can partially replicate programming. Competitive pressure from all sides. evidence: [T02-S027]
- **Sources**: [T02-S023], [T02-S024], [T02-S025]

---

#### Keep Pro (教练端) — China Market

- **One-liner**: Keep's trainer-facing module allowing PTs to build and sell programs within China's dominant fitness super-app ecosystem (300M+ users).
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Keep Inc. (Beijing; HKEX listed 2023)
- **License**: Commercial (platform revenue share / licensing)
- **Maturity signals**: Keep achieved annual profitability for first time in FY2025 (financial report March 2026); 300M+ registered users; dominant CN fitness app; HKEX IPO 2023 evidence: [T02-S033]
- **Typical use**: China-based PTs selling content and live sessions within Keep's ecosystem; coaches building brand inside a high-traffic consumer app
- **Not suitable for**: International trainers (CN market only); trainers needing full B2B gym management (Keep is B2C first)
- **Pricing**: Revenue share / licensing model; specifics not publicly disclosed evidence: [T02-S033]
- **Decay risk**: Low in CN market. First profitable year in 2025 signals stabilization. evidence: [T02-S033]
- **Sources**: [T02-S033], [T02-S031], [T02-S032]

---

#### 三体云动 (Sitiyun Cloud) — China Market

- **One-liner**: China's leading gym management SaaS: member management, employee tracking, payment, and smart access control for 35,000+ fitness venues.
- **Tier**: 2
- **Maintainer**: Sitiyun Cloud Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. (三体云动)
- **License**: Enterprise SaaS (quote-based)
- **Maturity signals**: B-round financing ¥110M in 2018; 35,000+ venues served; integrated hardware/software solutions; serves Huawei, Fosun, Gree internal gyms evidence: [T02-S031]
- **Typical use**: Gym-employed PTs whose facility uses 三体云动 for member management and class booking; gym managers tracking trainer KPIs and session counts
- **Not suitable for**: Independent online-only coaches; international market
- **Pricing**: Enterprise quote-based evidence: [T02-S031]
- **Decay risk**: Low in CN enterprise gym market. Dominant position. evidence: [T02-S031]
- **Sources**: [T02-S031], [T02-S032], [T02-S033]

---

### TIER 3 — 新兴/实验 (Emerging or niche, <20% adoption)

---

#### Tonal (Smart Strength Machine)

- **One-liner**: Wall-mounted digital weight machine using electromagnetic resistance and AI coaching — the Tesla of home gym strength equipment.
- **Tier**: 3
- **Maintainer**: Tonal Systems Inc. (US)
- **License**: Commercial (device + subscription)
- **Maturity signals**: $3,495 device + $59/mo; post-pandemic correction in connected fitness; Tonal began physical therapy operator pilots 2024–2025; Lululemon's Mirror discontinued September 2023; market consolidating evidence: [T02-S015 - context], search results
- **Typical use**: High-income home gym clients who want tech-driven strength training; PT partnerships with clients who own Tonal; emerging PT + physical therapy hybrid settings
- **Not suitable for**: Budget clients; gym-based training; beginners who need human supervision for safety
- **Pricing**: $3,495 device + $59/mo membership evidence: [search results]
- **Decay risk**: High. Home connected fitness post-pandemic demand has declined sharply. Lululemon Mirror discontinued 2023. Tonal survival uncertain without major pivot. evidence: [T02-S027]
- **Sources**: [T02-S027], [T02-S026], [T02-S015]

---

#### Tempo (Smart Home Gym)

- **One-liner**: AI-powered home gym system using computer vision to count reps and provide form feedback in real time via TV screen.
- **Tier**: 3
- **Maintainer**: Tempo (formerly Tempo Studio)
- **License**: Commercial (device + subscription)
- **Maturity signals**: Launched ~2019; market contraction since 2022; represents the AI form-checking use case in consumer hardware; still operational but market position weakened evidence: [search results]
- **Typical use**: Self-directed home gym users wanting AI coaching without a live PT; remote PT clients who can stream sessions and get automated rep tracking
- **Not suitable for**: Serious strength athletes (limited resistance); commercial gym settings; budget clients
- **Pricing**: ~$2,000+ hardware + monthly subscription evidence: [search results]
- **Decay risk**: High. Connected fitness market consolidation; Mirror discontinued; Peloton restructured. Tempo faces existential pressure. evidence: [T02-S027]
- **Sources**: [T02-S027], [T02-S038], [T02-S026]

---

#### Levels Health / Stelo / Lingo (CGM for Non-Diabetics)

- **One-liner**: Continuous glucose monitors for metabolic health awareness in non-diabetic clients — tracking glucose response to food, exercise, and stress.
- **Tier**: 3
- **Maintainer**: Levels Health (membership-based access); Abbott (Lingo OTC); Dexcom (Stelo OTC)
- **License**: Commercial; Abbott Lingo and Dexcom Stelo launched OTC September 2024 without prescription
- **Maturity signals**: Abbott Lingo and Dexcom Stelo became first OTC CGMs in US (September 2024) — significant accessibility shift; GSSI published CGM review for non-diabetic athletes; emerging evidence but not yet guideline-endorsed for healthy populations evidence: [T02-S029], [T02-S030], [T02-S037]
- **Typical use**: High-performance nutrition coaching: matching carbohydrate timing to glucose response around training; identifying reactive hypoglycemia in endurance athletes; biohacker-oriented clients interested in metabolic optimization
- **Not suitable for**: General population without clinical context; clients with diabetes (need clinical CGM, not consumer-grade); PTs prescribing glucose targets (outside PT scope without RD collaboration)
- **Pricing**: Abbott Lingo starts ~$49; Levels Health membership required for ongoing coaching layer evidence: [T02-S037]
- **Decay risk**: Medium. OTC approval (2024) dramatically lowers access barriers. Evidence base still developing for healthy populations. Regulatory and scope-of-practice questions remain. evidence: [T02-S029], [T02-S030]
- **Sources**: [T02-S029], [T02-S030], [T02-S037]

---

#### CueForm AI / Pose Estimation Apps (AI Form Analysis)

- **One-liner**: Mobile apps using MediaPipe/OpenPose computer vision to detect joint positions and deliver real-time or asynchronous movement feedback.
- **Tier**: 3
- **Maintainer**: Various (CueForm AI, and others; rapidly evolving market)
- **License**: Commercial (freemium/subscription)
- **Maturity signals**: 2026 mobile posture assessment tool achieved >90% accuracy for common standing abnormalities; AI form apps proliferating rapidly post-2024 large model availability; Springer published systematic review of AI/CV in fitness coaching 2026 evidence: [T02-S038]
- **Typical use**: Remote trainers reviewing asynchronous video submissions from clients; trainers scaling feedback without real-time sessions; trainers embedding AI form feedback in client apps
- **Not suitable for**: Replacing live skilled coaching assessment; clinical gait analysis; exercises where joint angles alone don't capture form quality (breathing, bracing, proprioception)
- **Pricing**: Varies; CueForm AI freemium; most in $5–$20/mo range evidence: [T02-S038]
- **Decay risk**: High volatility but low decay risk overall — market will grow rapidly. Individual apps may fail while category matures. evidence: [T02-S027], [T02-S038]
- **Sources**: [T02-S038], [T02-S026], [T02-S027]

---

#### 青橙科技 (Qingcheng Tech) — China Market Tier 3

- **One-liner**: China-focused full-chain fitness industry SaaS: one-stop solution covering gym management, PT session booking, member CRM, and supply chain.
- **Tier**: 3
- **Maintainer**: 青橙科技 (Qingcheng Technology)
- **License**: Enterprise SaaS
- **Maturity signals**: Listed as solution provider on fitness-china.cn; positions itself as full-chain platform; smaller market share vs. 三体云动; focus on boutique and mid-tier fitness evidence: [T02-S032]
- **Typical use**: Mid-tier Chinese gyms wanting integrated management and PT booking; boutique studio management
- **Not suitable for**: Enterprise-scale chains (三体云动 dominates); international markets
- **Decay risk**: Moderate. Competing against 三体云动's established position. evidence: [T02-S032]
- **Sources**: [T02-S032], [T02-S031], [T02-S033]

---

## Selection Decision Tree

```
START: Selecting Your Core PT Tool Stack
│
├── Q1: Where are you primarily coaching?
│   ├── IN-PERSON only, gym-employed
│   │   → Your gym likely mandates scheduling software (check before buying)
│   │   → Core needs: FMS kit, PAR-Q+, ExRx.net, nutrition app recommendation
│   │   → Skip: online coaching platforms (not needed yet)
│   │
│   ├── ONLINE only
│   │   → Must-have: Programming platform + scheduling + payment
│   │   → Choose ONE: TrueCoach (simplest), Trainerize (most features), PT Distinction (white-label)
│   │   → Add: Acuity or Calendly for booking, MyFitnessPal or MacroFactor for nutrition
│   │
│   └── HYBRID (in-person + online)
│       → Trainerize is rated best overall for hybrid
│       → Or: TrueCoach + Acuity (simpler stack)
│
├── Q2: Client volume?
│   ├── < 10 clients (starting out)
│   │   → Everfit (free tier) or TrueCoach Starter ($26/mo)
│   │   → Calendly free for scheduling
│   │   → Don't over-invest in tools until client base validates the business
│   │
│   ├── 10–30 clients (established)
│   │   → TrueCoach Standard or Trainerize Grow; My PT Hub ($49 unlimited)
│   │   → Add: assessment tools (FMS kit, BIA scale or InBody referral)
│   │
│   └── 30+ clients (scale/team)
│       → Trainerize Studio Plus; PT Distinction custom; My PT Hub unlimited
│       → Consider: Branded app (PT Distinction or Trainerize white-label)
│       → Add: automation (Zapier, automated check-ins)
│
├── Q3: Specialization?
│   ├── General fitness / weight loss
│   │   → TrueCoach or Trainerize; MyFitnessPal or Cronometer for nutrition
│   │   → PAR-Q+ and FMS for assessment baseline
│   │
│   ├── Strength / sports performance
│   │   → TrainHeroic for team/athlete management
│   │   → Add VBT: GymAware FLEX ($495) if budget allows
│   │   → Wearables: WHOOP or Garmin for recovery monitoring
│   │
│   ├── Physique / bodybuilding
│   │   → Any platform + RP Hypertrophy App or JuggernautAI for programming framework
│   │   → InBody or DEXA referral for body composition tracking
│   │   → MacroFactor for adaptive nutrition
│   │
│   ├── Rehab-adjacent / older adults / post-surgical
│   │   → PAR-Q+ + ePARmed-X+ medical clearance mandatory
│   │   → BFR: SmartCuffs 4.0 for low-load hypertrophy
│   │   → Conservative platform: Trainerize or My PT Hub
│   │
│   └── China market
│       → Keep Pro for consumer reach; 三体云动 for gym employment context
│       → WeChat for client communication (standard)
│
├── Q4: Budget?
│   ├── Bootstrap (< $50/mo total tools)
│   │   → Everfit free + Calendly free + MyFitnessPal free + ExRx.net free
│   │   → Borrow or rent FMS kit initially; PAR-Q+ free PDF
│   │
│   └── Established business (willing to invest)
│       → TrueCoach or Trainerize paid + Acuity Scheduling + InBody access (referral or purchase)
│       → FMS kit + goniometer + calipers for full assessment suite
│       → Wearable integration (Garmin/Oura/WHOOP) for data-driven programming
│
└── Q5: AI/tech appetite?
    ├── Conservative: stick to Tier 1 tools; add wearables when clients request
    └── Early adopter: add Tier 3 tools as supplementary — CueForm AI for async form review,
        MacroFactor for adaptive nutrition, CGM trial for performance nutrition clients
```

---

## Avoid-Pitfalls List

1. **Do not use generic "workout generator" apps as actual programming tools.** Apps like random workout generators have no progressive overload logic, no periodization, and no client history. Programming platforms (TrueCoach, Trainerize) or evidence-based AI apps (RP Hypertrophy, JuggernautAI) are the minimum viable standard. evidence: [T02-S023], [T02-S024]

2. **Do not rely solely on BIA consumer scales for body composition decisions.** Consumer BIA scales (not InBody clinical grade) have ±3–8% body fat error depending on hydration state, time of day, and skin temperature. For clients tracking progress, use weight trend + circumferences as primary metrics; use InBody or DEXA referral only when clinical accuracy matters. evidence: [T02-S018], [T02-S020]

3. **Do not skip PAR-Q+ health screening before any new exercise program.** The PAR-Q+ is both a legal protection and a clinical safety tool. Using wearable HRV data, body composition devices, or high-intensity protocols without establishing baseline health status exposes trainers to liability and clients to risk. Update screening when client health status changes. evidence: [T02-S013], [T02-S014]

4. **Do not choose a coaching platform based solely on price.** Client UX and adherence matter more than monthly cost. A $9/mo platform that clients abandon within 2 weeks is less valuable than a $50/mo platform where clients log sessions consistently. Test with your target client type before committing. evidence: [T02-S001], [T02-S002]

5. **Do not prescribe CGMs to general population clients without clinical context.** CGMs (Levels, Stelo, Lingo) are outside a PT's standard scope of practice for most jurisdictions. Glucose pattern interpretation requires dietitian or physician collaboration. The evidence base for CGM in healthy non-diabetic populations is still emerging (as of 2025). evidence: [T02-S029], [T02-S030]

6. **Do not interpret FMS scores without completing FMS Level 1 certification.** The FMS requires standardized administration technique to produce reliable scores. Miscounted asymmetries or improperly applied movement corrections may increase rather than reduce injury risk. evidence: [T02-S012]

7. **Do not assume wearable data syncs across platforms.** As of 2025–2026, Garmin HRV data does not sync to Apple HealthKit. Oura and WHOOP have distinct API ecosystems. Before recommending specific wearables to clients, verify that the coaching platform's integrations match the device. evidence: [T02-S026]

8. **Do not use PUSH Band for VBT — it was discontinued.** WHOOP acquired PUSH in 2024 and shut down the entire PUSH VBT system (app + hardware + portal). Trainers using PUSH Band should transition to GymAware FLEX or phone-based VBT apps (Vitruve). evidence: [T02-S016], [T02-S021]

---

## Phase 2 Interface

### Tool Selection Principles

1. **Client-facing friction determines adoption.** The best programming platform is the one your clients actually open. Prioritize UX demos with real clients over feature-list comparisons.
2. **Assessment tools should precede programming tools.** PAR-Q+ → FMS/movement screen → body composition baseline → then programming. Tools that skip this sequence create liability and suboptimal programming.
3. **Wearable integration is now table stakes for hybrid/online coaching.** ACSM #1 trend for 2026; clients arriving with wearable data expect coaches to engage with it. evidence: [T02-S015]
4. **China and global markets require distinct stacks.** Keep Pro + WeChat + 三体云动 are the CN-market equivalents of Trainerize + WhatsApp/SMS + Mindbody. Don't conflate.
5. **AI programming tools augment but do not replace.** Dr. Muscle, JuggernautAI, RP App work for intermediate+ self-coaches. Beginners need supervision and relationship, not app efficiency.

### Tool-School Splits

| School of Thought | Primary Tools | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Evidence-based / science-first | ExRx.net, RP Hypertrophy App, MacroFactor, FMS Kit, PAR-Q+ | Prioritizes peer-reviewed protocols |
| Client relationship / retention | TrueCoach or PT Distinction, Acuity, WhatsApp/WeChat | Prioritizes communication and adherence |
| Performance/athletic | TrainHeroic, GymAware FLEX, WHOOP/Garmin, BFR SmartCuffs | Prioritizes load monitoring and recovery |
| Scale/business | Trainerize Studio, My PT Hub, Everfit Ultimate | Prioritizes automation and margin |
| Biometric/data-first | InBody or Styku, wearables (Oura+Garmin), CGM (Levels/Lingo), VBT | Prioritizes objective measurement over subjective reporting |
| China market | Keep Pro, 三体云动, 青橙科技, WeChat, Cronometer (if accuracy needed) | CN ecosystem-first |

### New/Emerging Signals (as of 2026-05-23)

- **FIBO 2026 (April 2026)**: AI-controlled resistance machines adjusting load in real-time based on movement velocity and fatigue indicators; Chinese manufacturers entering commercial market at significant price discount evidence: [T02-S027]
- **OTC CGMs (2024)**: Abbott Lingo and Dexcom Stelo now available without prescription in US — lowers barrier to metabolic coaching integrations evidence: [T02-S029]
- **ACSM 2026 #1 trend**: Wearable tech with AI-powered insights; nearly 50% US adult ownership of fitness tracker or smartwatch evidence: [T02-S015], [T02-S028]
- **AI Workout Builders**: Virtuagym's AI Workout Builder (FIBO 2025) creates 3-day individualized programs in 30 seconds; trajectory toward AI-assisted program generation embedded in coaching platforms evidence: [T02-S027]
- **Garmin Connect+ (March 2025)**: Paid fitness coaching subscription adding live HRV coaching and adaptive training plans to Garmin ecosystem evidence: [T02-S026]
- **Keep's first profitable year (FY2025)**: Signals CN fitness tech market stabilization after years of loss-funded growth evidence: [T02-S033]
- **Pose estimation accuracy**: 2026 mobile tools achieving >90% accuracy for common postural abnormalities — AI form checking approaching practical utility evidence: [T02-S038]

### Cold Signals (declining or stagnant)

- **Home connected fitness hardware (Mirror/Peloton/Tempo)**: Lululemon Mirror discontinued September 2023; Peloton restructured 2022–2024; Tempo facing market pressure. Post-pandemic demand correction is structural, not temporary. evidence: [T02-S027]
- **PUSH Band VBT**: Discontinued 2024 (WHOOP acquisition). evidence: [T02-S016]
- **Naked Labs consumer scanner**: Discontinued consumer version; commercial 3D scanning market consolidating around Styku and ShapeScale. evidence: [T02-S040]
- **Standalone scheduling apps for established PT businesses**: Acuity and Calendly remain relevant for simple use cases, but coaching platforms (TrueCoach, Trainerize) now include integrated scheduling — reducing need for separate tools at scale.
- **Manual paper-based programming**: Still present in traditional gym-employed PT settings but declining as digital delivery becomes client expectation.
