# Cell Press Writing Style Guide

Comprehensive writing guide for Cell, Neuron, Immunity, Molecular Cell, Developmental Cell, Cell Reports, and other Cell Press journals.

**Last Updated**: 2024

---

## Overview

Cell Press journals emphasize **mechanistic depth**, **rigorous experimentation**, and **biological insight**. Unlike Nature/Science, which prioritize broad accessibility, Cell papers are written for biologists who appreciate technical detail and comprehensive data.

### Key Philosophy

> "Cell papers tell a complete mechanistic story with exhaustive experimental support."

**Primary Goal**: Provide deep biological insight with extensive experimental validation that advances understanding of fundamental mechanisms.

---

## Unique Cell Press Features

Cell Press has several distinctive elements not found in other journals:

### 1. Summary (Not Abstract)

Cell uses "Summary" instead of "Abstract" - functionally similar but emphasizes synthesis.

### 2. Graphical Abstract (REQUIRED)

A visual summary appearing on the table of contents. **This is mandatory for all Cell Press journals.**

### 3. eTOC Blurb

A 30-50 word "elevator pitch" for the electronic table of contents.

### 4. Highlights

3-4 bullet points (≤85 characters each) capturing key findings.

### 5. In Brief

A one-sentence summary of the paper.

---

## Audience and Tone

### Target Reader

- Expert biologist in the relevant field
- Familiar with techniques and terminology
- Expects comprehensive data and mechanistic depth
- Values rigor and reproducibility

### Tone Characteristics

| Characteristic | Description |
|---------------|-------------|
| **Technical** | Appropriate jargon for the field |
| **Mechanistic** | Focus on how and why, not just what |
| **Comprehensive** | Thorough exploration of the question |
| **Data-rich** | Extensive experimental support |
| **Precise** | Exact terminology and quantification |

### Voice

- **First person ("we") acceptable**: "We demonstrate that..."
- **Active voice encouraged**: "We identified..."
- **Confident but measured**: Strong claims require strong evidence

---

## Summary (Abstract)

### Style Requirements

- **150 words maximum** for Cell; varies for other Cell Press journals
- **Flowing paragraph** (not structured sections)
- **Dense with information**: Every sentence should convey key points
- **Mechanistic focus**: What was discovered and how it works

### Summary Structure

1. **Context** (1 sentence): The biological question/problem
2. **Approach** (1 sentence): What you did
3. **Key findings** (2-4 sentences): Main results with mechanism
4. **Significance** (1 sentence): What this reveals about biology

### Example Summary (Cell Style)

```
Cellular senescence is a stress response that arrests proliferation and
promotes tissue remodeling, but the mechanisms controlling senescent cell
fate remain unclear. Here, we identify the transcription factor FOXO4 as a
critical regulator of senescent cell viability. FOXO4 is highly expressed
in senescent cells and sequesters p53 away from mitochondria, preventing
apoptosis. Using a cell-penetrating peptide that disrupts FOXO4-p53
interaction, we selectively induce senescent cell apoptosis in vitro and
in vivo. Administration of this peptide to aged mice restores fitness, fur
density, and renal function. These findings reveal FOXO4-p53 as a senescence
vulnerability and establish proof-of-concept for targeted senolytic
interventions in aging.
```

---

## Graphical Abstract

### Purpose

A single-panel visual summary for the table of contents that captures the entire paper's message.

### Requirements

- **Size**: Square format, typically 1200 × 1200 pixels
- **Layout**: Clean, uncluttered
- **Content**: Show workflow, key finding, and mechanism
- **Text**: Minimal labels, large readable fonts
- **Color**: Vibrant but professional

### Design Elements

```
Typical Graphical Abstract Components:
1. Starting point (cell, organism, condition)
2. Intervention/treatment (arrows, symbols)
3. Key measurement or observation
4. Outcome/conclusion (visual representation)
5. Minimal text labels connecting elements
```

### Example Description (for schematic generation)

```
"Graphical abstract showing: Left panel - normal cells with FOXO4 (blue)
and p53 (green) separate. Center panel - senescent cells with FOXO4
binding p53, preventing apoptosis. Right panel - FOXO4 peptide disrupts
interaction, allowing p53 to reach mitochondria, triggering apoptosis.
Arrow at bottom showing aged mouse → treatment → rejuvenated mouse."
```

---

## Highlights

### Format

3-4 bullet points, each ≤85 characters (including spaces)

### Content Guidelines

- Start with an action verb or key noun
- Include specific findings
- Make each highlight standalone
- Cover different aspects of the paper

### Example Highlights

```
• FOXO4 is selectively expressed in senescent cells

• FOXO4 sequesters p53, preventing senescent cell apoptosis

• A FOXO4-targeting peptide induces selective senescent cell death

• Senolytic peptide treatment restores function in aged mice
```

---

## eTOC Blurb

### Format

30-50 words for the electronic table of contents

### Writing Guidelines

- Written by authors (editors may modify)
- Start with author names or key finding
- Make it a complete, engaging sentence
- Highlight the most exciting aspect

### Example eTOC Blurb

```
Baar et al. identify FOXO4 as a vulnerability of senescent cells and
develop a peptide that induces targeted apoptosis of senescent cells.
Treatment of aged mice with this senolytic peptide restores fitness
and organ function.
```

---

## Introduction

### Length and Structure

- **4-6 paragraphs** (800-1200 words)
- More comprehensive than Nature/Science
- Can include more technical detail and literature

### Paragraph-by-Paragraph Guide

**Paragraph 1: Biological Context**
- Establish the biological process or system
- Why is this important to understand?
- Set up the key players and mechanisms

**Paragraphs 2-3: State of the Field**
- Detailed review of relevant prior work
- Establish what is known mechanistically
- More comprehensive than Nature/Science

**Paragraph 4: The Gap**
- What remains unknown or controversial?
- Why is this a critical question?
- What has prevented progress?

**Paragraph 5: Your Approach**
- How did you tackle this question?
- What techniques/systems did you use?
- Why was your approach appropriate?

**Final Paragraph: Key Findings Preview**
- Brief statement of what you discovered
- How does this advance the field?
- Set up the structure of results

### Example Introduction Paragraph

```
Cellular senescence is characterized by stable cell-cycle arrest, profound
chromatin alterations, and a complex secretory phenotype known as the
senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) (Coppé et al., 2008;
Rodier and Campisi, 2011). Senescent cells accumulate with age and at
sites of pathology, where they can drive tissue dysfunction through
SASP-mediated inflammation and disruption of tissue architecture (van
Deursen, 2014). The targeted elimination of senescent cells—senolysis—has
emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy, with genetic and pharmacological
approaches demonstrating benefits in mouse models of aging and age-related
disease (Baker et al., 2011, 2016; Chang et al., 2016).
```

---

## Results

### Organization

Cell papers typically have **5-8 results sections**, each with a descriptive subheading:

```
Results
├── Section 1: Discovery of the phenomenon
├── Section 2: Characterization of the mechanism  
├── Section 3: Identification of molecular players
├── Section 4: Functional validation
├── Section 5: In vivo confirmation
├── Section 6: Therapeutic proof-of-concept
└── Section 7: Broader implications
```

### Subheading Style

Cell uses **declarative subheadings** stating the finding:

❌ "Analysis of FOXO4 expression" (descriptive - avoid)
✅ "FOXO4 Is Selectively Upregulated in Senescent Cells" (declarative)

### Results Writing Style

- **Comprehensive detail**: Cell expects more methodological context in Results than Nature
- **Figure-by-figure narrative**: Each major figure often corresponds to a results section
- **Statistical rigor**: All quantifications with statistics
- **Biological interpretation**: More interpretation woven in than pure Results sections

### Example Results Paragraph

```
To identify transcription factors regulating senescent cell viability, we
performed RNA sequencing on proliferating and senescent human fibroblasts
(IMR90 cells induced to senesce by replicative exhaustion, ionizing
radiation, or oncogene-induced senescence). Differential expression
analysis revealed 47 transcription factors significantly upregulated
across all senescence modalities (FDR < 0.05, fold change > 2; Figure 1A
and Table S1). Among these, FOXO4 showed the highest and most consistent
upregulation (12.3 ± 2.1-fold; Figure 1B), a finding we confirmed by
quantitative RT-PCR (Figure 1C) and immunoblot analysis (Figure 1D).
Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed nuclear FOXO4 accumulation in
senescent but not proliferating cells (Figure 1E,F).
```

---

## Discussion

### Structure

Cell discussions are **thorough and mechanistic**:

**Paragraph 1: Summary**
- Restate key findings
- Synthesize the main message

**Paragraphs 2-4: Mechanistic Interpretation**
- Deep dive into how your findings fit with known biology
- Propose models
- Discuss molecular mechanisms in detail

**Paragraph 5: Comparison with Literature**
- How do your findings relate to prior work?
- Resolve apparent contradictions

**Paragraph 6: Implications and Applications**
- Therapeutic implications
- Broader significance

**Paragraph 7: Limitations**
- Honest assessment
- Open questions remaining

**Final Paragraph: Conclusions**
- Big-picture take-home message
- Future directions

---

## Experimental Procedures / STAR Methods

### STAR Methods Format

Cell uses a structured **STAR Methods** section:

```
RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
  Lead Contact
  Materials Availability
  Data and Code Availability

EXPERIMENTAL MODEL AND SUBJECT DETAILS
  Cell Lines
  Animals
  Human Subjects

METHOD DETAILS
  [Detailed protocols for each technique]

QUANTIFICATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
```

### Key Reagent Table (KEY RESOURCES TABLE)

Cell requires a comprehensive table of all key resources:

| REAGENT or RESOURCE | SOURCE | IDENTIFIER |
|---------------------|--------|------------|
| Antibodies | | |
| Rabbit anti-FOXO4 | Abcam | Cat#ab12345 |
| Chemicals | | |
| Doxorubicin | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#D1515 |
| Cell Lines | | |
| IMR90 | ATCC | CCL-186 |

---

## Figures

### Figure Philosophy

Cell papers are **figure-heavy** with extensive multi-panel figures:

- **6-8 main figures** typical
- **Multi-panel format**: 6-12 panels per figure common
- **Data-dense**: Comprehensive experimental support
- **Extended Data**: Supplementary figures for additional validation

### Panel Labeling

Panels labeled with lowercase letters: **(A)**, **(B)**, **(C)**

### Figure Legend Format

```
Figure 3. FOXO4 Sequesters p53 in the Nucleus of Senescent Cells

(A) Immunofluorescence microscopy of p53 (green) and FOXO4 (red) in
proliferating (left) and senescent (right) IMR90 cells. DAPI (blue)
marks nuclei. Scale bar, 10 μm.

(B) Quantification of nuclear p53 intensity in proliferating versus
senescent cells. Data represent mean ± SEM; n = 3 biological replicates,
>100 cells per condition. ***p < 0.001, two-tailed Student's t test.

(C and D) Co-immunoprecipitation of FOXO4 and p53 in proliferating (C)
and senescent (D) cell lysates. IgG, immunoglobulin G control.

(E) Proximity ligation assay for FOXO4-p53 interaction. Red dots indicate
interaction events. Scale bar, 10 μm.

(F) Model of FOXO4-mediated p53 sequestration in senescent cells.

See also Figure S3 and Table S2.
```

---

## References

### Citation Style

- **Author-year format**: (Smith et al., 2023) or Smith et al. (2023)
- **Multiple citations**: (Smith et al., 2020; Jones et al., 2021)
- **Two authors**: (Smith and Jones, 2023)
- **Three or more**: (Smith et al., 2023)

### Reference Format

```
Baker, D.J., Wijshake, T., Tchkonia, T., LeBrasseur, N.K., Childs, B.G.,
van de Sluis, B., Kirkland, J.L., and van Deursen, J.M. (2011). Clearance
of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders.
Nature 479, 232–236.
```

---

## Cell Press Journal Comparison

| Journal | Focus | Article Length | Figures |
|---------|-------|---------------|---------|
| **Cell** | Breakthrough biology | Long | 7-8 main + ED |
| **Neuron** | Neuroscience | Long | 6-8 main |
| **Immunity** | Immunology | Medium-Long | 6-7 main |
| **Molecular Cell** | Molecular mechanisms | Medium | 5-7 main |
| **Developmental Cell** | Development | Medium | 5-7 main |
| **Cell Reports** | Solid science | Medium | 4-6 main |

---

## Common Mistakes

1. **Insufficient mechanism**: Describing what happens without how
2. **Under-controlled experiments**: Missing key controls
3. **Weak phenotype validation**: Single approach instead of multiple
4. **Missing in vivo work**: Cell papers often expect animal studies
5. **Incomplete figure panels**: Not showing all relevant conditions
6. **Forgetting graphical abstract**: Required element
7. **Exceeding highlight character limits**: ≤85 characters per bullet

---

## Pre-Submission Checklist

### Required Elements
- [ ] Graphical abstract (square format)
- [ ] Highlights (3-4 bullets, ≤85 characters each)
- [ ] eTOC blurb (30-50 words)
- [ ] Summary (≤150 words)
- [ ] Key Resources Table

### Content
- [ ] Mechanistic depth throughout
- [ ] Multiple complementary approaches
- [ ] In vivo validation (if applicable)
- [ ] Declarative subheadings
- [ ] Comprehensive figure panels

### Style
- [ ] Technical precision in terminology
- [ ] Author-year citations
- [ ] Figure legends complete and standalone
- [ ] STAR Methods properly formatted

---

## See Also

- `venue_writing_styles.md` - Master style overview
- `journals_formatting.md` - Technical formatting requirements
- `nature_science_style.md` - Comparison with Nature/Science style
