Household Income in States and Metropolitan
Areas: 2024
American Community Survey Briefs
By Gloria G. Guzman
ACSBR-025
September 2025

INTRODUCTION
This brief presents statistics on median household
income and the Gini index of income inequality based
on the data collected from the 2024 (and earlier)
American Community Survey (ACS) and the Puerto
Rico Community Survey (PRCS).* This brief examines
a historical time series of median household income
back to 2005 and analyzes changes in median household income between 2023 and 2024 for the nation,
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the
25 most populous metropolitan areas. It also includes
median household income by selected demographic
characteristics of the householder. Changes in the Gini
index between 2023 and 2024 are presented for the
nation, states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto
Rico.
The ACS provides detailed estimates of demographic,
social, economic, and housing characteristics for
states, congressional districts, counties, places, and
other localities every year.1 The ACS is described in
more detail in the text box “What Is the American
Community Survey?”
References to 2024 income estimates in this brief are
based on data collected throughout the 2024 calendar
* The U.S. Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to
ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection
of the confidential source data used to produce this product (Data
Management System [DMS] number: P-7533841, Disclosure Review
Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB‑FY25‑0160). All comparative
statements have undergone statistical testing and are statistically
significant at the 90 percent confidence level, unless otherwise noted.

year. The ACS is conducted monthly, and income data
are collected for the 12 months preceding each interview. As a result, the 2024 ACS includes responses
with some reported income from 2023. Therefore,
comparisons between the 2023 ACS and 2024 ACS do
not represent a direct comparison of economic conditions in calendar years 2023 and 2024, and comparisons should be interpreted with this context.2

HIGHLIGHTS
• Median household income increased in 29 states
from 2023, after adjusting for inflation. Twenty-one
states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico
showed no statistically significant differences.
• Maryland, Massachusetts, and New Jersey had the
highest median household incomes of all states and
were not statistically different from each other. The
District of Columbia’s median household income
($109,707) was the highest in the nation. Arkansas,
Louisiana, Mississippi, and West Virginia had the
lowest median household income.
• Income inequality measured by the Gini index
increased in North Carolina and decreased in nine
states (Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, Nebraska,
New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin) between the 2023 and the 2024 ACS.

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD
INCOME: 2023 AND 2024
NATIONAL AND STATE
COMPARISONS

Household income: Includes income of the householder and all
other people 15 years and older in the household, whether or not
they are related to the householder.

Real median household income
in the United States increased 2.0
percent between the 2023 ACS
and the 2024 ACS, from $80,002 in
2023 to $81,604 in 2024 (Appendix
Table 1).3 Figure 1 shows a historical
series of median household income
back to 2005.4
Massachusetts, New Jersey,
and Maryland had the highest
median household incomes of
all states ($104,828, $104,294
and $102,905, respectively) and
were not statistically different
from each other. The District of

Median: The point that divides the household income distribution
into halves, one half with income above the median and the other
with income below the median. The median is based on the income
distribution of all households, including those with no income.
Gini index: A summary measure of income inequality. The Gini index
varies from 0.0 to 1.0, with 0.0 indicating perfect equality, where
there is an equal distribution of income. A Gini index of 1.0 indicates
perfect inequality, where one household has all the income.

Columbia’s median household
income ($109,707) was the highest
in the nation. Arkansas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, and West Virginia had
the lowest median household

income. Puerto Rico’s median
household income in 2024 was
$27,213 (Figure 2 and Appendix
Table 1). Median household income

Figure 1.

Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months in the United States: 2005–2024
(In thousands of 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars)

Recession
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
0
2005 ‘06

‘07

‘08

‘09

‘10

‘11

‘12

‘13

‘14

‘15

‘16

‘17

‘18

‘19

‘20

‘21

‘22

‘23 2024

Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Income is in 2024 dollars; estimates are adjusted for inflation using
the Consumer Price Index retroactive series (R-CPI-U-RS). Estimates for 2020 experimental data not shown. For more information on the
2020 experimental data products, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/user-notes/2021-02.html>.
Information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions is available at <www.census.gov/acs>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005–2024 American Community Survey 1-year estimates (Data Management System [DMS] number:
P-7533841, Disclosure Review Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB-FY25-0160).

2

U.S. Census Bureau

was lower than the U.S. median in
28 states and Puerto Rico. It was
higher than the U.S. median in 17
states and the District of Columbia.
The medians for Arizona, Idaho,
Nevada, Rhode Island, and Vermont
were not statistically different from
the U.S. median.

According to the 2024 ACS, the
San Francisco metro area had the
highest median household income
($135,590). The Detroit ($76,403),
San Antonio ($78,112), and Tampa
($78,275) metro areas had the
lowest median household income
and were not statistically different
from one another. Median income
increased in 12 of the most populous metropolitan areas between
2023 and 2024. The remaining
13 metro areas did not have a

not statistically different from
2023 for the District of Columbia,
Puerto Rico, and the remaining 21
states. There were no states with
a significant decrease (Appendix
Table 1).

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD
INCOME: 25 MOST POPULOUS
METROPOLITAN AREAS

Between the 2023 ACS and
the 2024 ACS, 29 states had a
significant increase in real median
household income. The median
household income in 2024 was

Figure 3 shows median household
income for the 25 most populous
metropolitan areas.5

Figure 2.

Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months
for the United States and Puerto Rico: 2024

AK

0

500 Miles

WA
MT

ME

ND
VT

MN

OR

NH

ID

SD

WI

MI

WY

PA
OH

UT

IN

IL

CA

CT

IA

NE

NV

AZ

NM

VA

MO

OK

KY

DC
NC

TN
AR

SC
AL

MS
TX

GA

LA

0

100 Miles

0

100 Miles

Income by state

(2024 inflation-adjusted
dollars)
$90,000 or more
$75,000 to $89,999
$65,000 to $74,999
Less than $65,000

FL

HI

RI
NJ
DE
MD

WV

CO
KS

MA

NY

U.S. median household
income is $81,604.
U.S. median household income
does not include Puerto Rico.
PR
0

50 Miles

Note: A state abbreviation surrounded by the " " symbol denotes the value for the state is not statistically different from the U.S. median
household income. For more information about sample design, methodology, and accuracy of the data, visit
<https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/code-lists.html>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 American Community Survey 1-year estimates (Data Management System [DMS] number: P-7533841,
Disclosure Review Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB-FY25-0160).

U.S. Census Bureau

3

statistically significant change
between 2023 and 2024. None
of these 25 metropolitan areas
experienced a significant decrease
in median household income
(Appendix Table 2).

be different from those of the
householder. Appendix Table 3
shows median household income
by race and Hispanic origin of the
householder.7
Among all the race and Hispanic
origin groups, Asian households
had the highest median income
($117,289) in 2024. Non-Hispanic
White households had a median
household income of $87,572, and
Hispanic households had a median
household income of $72,574 in

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD
INCOME: RACE AND HISPANIC
ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER
This brief uses the characteristics
of the householder to describe
the household.6 Characteristics of
other household members may

2024. Black households had the
lowest median income ($56,706).
Households across all race and
Hispanic origin groups examined in
this brief experienced increases in
median household income between
2023 and 2024.

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD
INCOME: AGE OF
HOUSEHOLDER
Median household income
increased for most householder
age groups. The age groups with

Figure 3.

Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months by the 25 Most Populous Metro Areas:
2023 and 2024
2023

(In thousands of 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars)

2024

*San Francisco
Washington, DC
*Boston
Seattle
*San Diego
Denver
Austin
*New York
Baltimore
Minneapolis
*Los Angeles
*Dallas
*Atlanta
Riverside
Philadelphia
Chicago
*Phoenix
*Charlotte
St. Louis
Houston
Orlando
*Miami
*Tampa
San Antonio
*Detroit
50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135

* Denotes a statistically significant change at the 90 percent confidence level.
Note: Income is in 2024 dollars; estimates are adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index retroactive series (R-CPI-U-RS).
Information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions is available at <www.census.gov/acs>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 and 2024 American Community Survey 1-year estimates (Data Management System [DMS] number:
P-7533841, Disclosure Review Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB-FY25-0160).

4

U.S. Census Bureau

the largest increases between
2023 and 2024 were those with
householders aged 45 to 64 (2.7
percent) and 65 years and older
(3.4 percent).8 Households with a
householder aged 25 to 44 experienced an increase of 2.0 percent.
There was no statistically significant change in median household
income between 2023 and 2024
for householders under the age of
25. Households with a householder
aged 45 to 64 had the highest
median household income in 2024
($100,055), followed by those
with householders aged 25 to 44

($92,084), and then those with
householders 65 years and older
($59,648). Households maintained
by householders under the age of
25 had the lowest median household income ($46,651).

INCOME INEQUALITY
The Gini index is a statistical measure of income inequality ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, with higher
values indicating greater inequality (a full definition is available in
the text box on page 2). The Gini
index for the United States in 2024

(0.481) was slightly lower than
in 2023 (0.483; refer to Figure 4
and Appendix Table 1). This indicates that overall income inequality in the United States decreased
between 2023 and 2024. Puerto
Rico and nine states—Georgia,
Iowa, Massachusetts, Nebraska,
New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, South
Dakota, and Wisconsin—had lower
Gini index values than in 2023.
North Carolina had a higher Gini
index value than in 2023. Changes
from 2023 were not statistically
significant for the other 40 states
and the District of Columbia.

Figure 4.

Gini Index of Income Inequality in the Past 12 Months
for the United States and Puerto Rico: 2024

AK

0

500 Miles

WA
MT

ME

ND
VT

MN

OR

NH

ID

SD

WI

MI

WY

NV

PA
OH

UT

IN

IL

CA

CT

IA

NE

AZ

VA

MO

OK
NM

KY

DC
NC

TN
AR

SC
AL

MS
TX

RI
NJ
DE
MD

WV

CO
KS

MA

NY

GA

Gini index by state
0.485 or more
0.470 to 0.484
0.450 to 0.469
Less than 0.450

LA
FL

U.S. Gini index is 0.481.

HI
0

100 Miles

0

100 Miles

U.S. Gini index does not
include data for Puerto Rico.
PR
0

50 Miles

Note: A state abbreviation surrounded by the " " symbol denotes the value for the state is not statistically different from the U.S. Gini
index. For more information about sample design, methodology, and accuracy of the data, visit
<https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/code-lists.html>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 American Community Survey 1-year estimates (Data Management System [DMS] number: P-7533841,
Disclosure Review Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB-FY25-0160).

U.S. Census Bureau

5

Among the 50 states, New
York had the highest Gini index.
However, the Gini index for New
York was not statistically different
from the Gini index for the District
of Columbia. Puerto Rico had a
higher Gini index than all 50 states
and the District of Columbia. Utah
had the lowest Gini index. Four
states had higher Gini index values
and 39 states had lower Gini index
values than the U.S. index. Seven
states had Gini index values that
were not statistically different
from the U.S. index (Figure 4 and
Appendix Table 1).

SUMMARY
The U.S. median household income
increased 2.0 percent between
2023 and 2024. More than one-half
of the states showed an increase
in median household income.
Median household income for the
remaining states, the District of
Columbia, and Puerto Rico was not
statistically different from 2023.
Median income increased in 12 of
the 25 most populous metropolitan
areas between 2023 and 2024,
while the remaining 13 metro areas
did not have a significant change.
For most demographic subgroups
analyzed, median household
income in 2024 was higher than
in 2023. The Gini index showed
a decrease nationally and in nine
states, and an increase in one state
between 2023 and 2024. Changes
in inequality from 2023 were not
statistically significant in 40 states,
as measured by the Gini index.

SOURCE AND ACCURACY
The data presented in this
report are based on the ACS
and PRCS samples interviewed

6

WHAT IS THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY?
The American Community Survey (ACS) is a nationwide survey
designed to provide reliable and timely demographic, social,
economic, and housing data for the nation, states, congressional
districts, counties, places, and other localities every year. It has an
annual sample size of about 3.5 million addresses across the United
States and Puerto Rico and includes both housing units and group
quarters (e.g., nursing homes and prisons). The ACS is conducted in
every county throughout the nation and in every municipio in Puerto
Rico, where it is called the Puerto Rico Community Survey. Beginning
in 2006, ACS data have been released annually for geographic areas
with populations of 65,000 or more. For information on the ACS,
visit <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs>.

from January 1, 2023, through
December 31, 2023 (2023 ACS
and 2023 PRCS), and January 1,
2024, through December 31, 2024
(2024 ACS and 2024 PRCS). The
estimates based on these samples
describe the person, household,
and housing unit characteristics
over this period of collection.
Due to the implementation of
the Vintage 2024 population
estimates, comparisons of the
estimated change in number of
people between 2023 and 2024
reflect both demographic change
and updates to the methodology.
Statistically significant differences
shown in this report may be
the result of methodological
differences and thus might not
necessarily reflect changes to
the social, economic, housing, or
demographic characteristics being
compared. For more information,
refer to “Comparing ACS Data”
at <www.census.gov/programssurveys/acs/guidance/comparingacs-data.html>.

a sample and the corresponding
value that would be obtained if the
estimate were based on the entire
population (as from a census).
Measures of sampling error are
provided in the form of margins
of error for all estimates included
in this report. All comparative
statements in this report have
undergone statistical testing, and
comparisons are significant at the
90 percent confidence level unless
otherwise noted.
In addition to sampling error,
nonsampling error may be
introduced during any of the
operations used to collect and
process survey data such as
editing, reviewing, or keying data
from questionnaires. For more
information on sampling and
estimation methods, confidentiality
protection, and sampling and
nonsampling errors, refer to the
2024 ACS “Accuracy of the Data”
document at <www.census.gov/
programs-surveys/acs/technicaldocumentation/code-lists.html>.

Sampling error is the uncertainty
between an estimate based on

U.S. Census Bureau

NOTES

ENDNOTES

The Census Bureau also reports
income estimates based on data
from the Current Population
Survey (CPS). The CPS is the
Census Bureau’s longest-running
household survey. The CPS Annual
Social and Economic Supplement
(ASEC) asks detailed questions
categorizing income into over
50 sources. The key purpose
of the CPS ASEC is to provide
timely and detailed estimates of
income and to measure changes
in national-level estimates. The
CPS ASEC is the official source
of national poverty estimates.
For more information from the
CPS ASEC about national income
estimates, refer to the report
“Income in the United States:
2024” at <www.census.gov/library/
publications/2025/demo/p60-286.
html>.

1
The text of this report discusses
statistics for the United States, including
the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Statistics for the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, collected with the Puerto Rico
Community Survey, are included in Figure 2,
Figure 4, and Appendix Table 1.
2
For a discussion of this and related
issues, refer to Howard Hogan’s “Measuring
Population Change Using the American
Community Survey,” Applied Demography
in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock
and David A. Swanson (eds.), Springer,
Netherlands, 2008.
3
“Real” refers to income after adjusting
for inflation. All income estimates in this
report are inflation-adjusted to 2024 dollars.
Inflation adjustments are computed using
the Consumer Price Index retroactive series
(R-CPI-U-RS).
4
Due to data collection challenges
related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020
ACS data were not released and are not
used in this report. For more information on
the 2020 experimental data, refer to <www.
census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technicaldocumentation/user-notes/2021-02.html>.
5
Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs,
also referred to as “metro areas”) are
geographic entities delineated by the Office
of Management and Budget for use by
federal statistical agencies in collecting,
tabulating, and publishing federal statistics.
A metro area contains a core urban area with
a population of 50,000 or more individuals.
For more information, refer to <www.census.
gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/about/
omb-standards.html>. The 25 most populous
metropolitan areas in 2024 had a slightly
different composition compared to 2023.
In 2024, Austin-Round Rock-San Marcus,
TX, became one of the top 25 of metro area
populations, replacing Portland-VancouverHillsboro, OR-WA.

For information on income
estimates from the ACS and how
they differ from those based on the
CPS ASEC, refer to “Fact Sheet:
Differences Between the American
Community Survey and the Annual
Social and Economic Supplement
to the Current Population Survey”
at <www.census.gov/topics/
income-poverty/poverty/guidance/
data-sources/acs-vs-cps.html>.

U.S. Census Bureau

6
The householder refers to the person
(or one of the people) in whose name the
housing unit is owned or rented or, if there
is no such person, any adult household
member. If the house is owned or rented
jointly by a married couple, the householder
may be either spouse. The number of
householders is equal to the number of
households.
7
Federal surveys give respondents the
option of reporting more than one race.
Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race
group are possible. A group, such as Asian,
may be defined as those who reported
Asian and no other race (the race-alone
or single-race concept) or as those who
reported Asian regardless of whether they
also reported another race (the race-alone-orin-combination concept). This report shows
data using the race alone approach. Use of
the single-race population does not imply
that it is the preferred method of presenting
or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses
a variety of approaches. In this report, the
terms “White, not Hispanic” and “non-Hispanic
White” are used interchangeably and refer
to people who are not Hispanic and who
reported White and no other race. Since
Hispanic people may be any race, data in this
report for Hispanic people overlap with data
for race groups. Household income by race
and Hispanic origin refers to the race and
Hispanic origin of the householder. Race and
Hispanic origin of household members may be
different from those of the householder.
8
The percent change in median
household income for householders aged
45 to 64 was not significantly different from
householders 65 years and older.

7

Appendix Table 1.

Median Household Income and Gini Index in the Past 12 Months by State and Puerto Rico:
2023 and 2024
(In 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars)

Median household income
State

United States . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Alaska  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Arizona  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Arkansas .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
California .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Colorado .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Connecticut .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Delaware .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
District of Columbia .  .  .  .  .  .
Florida .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Georgia .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Hawaii  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Idaho .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Illinois .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Indiana .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Iowa .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Kansas .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Kentucky .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Louisiana .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Maine .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Maryland .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Massachusetts .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Michigan .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Minnesota .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Mississippi .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Missouri .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Montana  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Nebraska .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Nevada  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
New Hampshire .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
New Jersey .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
New Mexico  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
New York .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
North Carolina .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
North Dakota .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Ohio .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Oklahoma .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Oregon  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Pennsylvania  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Rhode Island  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
South Carolina .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
South Dakota .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Tennessee .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Texas  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Utah .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Vermont  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Virginia  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Washington  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
West Virginia .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Wisconsin .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Wyoming  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
Puerto Rico .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

2023 American
Community Survey

2024 American
Community Survey

Gini index
Percent change
(2024 less 2023)

2023 American
Community Survey

2024 American
Community Survey

Percent change
(2024 less 2023)

Estimate

Margin of
error (±)¹

Estimate

Margin of
error (±)¹

Estimate

Margin of
error (±)¹

Estimate

Margin of
error (±)¹

Estimate

Margin of
error (±)¹

Estimate

Margin of
error (±)¹

80,002
64,040
89,176
79,587
60,425
98,328
95,641
94,358
83,751
111,389
75,465
76,825
98,123
77,144
82,666
71,519
73,532
72,400
62,914
59,940
75,899
101,577
102,792
71,216
87,586
55,796
70,558
72,885
76,781
78,608
99,683
102,713
64,097
84,507
72,884
78,773
69,761
63,963
82,515
75,993
87,469
69,796
73,920
69,618
78,006
96,166
83,597
92,573
97,384
57,591
76,823
74,542
26,374

192
732
2,651
958
1,188
629
1,089
1,516
1,717
7,048
594
857
2,550
1,159
654
831
1,168
1,216
672
1,177
1,748
1,330
1,395
715
790
1,297
926
1,519
1,380
1,493
2,309
1,092
1,319
515
563
1,898
751
493
1,076
526
2,641
1,080
2,194
890
486
1,424
2,685
998
1,257
1,083
797
2,426
619

81,604
66,659
95,665
81,486
62,106
100,149
97,113
96,049
87,534
109,707
77,735
79,991
100,745
81,166
83,211
71,959
75,501
75,514
64,526
60,986
76,442
102,905
104,828
72,389
87,117
59,127
71,589
75,340
76,376
81,134
99,782
104,294
67,816
85,820
73,958
77,871
72,212
66,148
85,220
77,545
83,504
72,350
76,881
71,997
79,721
96,658
82,730
92,090
99,389
60,798
77,488
75,532
27,213

128
780
3,278
684
831
381
1,081
1,824
2,747
4,149
564
633
1,760
1,340
898
630
1,016
996
1,165
803
1,354
1,404
1,650
567
961
1,560
703
1,635
1,384
1,112
2,489
997
1,867
653
863
2,755
538
663
1,399
816
3,548
959
1,990
638
564
1,179
1,846
831
1,322
1,120
902
2,468
751

*2.0
*4.1
*7.3
*2.4
*2.8
*1.9
1.5
1.8
*4.5
–1.5
*3.0
*4.1
2.7
*5.2
0.7
0.6
*2.7
*4.3
*2.6
1.7
0.7
1.3
2.0
*1.6
–0.5
*6.0
1.5
*3.4
–0.5
*3.2
0.1
*1.5
*5.8
*1.6
*1.5
–1.1
*3.5
*3.4
*3.3
*2.0
–4.5
*3.7
4.0
*3.4
*2.2
0.5
–1.0
–0.5
*2.1
*5.6
0.9
1.3
3.2

0.3
1.7
4.9
1.5
2.4
0.8
1.6
2.5
3.9
7.3
1.1
1.4
3.2
2.3
1.3
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.9
1.9
2.1
1.3
1.4
3.7
1.7
3.1
2.5
2.4
3.4
1.5
3.6
1.0
1.4
4.2
1.4
1.3
2.2
1.3
5.0
2.1
4.1
1.6
1.0
1.9
3.9
1.4
1.9
2.8
1.6
4.7
3.7

0.483
0.477
0.449
0.465
0.474
0.487
0.458
0.495
0.456
0.516
0.483
0.479
0.451
0.440
0.481
0.454
0.446
0.452
0.476
0.497
0.451
0.456
0.488
0.466
0.454
0.484
0.461
0.460
0.463
0.463
0.445
0.479
0.477
0.516
0.473
0.445
0.470
0.474
0.464
0.477
0.466
0.472
0.462
0.476
0.479
0.423
0.455
0.472
0.470
0.468
0.448
0.446
0.548

0.001
0.006
0.012
0.005
0.006
0.002
0.005
0.006
0.010
0.013
0.003
0.003
0.008
0.008
0.003
0.004
0.006
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.008
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.005
0.008
0.005
0.009
0.009
0.007
0.008
0.004
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.010
0.003
0.005
0.005
0.003
0.012
0.006
0.015
0.006
0.003
0.005
0.009
0.003
0.004
0.009
0.005
0.018
0.009

0.481
0.475
0.440
0.462
0.472
0.485
0.461
0.499
0.448
0.524
0.480
0.473
0.454
0.435
0.480
0.452
0.436
0.456
0.471
0.492
0.457
0.456
0.482
0.468
0.452
0.477
0.463
0.458
0.446
0.465
0.448
0.471
0.472
0.519
0.478
0.457
0.463
0.470
0.456
0.475
0.472
0.466
0.443
0.475
0.479
0.422
0.455
0.469
0.473
0.467
0.442
0.461
0.534

0.001
0.005
0.014
0.005
0.007
0.002
0.005
0.006
0.010
0.011
0.003
0.004
0.008
0.007
0.004
0.004
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.009
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.004
0.007
0.004
0.011
0.007
0.007
0.008
0.003
0.008
0.003
0.004
0.012
0.003
0.005
0.005
0.003
0.011
0.005
0.011
0.005
0.003
0.006
0.012
0.003
0.004
0.007
0.003
0.018
0.009

*–0.4
–0.5
–2.2
–0.6
–0.4
–0.4
0.8
0.7
–1.7
1.6
–0.6
*–1.2
0.7
–1.3
–0.2
–0.3
*–2.4
0.9
–1.0
–0.9
1.3
Z
*–1.2
0.5
–0.4
–1.6
0.6
–0.4
*–3.8
0.5
0.7
*–1.7
–1.0
0.6
*1.1
2.7
*–1.4
–0.9
*–1.7
–0.6
1.2
–1.1
*–4.0
–0.3
Z
–0.1
Z
–0.7
0.5
–0.2
*–1.3
3.5
*–2.6

0.2
1.6
4.0
1.5
1.9
0.5
1.5
1.7
3.1
3.3
0.8
1.1
2.5
2.4
1.0
1.2
1.8
2.1
1.5
1.4
2.8
1.2
1.1
0.9
1.3
2.2
1.3
3.1
2.3
2.1
2.6
1.0
2.3
0.8
1.0
3.6
0.9
1.6
1.6
0.9
3.6
1.5
3.9
1.5
0.8
1.9
3.3
1.0
1.2
2.4
1.2
5.8
2.4

* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
Z Represents or rounds to zero.
¹ Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in
relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number when added to and subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval.
Note: Data are limited to the household population and exclude the population living in institutions, college dormitories, and other group quarters. For information on
confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and defintions, refer to <www.census.gov/acs>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 and 2024 American Community Survey 1-year estimates (Data Management System [DMS] number: P-7533841, Disclosure Review
Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB-FY25-0160).

8

U.S. Census Bureau

Appendix Table 2.

Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months by the 25 Most Populous Metropolitan Areas
(In 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars)

Metropolitan area
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Houston-Pasadena-The Woodlands, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL . . . . . . . . . . .
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD  . . . . . .
Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
St. Louis, MO-IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV . . . . . .

2023 American
Community Survey

2024 American
Community Survey

Percent Change
(2024 less 2023)

Estimate

Margin of
error (±)¹

Estimate

Margin of
error (±)¹

Estimate

Margin of
error (±)¹

89,047
101,402
97,059
113,950
83,649
89,629
89,411
106,083
74,706
81,797
94,662
78,512
97,896
98,018
79,652
89,419
88,218
90,424
75,345
106,720
131,547
113,997
80,522
74,880
125,038

887
2,452
1,795
1,965
1,386
969
1,172
1,550
892
1,150
802
998
1,318
800
1,880
1,033
1,422
1,408
1,866
1,400
2,835
1,890
1,513
1,375
1,370

92,344
99,897
98,666
117,825
85,938
90,770
92,733
108,046
76,403
81,417
96,405
80,625
97,928
99,852
81,044
90,850
90,133
91,013
78,112
109,132
135,590
112,388
81,679
78,275
126,244

963
2,027
2,168
2,297
1,325
879
1,281
2,110
998
936
980
777
1,589
781
1,436
1,092
1,235
1,028
2,023
1,813
2,210
2,026
1,475
1,790
1,374

*3.7
–1.5
1.7
*3.4
*2.7
1.3
*3.7
1.9
*2.3
–0.5
*1.8
*2.7
Z
*1.9
1.7
1.6
*2.2
0.7
3.7
*2.3
*3.1
–1.4
1.4
*4.5
1.0

1.5
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.3
1.5
2.0
2.5
1.8
1.8
1.3
1.6
2.1
1.2
3.0
1.7
2.2
1.9
3.7
2.2
2.8
2.4
2.6
3.1
1.6

* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
Z Represents or rounds to zero.
¹ Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the
margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number when added to and subtracted from the estimate
forms the 90 percent confidence interval.
Note: Data are limited to the household population and exclude the population living in institutions, college dormitories, and other group
quarters. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and defintions, refer to <www.census.gov/acs>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 and 2024 American Community Survey 1-year estimates (Data Management System [DMS] number:
P-7533841, Disclosure Review Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB-FY25-0160).

U.S. Census Bureau

9

Appendix Table 3.

Median Household Income by Selected Characteristics: 2023 and 2024
(In 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars)

Characteristic

2023 American
Community Survey

2024 American
Community Survey

Percent change
(2024 less 2023)

Estimate

Margin of
error¹ (±)

Estimate

Margin of
error¹ (±)

Estimate

Margin of
error¹ (±)

All households .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

80,002

192

81,604

128

*2.0

0.3

Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84,955
85,563
55,511
115,102
71,508

210
220
441
825
434

87,015
87,572
56,706
117,289
72,574

174
224
323
827
451

*2.4
*2.3
*2.2
*1.9
*1.5

0.3
0.4
1.0
1.0
0.9

Age of Householder
Under 25 years  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 44 years  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and older  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46,164
90,249
97,391
57,684

538
319
382
193

46,651
92,084
100,055
59,648

451
224
242
207

1.1
*2.0
*2.7
*3.4

1.5
0.4
0.5
0.5

HOUSEHOLDS

* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
¹ Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s
variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number when added to and
subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval.
Note: Data are limited to the household population and exclude the population living in institutions, college dormitories, and other group
quarters. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and defintions, refer to <www.census.gov/acs>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 and 2024 American Community Survey 1-year estimates (Data Management System [DMS] number:
P-7533841, Disclosure Review Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB-FY25-0160).

10

U.S. Census Bureau
