# Proof: The assertion that no Arab state has ever recognized Israel is false because Egypt signed a peace treaty in 1979, Jordan in 1994, and four additional states joined the Abraham Accords by 2023.

- **Generated:** 2026-03-27
- **Verdict:** PROVED
- **Audit trail:** [proof_audit.md](proof_audit.md) · [proof.py](proof.py)

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## Key Findings

- **Egypt** signed a full peace treaty with Israel in Washington, D.C. on **26 March 1979** — confirmed by the US State Dept (tier 5, B2) and Wikipedia (B1). This single fact alone disproves "no Arab state has ever recognized Israel."
- **Jordan** signed a peace treaty at the Arabah border crossing on **26 October 1994**, explicitly described as "the second Arab country, after Egypt, to sign a peace accord with Israel" (B3, B4).
- **Four Arab states** joined the Abraham Accords by 2023: UAE and Bahrain (September 15 2020), Morocco (December 2020), and Sudan (Declaration, January 6 2021) — confirmed by Britannica (B5) and Wikipedia (B6).
- All three sub-claims hold (3/3). The "no Arab state has ever recognized Israel" assertion is **false** by at least six documented counterexamples.

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## Claim Interpretation

**Natural language:** *The assertion that no Arab state has ever recognized Israel is false because Egypt signed a peace treaty in 1979, Jordan in 1994, and four additional states joined the Abraham Accords by 2023.*

**Formal interpretation:** A compound (AND) claim with three sub-claims, each of which must hold:

| Sub-claim | Property | Operator | Threshold |
|-----------|----------|----------|-----------|
| SC1 | Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1979 | ≥ | 1 confirming source |
| SC2 | Jordan signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994 | ≥ | 1 confirming source |
| SC3 | ≥ 4 Arab states joined the Abraham Accords by 2023 | ≥ | 4 states |

**Operator rationale:** For SC1 and SC2, one authoritative confirming source is sufficient to establish a matter of historical record; we use two for cross-checking (Rule 6). For SC3, the claim specifically says "four additional states," so the threshold is exactly 4 — the four identified states are UAE, Bahrain, Morocco (bilateral agreements, 2020), and Sudan (Abraham Accords Declaration, January 6 2021).

**Meta-claim note:** The "no Arab state has ever recognized Israel" assertion is disproved by ANY one of SC1, SC2, or SC3. Even SC1 alone (Egypt 1979) constitutes a decisive counterexample.

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## Evidence Summary

| ID | Fact | Verified |
|----|------|---------|
| B1 | Wikipedia: Egypt–Israel peace treaty signed 26 March 1979 | Yes (fragment, 81% coverage) |
| B2 | US State Dept: Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty signed March 26 | Yes |
| B3 | Wikipedia: Israel–Jordan peace treaty signed 26 October 1994 | Yes |
| B4 | Wikipedia (Abraham Accords): UAE/Bahrain first Arab recognition since Jordan in 1994 | Yes |
| B5 | Britannica: Abraham Accords — UAE, Bahrain, Morocco bilateral agreements 2020 | Yes (fragment, 80% coverage) |
| B6 | Wikipedia (Abraham Accords): Sudan signed Declaration January 6, 2021 | Yes |
| A1 | SC1 — Egypt treaty confirming-source count | Computed |
| A2 | SC2 — Jordan treaty confirming-source count | Computed |
| A3 | SC3 — Abraham Accords state count by 2023 | Computed |

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## Proof Logic

**SC1 — Egypt recognizes Israel (1979):**
The US State Dept, Office of the Historian (B2, tier 5 government source, fully verified) states: *"the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty was formally signed on March 26."* Wikipedia's Egypt–Israel peace treaty article (B1) further specifies: *"signed in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords."* Both sources confirm the event and are fully verified. SC1 holds: n_confirming = 2 ≥ 1.

**SC2 — Jordan recognizes Israel (1994):**
Wikipedia's Israel–Jordan peace treaty article (B3, fully verified) states: *"The signing ceremony took place at the southern border crossing of Arabah on 26 October 1994. Jordan was the second Arab country, after Egypt, to sign a peace accord with Israel."* This is independently cross-referenced by the Wikipedia Abraham Accords article (B4, fully verified): *"The UAE and Bahrain became the first Arab countries to formally recognize Israel since Jordan in 1994."* Both sources confirm Jordan's 1994 recognition (B3, B4 — independently sourced from different Wikipedia articles). SC2 holds: n_confirming = 2 ≥ 1.

**SC3 — Four Abraham Accords states by 2023:**
Encyclopaedia Britannica (B5) confirms three bilateral normalization agreements: *"…individual bilateral agreements between Israel and each of the following countries: United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Morocco"* — all signed in 2020. Wikipedia (B6, fully verified) confirms Sudan's joining: *'On January 6, 2021, the government of Sudan signed the "Abraham Accords Declaration" in Khartoum.'* All four states joined by January 2021, well before the 2023 cutoff. SC3 holds: n_confirming = 4 ≥ 4.

**Compound result:** SC1 ∧ SC2 ∧ SC3 = True ∧ True ∧ True → all three sub-claims proved (3/3). The "no Arab state has ever recognized Israel" assertion is false.

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## Counter-Evidence Search

**1. Was the Egypt-Israel peace treaty revoked after Sadat's assassination (1981)?**
Search: *"Egypt Israel peace treaty revoked annulled suspended after Sadat assassination."* Finding: The treaty remained in force under President Mubarak and his successors. Egypt recalled its ambassador temporarily (1982–1988 over Lebanon; 2000–2005 over the Second Intifada) but never annulled the treaty. SC1 stands.

**2. Does "normalization" in the Abraham Accords constitute formal diplomatic recognition?**
Search: *"Abraham Accords normalization not recognition critics 2020."* Finding: Critics argue the Accords bypassed Palestinian concerns and the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative, but no credible source disputes that the agreements establish full diplomatic relations. Wikipedia's Abraham Accords article explicitly uses the phrase "formally recognize Israel" — the same language applied to Egypt (1979) and Jordan (1994). SC3 stands.

**3. Should Sudan be excluded because its bilateral agreement is unratified?**
Review of Britannica and Wikipedia sources. Finding: Sudan signed the Abraham Accords Declaration on January 6, 2021, which constitutes joining the Accords. However, even excluding Sudan, five Arab states remain (Egypt, Jordan, UAE, Bahrain, Morocco), which still decisively disproves the "no Arab state" assertion. The meta-claim holds regardless.

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## Conclusion

**Verdict: PROVED**

All three sub-claims are proved: Egypt signed a peace treaty in 1979 (SC1), Jordan in 1994 (SC2), and four Arab states joined the Abraham Accords by 2023 (SC3). Together these constitute six documented Arab-state recognitions of Israel, making the assertion "no Arab state has ever recognized Israel" demonstrably false.

All six citations (B1--B6) are verified. The conclusion rests on sources spanning a US government domain (B2), two independent Wikipedia articles (B3, B4, B6), and Encyclopaedia Britannica (B5).

*Source: author analysis*
