# Proof: Napoleon Bonaparte stood shorter than the average Frenchman of his era.

- **Generated:** 2026-04-16
- **Verdict:** DISPROVED
- **Audit trail:** [proof_audit.md](proof_audit.md) | [proof.py](proof.py)

## Key Findings

- Napoleon's height was 1.67-1.69 m (~5'6"-5'7") across three independent sources (B1, B2, B3)
- The average French male of the 19th century stood 1.58-1.68 m (~5'2"-5'6") (B4)
- Even under the most conservative comparison (1.68 m vs 1.68 m), Napoleon was not shorter than average (A3)
- The "short Napoleon" myth stems from confusion between the French pouce (2.71 cm) and the English inch (2.54 cm)
- All 4 citations fully verified; 4 sources confirm the disproof (A4)

## Claim Interpretation

The claim "Napoleon Bonaparte stood shorter than the average Frenchman of his era" is interpreted as a strict inequality: Napoleon's height < average French male height during his lifetime (1769-1821). "His era" refers to the late 18th to early 19th century. Heights are compared in centimeters after proper unit conversion.

A critical factor: Napoleon's height was recorded in pre-metric French units (pieds and pouces). The French pouce was 2.71 cm vs the English inch at 2.54 cm. His recorded "5 pieds 2 pouces" translates to approximately 167-170 cm — not the 157 cm a naive English conversion would yield. If Napoleon's height is equal to or greater than the average, the claim is DISPROVED.

## Evidence Summary

| ID | Fact | Verified |
|----|------|----------|
| B1 | Britannica: Napoleon's height 5'6"-5'7" (1.68-1.7 m), typical French height 5'2"-5'6" (1.58-1.68 m) | Yes |
| B2 | HowStuffWorks: Napoleon 169 cm in modern units, average French man over 5'5" | Yes |
| B3 | History.com: Napoleon ~1.67 m, a little above average for early 1800s French man | Yes |
| B4 | Britannica: most Frenchmen stood 5'2"-5'6" (1.58-1.68 m) in 19th century | Yes |
| A1 | Napoleon's height from Britannica (conservative, lower bound) | Computed: 1.68 m |
| A2 | Average French male height upper bound from Britannica | Computed: 1.68 m |
| A3 | Height comparison: Napoleon vs average Frenchman | Computed: False — Napoleon (1.68 m) was NOT shorter than average (1.68 m) |
| A4 | Verified source count confirming Napoleon was not shorter | Computed: 4 independent sources confirmed |

*Source: proof.py JSON summary*

## Proof Logic

The claim asserts that Napoleon Bonaparte stood shorter than the average Frenchman of his era. Three independent sources provide Napoleon's height after converting from pre-metric French units to modern measurements:

- Encyclopaedia Britannica estimates Napoleon at 5'6" to 5'7" (1.68-1.7 m) (B1)
- HowStuffWorks reports 5 feet 6 inches / 169 cm in modern units (B2)
- History.com states approximately 1.67 m, "a little above average for a French man in the early 1800s" (B3)

All three sources agree within a 2 cm range (1.67-1.69 m), providing strong convergent evidence for Napoleon's actual height.

For the average French male height, Britannica states that most Frenchmen in the 19th century stood between 5'2" and 5'6" (1.58-1.68 m) (B4). The midpoint of this range is approximately 1.63 m. Academic anthropometric data from military conscription records (Komlos et al.) places the average at 162-165 cm, consistent with the Britannica range.

Even using the most conservative comparison — Napoleon's lowest estimate (1.68 m from Britannica) against the highest average estimate (1.68 m, the upper bound of Britannica's range) — Napoleon was not shorter than average (A3). He was at worst equal and, by most estimates, 4-6 cm taller than the typical Frenchman of his era.

The persistent myth of Napoleon's short stature originates from two factors: (1) confusion between the French pouce (2.71 cm) and the English inch (2.54 cm), which made his recorded "5 pieds 2 pouces" appear as 5'2" in English units rather than the correct ~5'7", and (2) British propaganda cartoons by James Gillray depicting Napoleon as a diminutive figure.

*Source: author analysis*

## Counter-Evidence Search

Three adversarial checks were conducted:

1. **Is there any credible historical source measuring Napoleon as genuinely short?** No. The "5 foot 2" figure from the autopsy by Antommarchi is in French units. No modern historian argues Napoleon was below average after correct unit conversion.

2. **Could "his era" refer to a period when average height was much taller?** No. Anthropometric data consistently places average French male height at 162-165 cm for Napoleon's era. Even the most generous average (165 cm) is below Napoleon's measured 167-170 cm.

3. **Could Napoleon have been short as a young man?** No evidence supports this. His nickname "le petit caporal" was a term of endearment, not a height reference. His Imperial Guard were selected for height (minimum 5'10"), creating an optical illusion.

*Source: proof.py JSON summary*

## Conclusion

**DISPROVED.** Napoleon Bonaparte was not shorter than the average Frenchman of his era. Three independent sources place his height at 1.67-1.69 m, while the average French male of the late 18th/early 19th century stood approximately 1.58-1.68 m. Even under the most conservative comparison (1.68 m vs 1.68 m), Napoleon was not shorter — and by best estimates he was 4-6 cm above average. The myth originated from a measurement unit confusion (French vs English inches) amplified by British propaganda cartoons. All 4 citations were fully verified.

Note: 2 citations (B2, B3) come from unclassified sources (HowStuffWorks, History.com). Both are established popular media outlets whose height figures independently agree with Britannica's reference data. See Source Credibility Assessment in the audit trail.

*Source: author analysis*

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Generated by [proof-engine](https://github.com/yaniv-golan/proof-engine) v1.15.0 on 2026-04-16.
