# Track 06 — Glossary (implant dentistry)

> Wave 1 Track 06 — terminology / classifications / standards / consensus vocabulary. Industry: implant dentistry (口腔种植), locale=global (English-primary, zh-CN crosswalk), profile=practitioner.
>
> 结构约束 notes (诚实): (1) Brånemark 1969/1985 + Albrektsson 1986 success criteria 是 osseointegration 学科起点, 必备; (2) 2017 World Workshop (Caton/Armitage, AAP+EFP) 是当代 peri-implant disease 分类金标准, 替代 1999 / Mombelli 旧框架; (3) Lekholm-Zarb 1985 + Misch 1990 是骨质骨量分类双轨, 临床仍并用; (4) Hämmerle/Chen/Wilson 2004 Type 1/2/3/4 immediate placement 时序是 ITI Consensus 公认词典; (5) Tarnow 3mm / Choquet 1.5mm 是美学区不可让步硬距离; (6) ISO 14801 dynamic fatigue + FDA 510(k) Class II + CE MDR + NMPA Class III 是种植体上市监管底线 vocabulary; (7) 中文术语 一律 平行 给出, 避免 "种植牙 = dental implant" 这种 too-broad 漏译; 厂商品牌名 (BLT / BLX / TiUnite / SLActive / Roxolid) 是工业一手词, 列入但标注 vendor docs; (8) zh-CN 一手 KOL (林野 / 宿玉成 / 邱立新 / 满毅) 主战场是公众号 + 院内讲座, source_verifier 严禁 mp.weixin.qq.com — 替代为 中华口腔医学会 / 北医口腔 / 华西口腔 / 中山光华 / 中华口腔医学杂志 (cma.org.cn).

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## Source Manifest

| source_id | url | bucket | last_checked | author/host | one-line note |
|-----------|-----|--------|--------------|-------------|---------------|
| T06-S001 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4924041/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Brånemark et al, Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1969 | Brånemark "Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prostheses" original osseointegration paper |
| T06-S002 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3527955/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Albrektsson, Zarb, Worthington, Eriksson; IJOMI 1986 | Albrektsson 1986 implant success criteria — 5/10 yr survival ≥85/80%, MBL <0.2mm/yr after first yr |
| T06-S003 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpe.12935 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Caton, Armitage et al; J Clin Periodontol 2018 | 协会 (AAP+EFP 一手) — 2017 World Workshop Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases / overview |
| T06-S004 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpe.12956 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Berglundh, Armitage, Avila-Ortiz et al; J Clin Periodontol 2018 | 协会 (AAP+EFP 一手) — peri-implant diseases and conditions consensus report (peri-implant health / mucositis / peri-implantitis case definitions) |
| T06-S005 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpe.12957 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Renvert, Persson, Pirih, Camargo; J Clin Periodontol 2018 | 协会 (AAP+EFP 一手) — peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis case definitions detail |
| T06-S006 | https://www.efp.org/publications/projects/perio-workshops/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | EFP (European Federation of Periodontology) | 协会 (association) — EFP Workshops landing page, 2017 World Workshop archive |
| T06-S007 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3527954/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Lekholm + Zarb, in Brånemark Tissue-Integrated Prostheses 1985 | Lekholm-Zarb bone classification (Class I-IV cortical/cancellous + Class A-E ridge resorption) — PubMed listing |
| T06-S008 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2202812/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Misch CE; Int J Oral Implantol 1990 | Misch D1/D2/D3/D4 bone density classification original paper |
| T06-S009 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15635943/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Hämmerle, Chen, Wilson; IJOMI 2004 | ITI Consensus 2003 immediate / early / delayed placement Type 1/2/3/4 timing definitions |
| T06-S010 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14971252/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Chen + Buser; IJOMI 2009 | ITI Consensus updated immediate / early implant placement esthetic zone outcomes |
| T06-S011 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13627963/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Gargiulo, Wentz, Orban; J Periodontol 1961 | original biologic width dimensions (sulcus + junctional epithelium + connective tissue 2.04mm avg) |
| T06-S012 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/JPER.17-0095 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Jepsen, Caton et al; J Periodontol 2018 | 协会 (AAP+EFP 一手) — 2017 workshop renamed "biologic width" → "supracrestal tissue attachment" |
| T06-S013 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1908226/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Olsson + Lindhe; J Clin Periodontol 1991 | gingival thin/thick biotype original observational paper |
| T06-S014 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19515033/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | De Rouck, Eghbali, Collys, De Bruyn, Cosyn; J Clin Periodontol 2009 | thin/thick/medium biotype reproducible probe-transparency classification |
| T06-S015 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10895633/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Tarnow, Cho, Wallace; J Periodontol 2000 | Tarnow rule of 3 — 3mm minimum inter-implant distance to preserve crestal bone |
| T06-S016 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1298430/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Tarnow, Magner, Fletcher; J Periodontol 1992 | distance from crestal bone to contact point governing papilla presence (≤5mm → 100%) |
| T06-S017 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12956475/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Choquet, Hermans, Adriaenssens, Daelemans, Tarnow, Malevez; J Periodontol 2001 | Choquet 1.5mm rule — implant-to-tooth horizontal distance for inter-proximal papilla |
| T06-S018 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7995497/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Summers RB; Compendium 1994 | Summers osteotome transcrestal sinus lift original technique paper |
| T06-S019 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12747459/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Maló, Rangert, Nobre; Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003 | All-on-4 Maló original protocol (tilted distal implants + immediate function) |
| T06-S020 | https://www.nobelbiocare.com/en-int/all-on-4 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Nobel Biocare | vendor docs (供应商) — All-on-4 Treatment Concept brand page (Maló Clinic origin) |
| T06-S021 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19663953/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Belser, Grütter, Vailati, Bornstein, Weber, Buser; J Periodontol 2009 | Pink Esthetic Score (PES) + White Esthetic Score (WES) original validation paper |
| T06-S022 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9151607/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Jemt T; Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1997 | Jemt papilla index 0-4 score for inter-proximal papilla regeneration |
| T06-S023 | https://www.iso.org/standard/61997.html | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | ISO | ISO 14801:2016 Dynamic loading test for endosseous dental implants (mandatory pre-market fatigue) |
| T06-S024 | https://www.iso.org/standard/77620.html | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | ISO | ISO 22794:2007/Amd 1:2019 implantable materials for bone filling and augmentation (dental application) |
| T06-S025 | https://www.iso.org/standard/61998.html | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | ISO | ISO 16443:2014 Vocabulary for dental implants and related products |
| T06-S026 | https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/dental-devices/dental-implants-what-patients-and-providers-should-know | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | FDA | FDA dental implants regulatory landing — Class II 510(k) for endosseous, Class III for subperiosteal |
| T06-S027 | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=872.3640 | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | FDA CFR 21 §872.3640 | endosseous dental implant device classification |
| T06-S028 | https://health.ec.europa.eu/medical-devices-sector/new-regulations_en | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | European Commission | 监管 (EU MDR 2017/745 official Commission page) — regulator one-source, transition completed 2024-2025, replaces 93/42/EEC |
| T06-S029 | https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/zwfw/sdxx/sdxxylqx/ylqxbzhgg/index.html | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | NMPA 国家药监局 | NMPA medical device classification — 种植体 listed Class III (类别编码 17-04) |
| T06-S030 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01441.x | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Dawson + Chen; Clin Oral Implants Res 2007 | 协会 (ITI 一手) — ITI SAC Classification (Straightforward/Advanced/Complex) consensus statement |
| T06-S031 | https://www.iti.org/academy/online-academy | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | ITI Academy | 协会 (ITI) — ITI Online Academy term/concept pages (SAC, Type 1-4 placement, GBR) |
| T06-S032 | https://www.iti.org/treatment-guides | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | ITI Treatment Guides (Quintessence) | 协会 (ITI) — ITI Treatment Guides 1-12 catalog (consensus vocabulary anchor) |
| T06-S033 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18837777/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Esposito, Hirsch, Lekholm, Thomsen; Eur J Oral Sci 1998 | Esposito early (≤1 yr) vs late (>1 yr) implant failure definitions (cited in Cochrane reviews) |
| T06-S034 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003878.pub5 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Esposito M et al; Cochrane Oral Health Group | 协会 (Cochrane) — Esposito systematic reviews of implant interventions (failure outcome definitions) |
| T06-S035 | https://www.straumann.com/en/dental-professionals/products-and-solutions/dental-implants.html | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Straumann | vendor docs (供应商) — BLT / BLX / TL / Roxolid / SLActive product line definitions |
| T06-S036 | https://www.straumann.com/en/dental-professionals/products-and-solutions/dental-implants/surface-and-material/sla-and-slactive.html | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Straumann | vendor docs (供应商) — SLA (Sand-blasted Large-grit Acid-etched) + SLActive surface tech page |
| T06-S037 | https://www.nobelbiocare.com/en-int/implant-systems/nobelactive | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Nobel Biocare | vendor docs (供应商) — NobelActive (apically tapered, expanding-thread) + TiUnite anodized surface |
| T06-S038 | https://www.nobelbiocare.com/en-int/asc-abutment | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Nobel Biocare | vendor docs (供应商) — Angulated Screw Channel (ASC) up to 25° abutment system |
| T06-S039 | https://www.osstell.com/clinical-guidelines/the-isq-scale/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Osstell | vendor docs (供应商) — ISQ (Implant Stability Quotient) scale 1-100 + RFA (Resonance Frequency Analysis) original definition |
| T06-S040 | https://www.versah.com/osseodensification/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Versah / Salah Huwais | vendor docs (供应商) — osseodensification + Densah bur protocol original page |
| T06-S041 | https://www.geistlich-pharma.com/en/dental/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Geistlich Pharma | vendor docs (供应商) — Bio-Oss (DBBM deproteinized bovine bone matrix) + Bio-Gide collagen membrane category |
| T06-S042 | https://www.iti.org/academy/online-academy/learning-modules/peri-implantitis | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | ITI Academy | 协会 (ITI) — peri-implantitis learning module (case definitions, treatment) |
| T06-S043 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16504201/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Lazzara + Porter; Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2006 | platform switching original concept paper — crestal bone preservation by horizontal mismatch |
| T06-S044 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29683234/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Schwarz, Derks, Monje, Wang; J Clin Periodontol 2018 | peri-implantitis (2017 workshop) — case definition + treatment review (radiographic bone loss ≥3mm or BoP+) |
| T06-S045 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8915641/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Buser, Mericske-Stern, Bernard, Behneke, Behneke, Hirt, Belser, Lang; Clin Oral Implants Res 1997 | Buser ITI implant 8-year prospective study — survival 96.7%, success criteria framework |
| T06-S046 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22376068/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Buser, Janner, Wittneben, Brägger, Ramseier, Salvi; Clin Oral Implants Res 2012 | 10-yr SLA implant outcomes, early loading concept anchor |
| T06-S047 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/clr.13278 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Morton, Chen, Martin et al; Clin Oral Implants Res 2018 | 协会 (ITI 一手) — ITI Consensus 6 — loading protocols (immediate / early / conventional) timing definitions |
| T06-S048 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15635954/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Cochran, Morton, Weber; IJOMI 2004 | ITI Consensus loading protocols (Group 4) — immediate vs early vs conventional definitions |
| T06-S049 | https://www.3shape.com/en/scanners/trios | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | 3Shape | vendor docs (供应商) — TRIOS intra-oral scanner product page (IOS workflow reference) |
| T06-S050 | https://www.itero.com/en/products/itero-element-5d-imaging-system | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Align Technology iTero | vendor docs (供应商) — iTero Element / Lumina IOS product page |
| T06-S051 | https://www.x-navtech.com/x-guide/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | X-Nav Technologies | vendor docs (供应商) — X-Guide dynamic navigation system page |
| T06-S052 | https://claronav.com/navident/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | ClaroNav | vendor docs (供应商) — Navident dynamic navigation page |
| T06-S053 | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf16/K163387.pdf | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | FDA 510(k) K163387 | Yomi robotic dental implant system FDA clearance (first robotic dental implant 2017) |
| T06-S054 | https://www.neocis.com/yomi/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Neocis | vendor docs (供应商) — Yomi haptic robotic guidance product page |
| T06-S055 | https://www.dicomstandard.org/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | DICOM Standards Committee | association (DICOM Standards Committee) — vendor docs (standards body) for CBCT imaging interchange |
| T06-S056 | https://www.nema.org/standards/view/Digital-Imaging-and-Communications-in-Medicine | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | NEMA | association (NEMA — DICOM hosting body) — defines CBCT volumetric format used in implant planning |
| T06-S057 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282838/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Tahmaseb, Wu, Wismeijer, Coucke, Evans; Clin Oral Implants Res 2018 | systematic review accuracy of static computer-aided implant surgery (mean deviation 1.2mm apical) |
| T06-S058 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/clr.13495 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Wismeijer, Joda, Flügge et al; Clin Oral Implants Res 2018 | 协会 (ITI 一手) — ITI Consensus 6 Group 5 — digital workflows, IOS / CAD-CAM / guided surgery vocabulary |
| T06-S059 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19885445/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Schropp, Wenzel, Kostopoulos, Karring; IJPRD 2003 | extraction socket dimensional change (5-7mm horizontal width loss 12 mo) — basis for "ridge preservation" need |
| T06-S060 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12790355/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Araújo + Lindhe; J Clin Periodontol 2005 | dog model alveolar process resorption post-extraction — bundle bone loss biology |
| T06-S061 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3056287/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Boyne + James; J Oral Surg 1980 | original lateral window sinus floor augmentation (Caldwell-Luc-like) protocol |
| T06-S062 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15974088/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Pjetursson, Tan, Lang, Brägger, Egger, Zwahlen; Clin Oral Implants Res 2004 | systematic review implant-supported FPDs 5-yr survival 95.4%, 10-yr 92.8% (long-term outcome benchmark) |
| T06-S063 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22907202/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Buser, Janner, Wittneben et al; Clin Oral Implants Res 2012 | early implant placement (Type 2, 4-8 wk) esthetic zone outcomes |
| T06-S064 | https://www.iti.org/the-iti/membership/sac-classification | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | ITI | 协会 (ITI) — SAC Assessment Tool landing — Straightforward / Advanced / Complex case classification |
| T06-S065 | https://www.iti.org/academy/online-academy/glossary | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | ITI Academy | 协会 (ITI) — ITI online glossary of implant dentistry terms |
| T06-S066 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2096166/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Smith + Zarb; J Prosthet Dent 1989 | proposed implant success criteria (modification of Albrektsson 1986) — added MBL <1.5mm yr 1, <0.2mm/yr thereafter |
| T06-S067 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpe.12954 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Araujo + Lindhe; J Clin Periodontol 2018 | 协会 (AAP+EFP 一手) — peri-implant mucosa and bone anatomy consensus (2017 workshop) |
| T06-S068 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24237664/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Lin, Madi, Wadhwani, Kattadiyil, Wang, Chuang; JADA 2013 | cement-retained vs screw-retained crowns — residual cement and peri-implant disease risk |
| T06-S069 | https://kq.bjmu.edu.cn/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | 北京大学口腔医学院 | 协会 (university hospital) — 北医口腔 (林野 / 邱立新 / 邸萍 教研主体) 一手机构页 |
| T06-S070 | https://www.cma.org.cn/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | 中华医学会 / 中华口腔医学会 | 协会 (association) — 中华口腔医学会 (CSA) + 种植专委会 学术活动一手页 |
| T06-S071 | https://www.stomatology.cn/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | 中华口腔医学杂志 / Chinese Stomatology | 协会 (association) — CSA 旗下期刊群一手页 (中华口腔医学杂志 / 中华口腔种植学杂志) |
| T06-S072 | https://kq.scu.edu.cn/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | 四川大学华西口腔医学院 | 协会 (university hospital) — 华西口腔 (满毅 复杂骨增量) 一手机构页 |
| T06-S073 | https://www.9hospital.com.cn/ | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | 上海交大医学院附属第九人民医院 | 协会 (university hospital) — 上海九院 (口腔颌面外科 + 种植科) 一手机构页 |
| T06-S074 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22376270/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Aparicio C, Manresa, Francisco, Claros, Alandez, Gonzalez-Martin, Albrektsson; Periodontol 2000 2014 | zygomatic implant — surgical anatomy + ZAGA (Zygoma Anatomy Guided Approach) classification |
| T06-S075 | https://www.iti.org/academy/online-academy/learning-modules/zygomatic-implants | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | ITI Academy | 协会 (ITI) — zygomatic implant module reference (severe maxillary atrophy salvage) |
| T06-S076 | https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/class-ii-special-controls-guidance-document-root-form-endosseous-dental-implants-and-endosseous | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | FDA | FDA Class II Special Controls Guidance — Root-Form Endosseous Dental Implants and Abutments |
| T06-S077 | https://www.iso.org/standard/56079.html | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | ISO | ISO 10451:2018 Dentistry — Contents of technical file for dental implant systems |
| T06-S078 | https://www.iso.org/standard/41174.html | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | ISO | ISO 9693:2019 Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems (abutment-restoration interface) |
| T06-S079 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19792847/ | verified_primary | 2026-05-17 | Lang, Berglundh; J Clin Periodontol 2011 | peri-implant disease 6th European Workshop on Periodontology — pre-2017 baseline definitions (legacy) |
| T06-S080 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpe.13290 | surrogate_primary | 2026-05-17 | Herrera, Berglundh, Schwarz et al; J Clin Periodontol 2023 | 协会 (EFP S3 一手) — 2023 EFP S3 Clinical Practice Guideline for peri-implantitis treatment (most recent vocabulary) |

(80 sources; 一手率 ≈ 60%: verified_primary 48 = PubMed/DOI peer-reviewed RCT + ISO + FDA + EU + NMPA + DICOM; surrogate_primary 32 = ITI 学会 + AAP/EFP J Clin Periodontol consensus + 厂商 vendor docs + 中国大学医院 + Cochrane group)

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## 6.1 解剖学与组织生物学 (osseointegration / biologic width / biotype / Schneiderian / IAN / socket biology)

**Osseointegration / 骨结合** — direct functional and structural connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing implant, observable at light-microscope resolution. Per-Ingvar Brånemark, Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 3(2):81-100, 1969 [T06-S001]. Formalized as time-dependent biological process (initial mechanical → biological remodeling 6-12 wk). Time + biology + mechanics 三轴函数, 不是单一植入操作.

**Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) / 骨-种植体接触率** — percentage of implant surface in direct contact with bone, measured histomorphometrically; typical mature value 50-80%. Surrogate clinical proxy: ISQ + insertion torque [T06-S001].

**Biologic width → Supracrestal tissue attachment / 生物学宽度 / 龈上附着** — soft-tissue dimension above the alveolar crest comprising sulcus + junctional epithelium + connective tissue attachment, average 2.04 mm. Gargiulo, Wentz, Orban, J Periodontol 32:261-267, 1961 [T06-S011]; renamed "supracrestal tissue attachment" at 2017 World Workshop [T06-S012].

**Keratinized mucosa (KM) / 角化龈** — band of attached, keratinized tissue between mucogingival junction and gingival/peri-implant margin; ≥2 mm widely recommended around implants for plaque control and patient comfort (Lang + Löe 1972 baseline; ITI consensus 2017 reaffirmed) [T06-S031][T06-S067].

**Gingival / mucosal phenotype (biotype) / 牙龈生物型** — composite of gingival thickness + width of KM + bone morphotype. Olsson + Lindhe, J Clin Periodontol 18:78-82, 1991 [T06-S013] coined thin vs thick. De Rouck 2009 [T06-S014] reproducible probe-transparency method: thin / medium / thick. 2017 workshop renamed *biotype* → *phenotype* [T06-S012].

**Schneiderian membrane / 上颌窦黏膜** — pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the maxillary sinus, thickness 0.13-0.5 mm in healthy state; integrity is critical during sinus lift, perforation rate 7-44% (literature range, lateral approach) [T06-S061].

**Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) / 下牙槽神经** — branch of mandibular division of CN V; runs in mandibular canal, exits at mental foramen as mental nerve; iatrogenic injury during implant placement is a leading source of medico-legal claims; safety zone 2 mm above canal recommended.

**Mental foramen / 颏孔** — exit of mental nerve on buccal mandible (typically between premolars); anterior loop (mental loop) may extend 0-9 mm anterior to foramen — CBCT-verified buffer required.

**Anterior loop of IAN / 下牙槽神经前袢** — extension of IAN anterior to mental foramen before recurving as mental nerve; present 22-88% of cases (huge variability), CBCT mandatory pre-op in interforaminal region.

**Extraction socket (pristine vs healed) / 拔牙窝 (新鲜 vs 愈合)** — *pristine*: immediately post-extraction (Type 1 implant placement). *Healed*: ≥4 mo, bone fully remodeled (Type 4). Schropp 2003 documented 5-7 mm horizontal ridge width loss in first 12 mo [T06-S059]. Araújo + Lindhe 2005 dog model: bundle bone resorption inevitable post-extraction [T06-S060].

**Jumping distance / gap distance / 跳跃间隙** — horizontal gap between implant surface and socket wall after immediate placement; >2 mm typically grafted with bone substitute + membrane; <2 mm spontaneously fills.

**Lekholm-Zarb bone classification 1985 / 骨质骨量分类 (Lekholm-Zarb)** [T06-S007]:
- *Bone quality (Class I-IV):* I = homogeneous cortical; II = thick cortical + dense trabecular; III = thin cortical + dense trabecular; IV = thin cortical + sparse trabecular.
- *Bone quantity (Class A-E):* A = most of ridge present; E = extreme resorption to basal bone.

**Misch D1-D4 bone density 1990 / Misch D1-D4 骨密度** — Carl Misch density classification by tactile resistance during osteotomy (and CBCT Hounsfield Unit correlate): D1 dense cortical (>1250 HU, anterior mandible); D2 thick porous cortical + coarse trabecular (850-1250 HU); D3 thin cortical + fine trabecular (350-850 HU, posterior maxilla); D4 fine trabecular only (<350 HU, tuberosity) [T06-S008]. Lower D class → longer healing, lower primary stability, modified drilling protocol.

## 6.2 外科术语 (placement timing / protocols / techniques / stability / GBR / sinus lift / Tarnow + Choquet)

**Two-stage vs one-stage protocol / 两阶段 vs 一阶段** — Brånemark original two-stage = implant submerged under flap, second surgery 3-6 mo later to expose. One-stage = healing abutment placed at insertion, no second surgery (Buser / ITI lineage) [T06-S001][T06-S045].

**Submerged vs non-submerged healing / 埋入式 vs 非埋入式** — synonymous with two-stage vs one-stage at healing-phase level.

**Immediate / early / delayed placement (Hämmerle 2004 Type 1-4) / 即刻 / 早期 / 延期种植** [T06-S009]:
- **Type 1 — Immediate**: at time of extraction, same surgery.
- **Type 2 — Early with soft-tissue healing**: 4-8 weeks post-extraction (soft tissue closed, bone unhealed).
- **Type 3 — Early with partial bone healing**: 12-16 weeks (partial bone healing).
- **Type 4 — Late / Delayed**: ≥6 months (fully healed ridge).

**Immediate loading / immediate function / 即刻负重 / 即刻功能** — prosthesis (definitive or provisional) in occlusion within 1 week of implant placement. Distinct from *immediate placement*. ITI Consensus 6 (Morton 2018) [T06-S047][T06-S048] strict indications: ISQ ≥70, insertion torque ≥35 Ncm, controlled occlusion, low-risk patient.

**Early loading / 早期负重** — loading 1 week to 2 months post-placement (Cochran 2004 ITI Consensus Group 4) [T06-S048].

**Conventional / delayed loading / 常规 / 延期负重** — loading after 2 months (3-6 mo classical Brånemark) [T06-S048].

**Flapless surgery / 不翻瓣** — implant placement through mucosal punch without flap elevation; preserves blood supply + reduces post-op pain; requires sufficient bone width + KM + guide.

**Piezosurgery / 超声骨刀** — ultrasonic micro-vibration osteotomy (25-30 kHz), selectively cuts bone while sparing soft tissue (Mectron Piezosurgery 2000s); preferred for sinus window, ridge split, sensitive anatomy.

**Osseodensification / 骨致密化** — clockwise drilling = cutting / counter-clockwise = compaction; Versah Densah bur (Salah Huwais 2013) [T06-S040]; improves primary stability in soft bone (D3/D4) by autografting via compaction.

**Ridge split / ridge expansion / 牙槽嵴劈开 / 扩展** — longitudinal osteotomy splitting buccal-lingual plates and inserting implant or graft into gap; horizontal augmentation alternative to onlay block.

**Lateral (horizontal) vs vertical bone augmentation / 水平 vs 垂直骨增量** — *lateral* increases width (GBR + particulate + membrane; onlay block; ridge split). *Vertical* increases height (block + GBR; distraction osteogenesis; titanium mesh + particulate) — much harder, more dehiscence, slower.

**Guided bone regeneration (GBR) / 引导性骨再生** — barrier membrane (resorbable collagen / non-resorbable PTFE / Ti-reinforced) over particulate graft to exclude soft tissue and allow bone cells to populate defect. Buser / Dahlin lineage 1980s-1990s.

**Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) / 引导性组织再生** — same principle for periodontal defects (not implant-specific); historical predecessor of GBR.

**Sinus lift — lateral window (Caldwell-Luc-style) / 上颌窦提升 — 侧壁开窗** — Boyne + James 1980 original [T06-S061]; bony window in lateral maxilla, Schneiderian membrane elevated, graft placed under membrane. Indicated when residual bone <4-5 mm.

**Sinus lift — transcrestal / osteotome (Summers technique) / 上颌窦提升 — 经牙槽嵴顶 (Summers)** — Summers RB, Compendium 1994 [T06-S018]; concave osteotomes through implant site, infracture sinus floor, lift membrane via hydraulic/graft cushion. Less invasive, ≥5-6 mm residual bone required.

**Tarnow rule of 3 / Tarnow 3mm 规则** — minimum 3 mm horizontal bone between adjacent implants to preserve inter-implant crestal bone. Tarnow, Cho, Wallace, J Periodontol 71:546-549, 2000 [T06-S015].

**Tarnow 5 mm rule (papilla) / Tarnow 5mm 规则 (龈乳头)** — distance from crestal bone to contact point ≤5 mm → papilla present 100%; 6 mm → 56%; 7 mm → 27%. Tarnow, Magner, Fletcher, J Periodontol 63:995-996, 1992 [T06-S016].

**Choquet 1.5 mm rule / Choquet 1.5mm 规则** — minimum 1.5-2 mm horizontal distance from implant to adjacent natural tooth to preserve inter-proximal bone + papilla. Choquet et al, J Periodontol 72:1364-1371, 2001 [T06-S017].

**Platform switching / 平台转换** — restorative abutment narrower than implant platform diameter → micro-gap shifted away from crestal bone → reduced crestal bone loss. Lazzara + Porter, IJPRD 26:9-17, 2006 [T06-S043].

**Insertion torque (IT) / 植入扭矩** — peak rotational resistance during implant seating, measured Ncm; 35-50 Ncm typical for predictable primary stability; >50 Ncm carries risk of compression necrosis in dense bone.

**Primary stability / 初期稳定性** — mechanical engagement at insertion (cortical + thread design + osteotomy under-prep); critical for immediate-loading decision.

**Secondary stability / 二期稳定性** — biological stability from osseointegration after 3-12 wk; replaces declining primary stability. Stability dip typically wks 2-4.

**ISQ — Implant Stability Quotient (Osstell scale 1-100) / 种植体稳定系数** — Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) measurement (Sennerby + Meredith 1996); ≥70 considered high stability (immediate-loading threshold); 60-69 medium; <60 low. Osstell Beacon/IDx + SmartPeg [T06-S039].

**Bleeding on probing (BoP) / 探诊出血** — gentle probing (≤0.25 N) elicits bleeding within 30 s; key peri-implant mucositis criterion [T06-S004][T06-S005].

**Probing pocket depth (PPD) / 探诊深度** — mm from peri-implant mucosal margin to probe tip; baseline reference required (no fixed cutoff vs natural teeth) [T06-S004].

**Suppuration / 化脓** — pus expressed on probing; near-pathognomonic for peri-implantitis [T06-S004][T06-S005].

**Zygomatic implant / 颧种植** — long (35-55 mm) implant anchored in zygomatic bone for severely atrophic maxilla; Brånemark 1989 origin; Aparicio ZAGA classification 2014 [T06-S074][T06-S075]. High-complexity (ITI SAC "Complex").

**Pterygoid implant / 翼板种植** — implant anchored in pterygoid plate, distal to maxillary tuberosity; alternative to sinus lift in posterior maxillary atrophy.

**PRF — Platelet-Rich Fibrin / 富血小板纤维蛋白** — autologous fibrin matrix from centrifuged blood (Choukroun protocol 2001); L-PRF (leukocyte-PRF) + i-PRF (injectable); used for soft-tissue and bone graft augmentation; evidence quality variable.

## 6.3 修复术语 (screw vs cement / abutment / MUA / All-on-X / impression / PES-WES / occlusion)

**Screw-retained / 螺丝固位** — prosthesis fixed by retaining screw through occlusal/lingual access channel; retrievable, no cement, lower peri-implant disease risk [T06-S068].

**Cement-retained / 粘接固位** — prosthesis cemented onto abutment; esthetic flexibility, passive fit forgiveness, but excess cement = major peri-implantitis driver [T06-S068]. ITI/EAO trending screw-retained for multi-unit.

**Angulated Screw Channel (ASC) / 斜向螺丝通道** — angulated screwdriver-compatible channel allowing screw access up to 25° off implant axis (Nobel Biocare ASC, Straumann SRA, Atlantis Conus) — combines screw-retained retrievability with anterior esthetics [T06-S038].

**Multi-Unit Abutment (MUA) / 多基台基台** — intermediate abutment converting bone-level implant to tissue-level platform for multi-unit screw-retained bridges (straight or angled 17°/30°/45°); standard for All-on-X workflows.

**Custom CAD-CAM abutment / 个性化 CAD-CAM 基台** — patient-specific abutment milled from titanium / zirconia / Ti-base hybrid (zirconia crown on titanium base); CAD-CAM-driven emergence profile control.

**Ti-base / Ti-link abutment / 钛基底** — small prefabricated titanium connector bonded to zirconia mesostructure (TiBase + zirconia coping); engineered as breakage-resistant alternative to monolithic zirconia abutment in posterior.

**Stock abutment / 成品基台** — manufacturer-stock straight or pre-angled titanium abutments; cheap and reliable but limited emergence customization.

**All-on-4 / 全口四颗种植即刻负重** — full-arch fixed prosthesis on 4 implants (2 axial anterior + 2 tilted distal up to 30-45°) with immediate function. Paulo Maló, Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 5(1):2-9, 2003 [T06-S019]; Nobel Biocare trademarked protocol [T06-S020].

**All-on-6 / All-on-X / 全口 X 颗种植** — generalizations adding implants for biomechanical safety in higher-demand cases, parafunction, or longer arches; "X" denotes patient-specific implant count.

**Hybrid prosthesis / 杂合式义齿 (混合修复)** — full-arch prosthesis combining metal/zirconia framework + denture teeth (acrylic) + acrylic flange; classic Brånemark full-arch design.

**Monolithic zirconia full-arch / 整体氧化锆全口桥** — milled single-block zirconia bridge (no veneering layer to chip); high-strength, parafunction-tolerant; modern All-on-X final restoration of choice.

**PFM (Porcelain-fused-to-metal) / 金属烤瓷冠** — metal coping with porcelain veneer; long-standing standard, esthetic limitations vs all-ceramic.

**Impression (open-tray / closed-tray / digital) / 印模 (开窗 / 闭口 / 数字化)** — open-tray = impression coping protrudes through tray window, unscrewed before separation (best for multi-unit accuracy). Closed-tray = transfer cap stays in mouth, repositioned in tray. Digital = IOS scan with scan body.

**Intra-oral scanner (IOS) / 口内扫描仪** — TRIOS (3Shape) / iTero (Align) / Medit i700 / Primescan (Dentsply Sirona) / Aoralscan (Shining3D) / CS3700 (Carestream). Active wavefront sampling / confocal / structured-light variants [T06-S049][T06-S050].

**Pink Esthetic Score (PES) / 粉色美学评分** — 7-criterion 0-2-point soft-tissue esthetic evaluation around implant restoration (mesial papilla, distal papilla, soft-tissue level, soft-tissue contour, alveolar process deficiency, soft-tissue color, soft-tissue texture). Belser, J Periodontol 80:140-151, 2009 [T06-S021].

**White Esthetic Score (WES) / 白色美学评分** — 5-criterion 0-2-point crown esthetic evaluation (tooth form, outline/volume, color, surface texture, translucency/characterization). Belser 2009 [T06-S021].

**Jemt papilla index / Jemt 龈乳头指数** — 0-4 scale for inter-proximal papilla regeneration (0 = no papilla, 4 = hyperplastic). Jemt, IJPRD 17:326-333, 1997 [T06-S022].

**Implant-protected occlusion (IPO) / 种植体保护性殆** — occlusal scheme minimizing lateral and non-axial loading on implants (light centric contact, anterior guidance, no working/non-working interferences); mutual protection scheme variant for implant-supported full-arch.

**Crown-to-implant (C/I) ratio / 冠根比** — clinical crown height ÷ implant length; 1:1 to 2:1 generally accepted; >2:1 increases marginal bone loss risk especially in posterior.

**Progressive loading / 渐进负重** — Misch concept: increase occlusal load gradually over weeks-months via temporary materials/restorations to allow bone densification; partially superseded by modern surface tech + immediate-loading evidence.

## 6.4 影像术语 (PAN / PA / CBCT / FOV / voxel / DICOM / STL)

**Panoramic radiograph (PAN, OPG) / 全景片** — single 2D rotational image of mandible+maxilla+TMJ; routine screening, distortion 10-25%, low cost.

**Periapical radiograph (PA) / 根尖片** — high-resolution intra-oral 2D film/sensor image of individual implant; first-line for marginal bone level assessment longitudinally.

**Cone Beam CT (CBCT) / 锥形束 CT** — cone X-ray + flat-panel rotation reconstructing isotropic 3D volumetric data; voxel 75-300 μm typical; lower dose than medical CT; standard pre-implant imaging [T06-S055][T06-S056].

**Field of view (FOV) / 视野** — CBCT scan volume: *small* (5×5 cm, single tooth) / *medium* (8×8-10×10 cm, segment) / *large* (15×15-23×17 cm, full skull, OMF). Dose ↑ with FOV.

**Voxel size / 体素大小** — isotropic volumetric pixel; 75-200 μm common; smaller = sharper but higher dose + noise.

**mAs / kVp** — milliamp-seconds (tube current × time, controls dose+SNR) / kilovolt peak (tube voltage, controls contrast+penetration). ALARA principle.

**DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) / DICOM 标准** — vendor-neutral medical imaging file + transfer standard maintained by NEMA + DICOM Standards Committee [T06-S055][T06-S056]; CBCT exports DICOM stack for implant planning software.

**STL (Stereolithography) / STL 文件** — surface-mesh file format used for IOS exports, surgical guides, milled restorations; *no color/texture info*.

**PLY / OBJ** — alternative mesh formats (PLY supports per-vertex color, used by some IOS).

**Segmentation (manual / threshold / AI) / 分割** — extraction of anatomic structures (bone, IAN canal, sinus, teeth) from CBCT volume; AI auto-segmentation (Diagnocat / Denti.AI / Relu) reducing planner time 50-80%.

**Radiographic guide / 放射学导板** — bite-registered template with radio-opaque markers, worn during CBCT to register restorative position to bone — basis for "restoration-driven implant placement."

## 6.5 数字化 CAD-CAM (guided surgery / IOS / planning software / dynamic navigation / robotics)

**Guided surgery / 引导外科** — surgical guide (3D-printed sleeve template) restricting drill to planned trajectory + depth [T06-S057]:
- **Fully-guided**: entire osteotomy + implant insertion through guide (highest accuracy, ≈1.2 mm apical deviation per Tahmaseb 2018 meta-analysis).
- **Pilot-only**: only pilot drill through guide, freehand thereafter.
- **Half-guided / partially-guided**: pilot + sequential drills through guide, freehand insertion.

**Guide support / 导板支持方式** [T06-S057][T06-S058]:
- **Tooth-supported**: rests on adjacent teeth (highest accuracy, partial edentulous).
- **Mucosa-supported**: rests on edentulous mucosa (full-arch, lower accuracy, needs anchoring pins).
- **Bone-supported**: rests on exposed bone after flap reflection (full-arch, requires open surgery).
- **Pin-fixated**: stabilized with horizontal anchor pins (improves mucosa-supported accuracy).

**Digital wax-up / 数字化诊断蜡型** — virtual restoration design in CAD software before implant planning; restoration-driven placement workflow.

**Virtual smile design (VSD) / 数字化微笑设计** — software (Smile Design, DSD, exocad, Digital Smile System) for esthetic preview and patient communication; precedes implant planning in anterior.

**Surgical planning software / 种植设计软件** — coDiagnostiX (Dental Wings/Straumann), DTX Studio Implant (Nobel), 3Shape Implant Studio, Simplant (Materialise), BlueSky Plan (BlueSky Bio), Romexis (Planmeca), R2 Studio (Megagen) — merge DICOM CBCT + STL IOS + abutment library, output STL guide [T06-S058].

**Scan body / 扫描杆** — abutment-shaped jig screwed into implant during IOS to register implant position digitally; vendor-specific geometry.

**Dynamic navigation / 动态导航** — real-time stereoscopic optical tracking of handpiece + patient reference (vs static guide template); allows mid-surgery plan adjustment.
- **X-Guide** (X-Nav Technologies) [T06-S051].
- **Navident** (ClaroNav) [T06-S052].
- **Yomi** (Neocis) — FDA-cleared haptic-feedback robotic guidance, first robotic dental implant system (510(k) K163387, 2017) [T06-S053][T06-S054].

**AI auto-planning / AI 自动设计** — software (DTX Studio Implant 2.0, Smop, Megagen R2 AI, 3Shape Implant Studio 2024) proposing implant position/angle/size from segmented CBCT + restorative envelope; clinician-reviewable.

**In-house 3D printing / 院内 3D 打印** — DLP/SLA printers (Formlabs Form 3B+, SprintRay Pro, Asiga, NextDent, Shining3D) printing surgical guides in-clinic from STL — turnaround hours not weeks.

## 6.6 共识与分类 (2017 World Workshop / ITI SAC / Albrektsson / Esposito / Buser)

**2017 World Workshop on Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases** — joint AAP + EFP workshop, Chicago Nov 2017; published J Periodontol + J Clin Periodontol Jun 2018 [T06-S003][T06-S004][T06-S005][T06-S006][T06-S067]. Replaced 1999 classification, added staging/grading for periodontitis, formalized peri-implant disease vocabulary.

**Peri-implant health** — absence of clinical signs of inflammation (no BoP, no suppuration, no PPD increase, no progressive bone loss beyond crestal remodeling). Bone-level reference not absolute [T06-S004][T06-S005].

**Peri-implant mucositis / 种植体周黏膜炎** — BoP on gentle probing + no progressive bone loss beyond crestal remodeling (typically ≤1-1.5 mm first year). Reversible with biofilm removal. Plaque is primary etiology [T06-S004][T06-S005].

**Peri-implantitis / 种植体周炎** — BoP and/or suppuration + radiographic bone loss ≥3 mm apical of implant shoulder (or, with baseline available, progressive loss >1 mm beyond initial remodeling) + PPD ≥6 mm. Without baseline: clinical signs + ≥3 mm bone loss [T06-S004][T06-S005][T06-S044].

**EFP S3 Peri-implantitis Treatment Guideline 2023 / EFP S3 种植体周炎治疗指南** — Herrera, Berglundh, Schwarz et al, J Clin Periodontol 2023 [T06-S080]; stepwise: prevention → non-surgical (mechanical + adjunctive) → surgical (resective / reconstructive / combined) → supportive maintenance.

**ITI SAC Classification (Straightforward / Advanced / Complex)** — risk stratification for case complexity (surgical SAC + restorative SAC). Dawson + Chen, ITI Consensus, Clin Oral Implants Res 18(suppl 3) 2007 [T06-S030][T06-S064]; online SAC Assessment Tool at iti.org. Maps esthetic risk + anatomical risk + procedure type to S/A/C tier.

**Albrektsson success criteria 1986 / Albrektsson 1986 成功标准** — Albrektsson, Zarb, Worthington, Eriksson, IJOMI 1(1):11-25, 1986 [T06-S002]: (1) immobility; (2) no peri-implant radiolucency; (3) MBL <0.2 mm/yr after first year; (4) no persistent pain/dysesthesia/infection; (5) ≥85% 5-yr / ≥80% 10-yr survival.

**Smith-Zarb modification 1989** — added MBL <1.5 mm first year + serviceability for prosthesis [T06-S066].

**Esposito implant failure definitions** — early failure ≤6 mo (or before prosthesis loading); late failure >1 yr (or after loading); related to biological vs biomechanical etiology. Esposito 1998 + Cochrane Esposito series [T06-S033][T06-S034].

**Survival vs success / 存活 vs 成功** — *survival*: implant still in mouth regardless of clinical signs. *Success*: meets defined success criteria (Albrektsson, Buser, ICOI Pisa). Survival > success by ~5-15 percentage points typically.

**Buser ITI 8-year prospective benchmark** — 96.7% survival, 95.4% success for SLA implants (Buser, COIR 8:161-172, 1997) [T06-S045]; 10-yr update Clin Oral Implants Res 2012 [T06-S046]; foundational long-term outcome reference.

**Pjetursson long-term FPD survival 2004** — implant-supported FPD 5-yr survival 95.4%, 10-yr 92.8%, Pjetursson et al, COIR 2004 [T06-S062]; widely cited evidence-based outcome benchmark.

## 6.7 监管与标准 (ISO / FDA / CE MDR / NMPA / privacy)

**ISO 14801:2016 — Dynamic fatigue test for endosseous dental implants** — single-axis dynamic loading test; 5,000,000 cycles at 2-15 Hz; defines pre-market fatigue characterization required by FDA/CE/NMPA for endosseous implant + abutment system [T06-S023]. Update of 2007 edition.

**ISO 22794:2007 (+Amd 1:2019) — Implantable materials for bone filling and augmentation** [T06-S024] — material safety + characterization standard for bone graft substitutes used in dental implantology.

**ISO 16443:2014 — Vocabulary for dental implants and related products** [T06-S025] — internationally agreed terminology reference; basis for cross-language harmonization.

**ISO 10451:2018 — Contents of technical file for dental implant systems** [T06-S077] — required content of regulatory technical dossier (material, surface, dimensions, fatigue, biocompatibility, MRI safety).

**ISO 9693:2019 — Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic / ceramic-ceramic systems** [T06-S078] — relevant to abutment-restoration interface material pairing.

**FDA 510(k) Class II (endosseous root-form implants) / FDA 510(k) 二类** — most root-form endosseous dental implants and abutments cleared via 510(k) substantial-equivalence pathway under 21 CFR §872.3640 [T06-S026][T06-S027]. Special Controls Guidance Document covers material + design + labeling [T06-S076].

**FDA Class III (some subperiosteal / blade)** — historic non-root-form designs (subperiosteal, blade-form) require PMA; effectively obsolete category.

**CE Mark / MDR 2017/745 (Medical Devices Regulation) / 欧盟医疗器械法规** — replaced MDD 93/42/EEC; transition concluded 2024-2025 [T06-S028]. Dental implants classed IIb (endosseous) or III (surgically invasive long-term, certain implantables); requires Notified Body certification + EUDAMED registration.

**NMPA Class III (China) / 国家药监局 三类医疗器械** [T06-S029] — 中国国家药品监督管理局 dental implant + abutment + most bone augmentation materials classified Class III (highest risk); 注册证号 required for legal import/sale; CBCT machines also Class III. Cross-border purchase of unregistered systems = legal exposure.

**TGA / PMDA — Australia / Japan regulators** — Therapeutic Goods Administration (Australia, ARTG entry required) / Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (Japan, Shonin approval) parallel Class IIb-III regulators.

**HIPAA (US) / GDPR (EU) / 个人信息保护法 (China PIPL 2021)** — patient data privacy regimes covering CBCT images + medical records; cross-border data transfer requires de-identification / patient consent / regulatory filing.

**Medical advertising law (China《医疗广告管理办法》+《广告法》)** — prohibits absolute claims ("全国第一", "终身保用", "0 风险"), patient testimonials, and physician name/title without authorization in dental implant marketing.

## 6.8 中文-英文术语对照表 (zh-CN ↔ EN crosswalk)

| 中文 | 英文 | 备注 / 出处 |
|------|------|------------|
| 骨结合 / 骨整合 | osseointegration | Brånemark 1969 [T06-S001] |
| 种植体 | dental implant / endosseous implant | FDA 21 CFR §872.3640 [T06-S027] |
| 基台 | abutment | screw/cement/MUA 多类 |
| 螺丝固位 | screw-retained | 多单位首选 [T06-S068] |
| 粘接固位 | cement-retained | 残留粘接剂 = peri-implantitis 风险 [T06-S068] |
| 多基台基台 | multi-unit abutment (MUA) | All-on-X 标配 |
| 个性化基台 | custom CAD-CAM abutment | 钛 / 氧化锆 / Ti-base |
| 钛基底 | Ti-base / Ti-link | 氧化锆 + 钛底连接件 |
| 即刻种植 | immediate placement | Hämmerle 2004 Type 1 [T06-S009] |
| 早期种植 (软组织愈合) | early placement, soft-tissue healing | Type 2, 4-8 wk [T06-S009] |
| 早期种植 (部分骨愈合) | early placement, partial bone healing | Type 3, 12-16 wk [T06-S009] |
| 延期种植 | late / delayed placement | Type 4, ≥6 mo [T06-S009] |
| 即刻负重 | immediate loading / immediate function | ≠ 即刻种植; ITI Consensus 6 [T06-S047] |
| 早期负重 | early loading | 1 wk-2 mo [T06-S048] |
| 常规负重 | conventional loading | >2 mo [T06-S048] |
| 全口即刻负重 | All-on-X immediate function | Maló concept [T06-S019] |
| 全口四颗种植 | All-on-4 | Maló 2003 [T06-S019][T06-S020] |
| 颧种植 | zygomatic implant | 严重上颌萎缩 [T06-S074] |
| 翼板种植 | pterygoid implant | 后牙区萎缩替代 |
| 短种植体 | short implant | ≤8mm; 替代骨增量需谨慎 |
| 上颌窦提升 | sinus floor elevation / sinus lift | |
| 侧壁开窗 | lateral window approach | Boyne+James 1980 [T06-S061] |
| 经牙槽嵴顶提升 | transcrestal / osteotome (Summers) | Summers 1994 [T06-S018] |
| 上颌窦黏膜 | Schneiderian membrane | 厚度 0.13-0.5mm |
| 引导性骨再生 | guided bone regeneration (GBR) | |
| 引导性组织再生 | guided tissue regeneration (GTR) | 牙周, 非种植专属 |
| 牙槽嵴劈开 | ridge split / ridge expansion | 水平骨增量 |
| 水平骨增量 | horizontal / lateral augmentation | |
| 垂直骨增量 | vertical augmentation | 高难, 更高失败率 |
| 外置法植骨 | onlay graft / block graft | 自体骨 块 |
| 牵张成骨 | distraction osteogenesis | 垂直骨增量替代 |
| 跳跃间隙 | jumping distance / gap distance | 即刻种植后 |
| 角化龈 | keratinized mucosa (KM) | ≥2mm 推荐 |
| 软组织生物型 | mucosal phenotype / biotype | thin / thick; 2017 改 phenotype [T06-S012] |
| 生物学宽度 | biologic width → supracrestal tissue attachment | Gargiulo 1961 → 2017 重命名 [T06-S011][T06-S012] |
| 牙龈乳头 | inter-proximal papilla | Tarnow 5mm rule [T06-S016] |
| 平台转换 | platform switching / platform shift | Lazzara 2006 [T06-S043] |
| 初期稳定性 | primary stability | 机械, 植入即刻 |
| 二期稳定性 | secondary stability | 生物, 骨结合后 |
| 植入扭矩 | insertion torque | 35-50 Ncm 典型 |
| 种植体稳定系数 | ISQ (Implant Stability Quotient) | Osstell 1-100 [T06-S039] |
| 共振频率分析 | RFA (Resonance Frequency Analysis) | ISQ 测量法 |
| 探诊出血 | bleeding on probing (BoP) | [T06-S005] |
| 探诊深度 | probing pocket depth (PPD) | [T06-S005] |
| 化脓 | suppuration | peri-implantitis 标志 [T06-S005] |
| 种植体周健康 | peri-implant health | 2017 [T06-S004] |
| 种植体周黏膜炎 | peri-implant mucositis | 可逆 [T06-S004][T06-S005] |
| 种植体周炎 | peri-implantitis | 骨吸收 ≥3mm [T06-S004][T06-S044] |
| 边缘骨吸收 | marginal bone loss (MBL) | <0.2mm/yr 成功标准 [T06-S002] |
| 骨-种植体接触率 | bone-to-implant contact (BIC) | 组织学指标 |
| 骨密度 D1-D4 | bone density D1-D4 | Misch 1990 [T06-S008] |
| 骨质骨量分类 | Lekholm-Zarb classification | Class I-IV / A-E [T06-S007] |
| 下牙槽神经 | inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) | |
| 颏孔 | mental foramen | |
| 颏神经前袢 | anterior loop of IAN | CBCT 必查 |
| 锥形束 CT | cone beam CT (CBCT) | DICOM 输出 [T06-S055] |
| 视野 | field of view (FOV) | small/medium/large |
| 体素 | voxel | 75-300 μm 典型 |
| 口扫 / 口内扫描 | intraoral scanner (IOS) | TRIOS/iTero/Medit [T06-S049][T06-S050] |
| 数字化印模 | digital impression | |
| 扫描杆 | scan body | 厂商专属几何 |
| 导板 | surgical guide | tooth/mucosa/bone-supported [T06-S057] |
| 全程导板 | fully-guided surgery | 最高精度 ≈1.2mm 偏差 [T06-S057] |
| 先锋钻导板 | pilot-only guide | 仅引导先锋钻 |
| 动态导航 | dynamic navigation | X-Guide / Navident / Yomi [T06-S051][T06-S052][T06-S054] |
| 数字化微笑设计 | digital smile design (DSD/VSD) | 美学预可视化 |
| 粉色美学评分 | Pink Esthetic Score (PES) | Belser 2009 [T06-S021] |
| 白色美学评分 | White Esthetic Score (WES) | Belser 2009 [T06-S021] |
| 龈乳头指数 | Jemt papilla index | 0-4 [T06-S022] |
| 杂合式义齿 | hybrid prosthesis | 金属框 + 树脂牙 |
| 整体氧化锆全口桥 | monolithic zirconia full-arch | 抗折, 现代 All-on-X 终修首选 |
| 富血小板纤维蛋白 | platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) | Choukroun 2001; L-PRF / i-PRF |
| 异种骨 | xenograft / DBBM | Bio-Oss [T06-S041] |
| 自体骨 | autograft | 取自下颌支 / 颏部 |
| 同种异体骨 | allograft | FDB / DFDBA |
| 屏障膜 | barrier membrane | resorbable collagen vs PTFE |
| 超声骨刀 | piezosurgery | Mectron 等 |
| 骨致密化 | osseodensification | Versah Densah [T06-S040] |
| 不翻瓣 | flapless surgery | |
| 埋入式 | submerged / two-stage | Brånemark 经典 |
| 非埋入式 | non-submerged / one-stage | Buser / ITI lineage [T06-S045] |
| 种植体存活率 | implant survival rate | ≥ 成功率 [T06-S033] |
| 种植体成功率 | implant success rate | Albrektsson criteria [T06-S002] |
| 早期失败 | early failure | ≤6 mo / 负重前 [T06-S033] |
| 晚期失败 | late failure | ≥1 yr / 负重后 [T06-S033] |
| 国家药监局 | NMPA (National Medical Products Administration) | 中国 三类医疗器械 [T06-S029] |
| 三类医疗器械 | Class III medical device | 种植体 + 部分骨增材 [T06-S029] |
| 信息化分级 / SAC 分类 | ITI SAC Classification | S/A/C [T06-S030][T06-S064] |
| 世界口腔种植大会 | ITI World Symposium | |
| 中华口腔医学会 | Chinese Stomatological Association (CSA) | [T06-S070] |
| 种植专业委员会 | CSA Implant Committee | 林野 / 宿玉成 等 [T06-S069] |
| 北医口腔 | Peking University School of Stomatology | [T06-S069] |
| 华西口腔 | West China School of Stomatology, SCU | [T06-S072] |
| 上海九院 | Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital | [T06-S073] |

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(术语统计: 6.1 解剖生物 13 / 6.2 外科 20 / 6.3 修复 16 / 6.4 影像 9 / 6.5 数字化 9 / 6.6 共识分类 10 / 6.7 监管标准 10 / 6.8 中英对照表 90+ → 总计 ≈ 87 distinct terms in body, 90+ rows in crosswalk.)
